Gender Differences in Political Participation in Britain: Traditional, Radical and Revisionist Models

Government and Opposition

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 56-74

  Norris, Pippa ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84933483919     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: 14777053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1991.tb01124.x     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Maurice Duverger, La participation des femmes dla vie politique, UNESCO, Paris, 1955, pp.13 —74; G. Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture, Boston, Mass., 1965, pp.324 —5; H. Tingsten, Political Behaviour, London, 1937.
2. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man, London, Hememann, 1971, pp.182 —4.
3. Stein Rokkan, Citizens, Elections and Parties, Oslo, 1970.
4. L. Milbrath, Political Participation, Chicago, Rand McNally, 1968, p. 18; R. E. Lane, Political Life, Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press, 1959, pp.204 —34.
5. S. Jean Blondel, Votes, Parties and Leaders, Harmondsworth, Pelican, 1970, pp.55 —56.
6. Sidney Verba, Norman Nie and Jae Kim, Participation and Political Equality, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980, p.234.
7. L. Milbrath, op. cit., p.116.
8. Susan Bourque and Grossholtz, Politics and unnatural practice: political science looks at female participation in Janet Siltanen and Michelle Stanworth, Women and the Public Sphere, London, Hutchinson, 1984, pp.103-21; Murray Goot and Elizabeth Reid, Women: if not apolitical, then conservative in Siltanen and Stanworh, ibid.; Kathleen Jones, Towards a revision of politics in Kathleen Jones and Ann Jonasdottir, The Political Interests of Gender, London, Sage, 1988, pp.20 —27.
9. See Joni Lovenduski, Women and European Politics, Brighton, Wheatsheaf, 1986, pp.135 —62; M. Weber, C. C. Odorisio and G. Zincone, The Situation of Women in the Political Process in Europe, Part I, Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 1984, p.66.
10. Torild Skard and Elina Haavio-Mannila, Mobilisation of Women at Elections in Elina Haavio-Mannila et al., Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1985, pp.43—48.
11. Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies, New Jersey, Chatham House, 1988, pp.52-73.
12. Stephen Earl Bennett, Apathy in America, 1960—64: Causes and Consequences of Citizen Political Indifference, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., Transnational Publishers, 1986, pp.72—75.
13. Vicky Randall, Women and Politics, 2nd ed., London, Macmillan, 1987, p.57; see also reviews of the literature by Joni Lovenduski op. cit., pp.117—62; Weber, Odorisio and Zincone, op. cit., pp.26 —52; C. Christy, Sex Differences in Political Participation: Processes of Change in Fourteen Nations, New York, Praeger, 1987.
14. Helga Maria Hernes, The Situation of Women in the Political Process in Europe, Part III, The Role of Women in Voluntary Associations and Organisations, Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 1984, pp.21—31; Joni Lovenduski, op. cit., pp.126 —7.
15. Social Trends, London, CSO, HMSO, op. cit., 1989, pp.176 —7.
16. David Butler and Gareth Butler, British Political Facts, 1900—1985, London, Macmillan, 1986; NEC Report, London, The Labour Party, 1989.
17. See Randall, op. cit., pp.58-64; Lovenduski, op. cit., London, pp.126-7; Weber, Odorisio and Zincone, op. cit., p.29.
18. S. Barnes and M. Kaase, et al., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, Beverly Hills, Sage, 1979, p.184.
19. Randall, op. cit., pp.60—63.
20. Pridham quoted in Randall, op. cit.
21. Weber, Odorisio and Zincone, op. cit, p.29.
22. Dalton, op. cit, pp.68—69.
23. Alan Marsh, Protest and Political Consciousness, London, Sage, 1977, p.70—71.
24. Jones, op. cit., pp.22 —3.
25. Bernice Carroll, Review Essay: Political Science, Part I: American Politics and Voting behaviour, Signs, Vol. V, No. 2, 1979, p.292; see also Karen Beckwith, American Women and Political Participation, Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1986.
26. Warren E. Miller and Santa A. Traugott, American National Election Studies Data Sourcebook, 1952—1986, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1989.
27. Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, Washington, DC, CQ Press, 1990.
28. Skard and Haavio-Mannila, op. cit, p.40
29. Verba, Nie and Kim, op. cit.
30. F.W.S. Craig, British Electoral Facts, 1832—1987, Dartmouth, Parliamentary Research Services, 1989, p.89
31. For France and Germany, however, see Maurice Duverger, La participation desfemmes á la vie politique, Paris, UNESCO, 1955, pp.14—20.
32. Sandra Baxter and Marjorie Lansing, Women and Politics: The Visible Majority, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1983, p.150.
33. Ivor Crewe, Anthony Fox and James Alt, Non-voting in British General Elections 1966-October 1974 in Colin Crouch (ed.), British Political Sociology Yearbook, Vol. 3, London, Croom Helm, 1977, pp.52—54.
34. See Kevin Swaddle and Anthony Heath, Official and reported turnout in the British General Election of 1987, British Journal of Political Sciencey 1989.
35. The information on turn out in the 1987 general election was derived independently of the 1987 British Election Study from records held in the Lord Chancellor's office by Kevin Swaddle. Given the systematic bias towards over-reporting, voting participation was checked against actual, rather than reported turn out.
36. George Moyser and Geraint Parry, A Map of Politfcal Participation in Britain, paper presented at the Conference of Political Participation, Manchester, 1990, p.22,; George Moyser, Geraint Parry and Neil Day, Political Participation in Britain: National and Local Patterns, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC, 28—31 August 1986, p.28.
37. Crewe, Fox and Alt, op. cit., pp.52 —4.
38. Jill Hills, Britain, in Joni Lovenduski and Jill Hills, The Politics of the Second Electorate, London, Roudedge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
39. Susan Welch, Sex Differences in Political Activity in Britain, Women and Politics, Vol. 1: 2, Summer 1980. pp.29-46.
40. Moyser, Parry and Day, op. cit., p.28.
41. Marsh, op. cit.
42. Crewe, Fox and Alt, op. cit.
43. Crewe, Fox and Alt, op. cit. pp.63—89.