Whither guns, goons, and gold? The decline of factional election violence in the Philippines

Contemporary Southeast Asia

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 298-318

  Linantud, John L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84933476092     PISSN: 0129797X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1355/CS20-3E     Document Type: Article

References (68)

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3. Inquirer, 24 February 1998, p. 20; 26 February 1998, p. 22; 12 April 1998, p. 6; 14 April 1998, p. 13; 16 April 1998, p. 2; 20 April 1998, p. 3; 24 April 1998, p. 1; 25 April 1998, p. 1, 20; 27 April 1998, p. 1, 6, 15; 28 April 1998, p. 20; 2 May 1998, p. 1, 20; 3 May 1998, p. 1, 21; 4 May 1998, p. 1; 6 May 1998, p. 1; 8 May 1998, p. 1, 18, 9 May 1998, p. 1, 15, 24; 10 May 1998, p. 1; 11 May 1998, p. 1, 16, 21, 22.
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29. th ed. (Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Cul-ture, 1973); Villanueva, “Parties and Elections.”
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38. Inquirer, 4 May 1998, p. 1.
39. Inquirer, 24 February 1998, p. 20; 4 May 1998, p. 1; 6 May 1998, p. 1; 9 May 1998, p. 24; 11 May, p. 21; 12 May 1998, p. 1; 15 May 1998, p. 1.
40. Confidential interview, Philippines, 10 May 1998.
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43. Hernandez, op. cit.
44. Confidential interview, Philippines, 15 May 1998.
45. Confidential interviews, Philippines, May and June 1998.
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52. Inquirer, 30 May 1998, p. 18.
53. Confidential interviews, Philippines, May and June 1998.
54. Youngblood, “Ramos”.
55. Confidential interview, Philippines, 1 June 1998.
56. Larry Diamond, “Is the Third Wave of Democratization Over? The Imperative of Consolidation,” Working Paper #237 (University of Notre Dame: The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, March 1997).
57. Robert L. Youngblood, Marcos Against the Church: Economic Development and Political Repression in the Philippines (Quezon City: New Day, 1993).
58. Star, 12 May 1998, p. 14.
59. Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting, Pollwatching Manual, 1998 revised edition (Manila: Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting, 1998), p. 42.
60. Namfrel, The Namfrel Report.
61. Kaa Byington, Bantayang Bayan: Stories From the NAMFREL Crusade (1984–86), with a Foreword by Christian Monsood (Manila: Bookmark, 1988), dedication; p. 1.
62. Inquirer, 6 May 1998, p.1.
63. Luzviminda G. Tancangco, The Anatomy of Electoral Fraud: Concrete Bases for Electoral Reforms (Manila: MJAGM, 1992).
64. Confidential interview, Philippines, 13 May 1998.
65. Confidential interview, Philippines, 22 May 1998.
66. Confidential interviews with church and Namfrel officials, current and former politicians, and analysts, Philippines, May and June 1998.
67. Confidential interview with church official, Philippines, 4 June 1998.
68. Inglehart, op. cit.