Secondary Traumatization and Marital Adjustment among Former Prisoners of War Wives

Journal of Loss and Trauma

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 336-353

  Zerach, Gadi ^a   Greene, Talya ^b   Solomon, Zahava ^c  

^a ARIEL UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^c TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

attachment dimensions; family boundaries; marital adjustment; posttraumatic stress disorder; prisoner of war; secondary traumatization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84933182451     PISSN: 15325024     EISSN: 15325032     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2014.885270     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. L.S.Aiken,, & S.G.West, (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition–revised. Washington, DC: Author.
3. N.Ben Arzi,, Z.Solomon,, & R.Dekel, (2000). Secondary traumatization among wives of PTSD and post-concussion casualties: Distress, caregiver burden and psychological separation. Brain Injury, 14, 725–736.
4. M.M.Bernstein, (1998). Conflicts in adjustment: World War II prisoners of war and their families. In Y.Danieli (Ed.), International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma (pp. 119–124). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
5. P.Boss, (2007). Ambiguous loss theory: Challenges for scholars and practitioners. Family Relations, 56, 105–111.
6. J.Bowlby, (1988). A secure base (Vol. 11). London, England: Routledge.
7. K.A.Brennan,, C.L.Clark,, & P.R.Shaver, (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J.A.Simpson & W.S.Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
8. J.Byng-Hall, (1999). Family couple therapy: Toward greater security. In J.Cassidy & P.R.Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 625–645). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9. E.Cohen,, G.Zerach,, & Z.Solomon, (2011). The implication of combat-induced stress reaction, PTSD, and attachment in parenting among war veterans. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 688–698.
10. N.L.Collins,, & B.C.Feeney, (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1053.
11. J.M.Cook,, D.S.Riggs,, R.Thompson,, J.C.Coyne,, & J.I.Sheikh, (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among World War II ex-prisoners of war. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 36–45.
12. E.M.Cummings,, & P.T.Davies, (2002). Effects of marital conflict on children: Recent advances and emerging themes in process-oriented research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(1), 31–63.
13. R.Dekel, (2010). Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former POWs. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 924–937.
14. S.Dekel,, T.Ein-Dor,, & Z.Solomon, (2012). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic distress: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 94–101.
15. R.Dekel,, & Z.Solomon, (2006a). Marital relations among former prisoners of war: Contribution of posttraumatic stress disorder, aggression, and sexual satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 709–712.
16. R.Dekel,, & Z.Solomon, (2006b). Secondary traumatization among wives of Israeli POWs: The role of POWs’ distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 27–33.
17. O.F.Dent,, C.Tennant,, M.J.Fairley,, M.R.Sulway,, G.A.Broe,, A.F.Jorm,, & B.A.Allen, (1998). Prisoner of war experience: Effects on wives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 231–237.
18. B.E.Engdahl,, A.R.Harkness,, R.E.Eberly,, W.F.Page,, & J.Bielinski, (1993). Structural models of captivity trauma, resilience, and trauma response among former prisoners of war 20 to 40 years after release. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28(3), 109–115.
19. A.J.Faber,, E.Willerton,, S.R.Clymer,, S.M.MacDermid,, & H.M.Weiss, (2008). Ambiguous absence, ambiguous presence: A qualitative study of military reserve families in wartime. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 222–230.
20. F.Faul,, E.Erdfelder,, A.G.Lang,, & A.Buchner, (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.
21. J.A.Feeney, (2004). Hurt feelings in couple relationships: Towards integrative models of the negative effects of hurtful events. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 487–508.
22. C.R.Figley, (1986). Traumatic stress: The role of the family and its social support systems. In C.R.Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake, Vol. 2: Traumatic stress, theory, research and intervention (pp. 39–54). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
23. C.R.Figley, (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. In C.R.Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (pp. 1–20). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
24. J.I.Gold,, C.T.Taft,, M.G.Keehn,, D.W.King,, L.A.King,, & R.E.Samper, (2007). PTSD symptom severity and family adjustment among female Vietnam veterans. Military Psychology, 19, 71–81.
25. C.C.Hendrix,, M.A.Erdmann,, & K.Briggs, (1998). Impact of Vietnam veterans’ arousal and avoidance on spouses’ perceptions of family life. American Journal of Family Therapy, 26, 115–128.
26. J.L.Herman, (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391.
27. R.E.Heyman,, S.L.Sayers,, & A.S.Bellack, (1994). Global marital satisfaction versus marital adjustment: An empirical comparison of three measures. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 432–446.
28. N.Horesh,, & S.Fennig, (2000). Perception of spouses and relationships: A matched control study of patients with severe affective disorder in remission and their spouses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 463–466.
29. A.J.Huebner,, J.A.Mancini,, R.M.Wilcox,, S.R.Grass,, & G.A.Grass, (2007). Parental deployment and youth in military families: Exploring uncertainty and ambiguous loss. Family Relations, 56, 112–122.
30. E.J.Hunter, (1986). Families of prisoners of war held in Vietnam: A seven-year study. Evaluation and Program Planning, 9, 243–251.
31. E.J.Hunter, (1988). The psychological effects of being a prisoner of war. In J.P.Wilson Z.Harel, & B.Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 157–170). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
32. M.E.Kenny,, & G.A.Donaldson, (1991). Contributions of parental attachment and family structure to the social and psychological functioning of first-year college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 479.
33. L.A.Kirkpatrick,, & K.E.Davis, (1994). Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 502–512.
34. M.Klaric,, T.Franciskovic,, A.Stevanovic,, B.Petrov,, S.Jonovska,, & I.N.Moro, (2011). Marital quality and relationship satisfaction in war veterans and their wives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 1–7.
35. J.L.Kohn,, W.S.Rholes,, J.A.Simpson,, A.M.L.Martin,, S.S.Tran,, & C.L.Wilson, (2012). Changes in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood: The role of adult attachment orientations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1509–1525.
36. L.J.Kunce,, & P.R.Shaver, (1994, July). An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Personal Relationships, Orono, ME.
37. M.Mikulincer,, T.Ein-Dor,, Z.Solomon,, & P.R.Shaver, (2011). Trajectories of attachment insecurities over a 17-year period: A latent growth curve analysis of the impact of war captivity and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 960–984.
38. M.Mikulincer,, & V.Florian, (2000). Exploring individual differences in reactions to mortality salience: Does attachment style regulate terror management mechanisms? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 260–273.
39. M.Mikulincer,, V.Florian,, & R.Tolmacz, (1990). Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case study of affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 273–280.
40. M.Mikulincer,, & P.R.Shaver, (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
41. S.Minuchin, (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. C.M.Monson,, C.T.Taft,, & S.J.Fredman, (2009). Military-related PTSD and intimate relationships: From description to theory-driven research and intervention development. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 707–714.
43. D.Nazarian,, R.Kimerling,, & S.M.Frayne, (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and medical comorbidity among returning US veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(2), 220–225.
44. C.O'Donnell,, J.M.Cook,, R.Thompson,, K.Riley,, & Y.Neria, (2006). Verbal and physical aggression in World War II former prisoners of war: Role of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 859–866.
45. D.H.Olson, (1993). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Assessing family functioning. In F.W.Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp. 58–80). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
46. D.H.Olson,, D.H.Sprenkle,, & C.S.Russell, (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18, 3–28.
47. W.F.Page,, & L.M.Brass, (2001). Long-term heart disease and stroke mortality among former American prisoners of war of World War II and the Korean conflict: Results of a 50-year follow up. Military Medicine, 166, 803–808.
48. A.Reizer,, T.Ein-Dor,, & C.Possick, (2012). Living at risk: Dyadic examination of the links among environmental stress, attachment orientations and marital support provision. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 694–712.
49. L.S.Rintamaki,, F.M.Weaver,, P.L.Elbaum,, E.N.Klama,, & S.A.Miskevics, (2009). Persistence of traumatic memories in World War II prisoners of war. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(12), 2257–2262.
50. F.Rothbaum,, K.Rosen,, T.Ujiie,, & N.Uchida, (2002). Family systems theory, attachment theory, and culture. Family Process, 41, 328–350.
51. M.C.Saavedra,, K.E.Chapman,, & R.D.Rogge, (2010). Clarifying links between attachment and relationship quality: Hostile conflict and mindfulness as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 380–390.
52. S.L.Sayers,, V.A.Farrow,, J.Ross,, & D.W.Oslin, (2009). Family problems among recently returned military veterans referred for a mental health evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 163–170.
53. J.Schwarzwald,, Z.Solomon,, M.Weisenberg,, & M.Mikulincer, (1987). Validation of the Impact of Event Scale for psychological sequelae of combat. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 251–256.
54. J.A.Simpson,, W.S.Rholes,, & D.Phillips, (1996). Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 899–914.
55. Z.Solomon, (1988). Convergent validity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis: Self-report and clinical assessment. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 25, 46–55.
56. Z.Solomon,, R.Benbenishty,, Y.Neria,, M.Abramowitz,, K.Ginzburg,, & A.Ohry, (1993). Assessment of PTSD: Validation of the revised PTSD Inventory. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 30(2), 110–115.
57. Z.Solomon,, R.Dekel,, & M.Mikulincer, (2008). Complex trauma of war captivity: A prospective study of attachment and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1427–1434.
58. Z.Solomon,, & H.Flum, (1988). Life events, combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder. Social Science & Medicine, 26(3), 319–325.
59. G.B.Spanier, (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.
60. E.Walton,, & D.T.Takeuchi, (2010). Family structure, family processes, and well-being among Asian Americans: Considering gender and nativity. Journal of Family Issues, 31, 301–332.
61. S.H.Zarit,, P.A.Todd,, & J.M.Zarit, (1986). Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. The Gerontologist, 26, 260–266.
62. G.Zerach,, T.Greene,, T.Ein-Dor,, & Z.Solomon, (2012). The relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and paternal parenting of adult children among ex-prisoners of war: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 274–284.
63. G.Zerach,, & Z.Solomon, (in press). The relations between posttraumatic symptoms and disorder of extreme stress (not otherwise specified) symptoms following war captivity. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences.
64. G.Zerach,, Z.Solomon,, D.Horesh,, & T.Ein-Dor, (2013). Family cohesion and posttraumatic intrusion and avoidance among war veterans: A 20-year longitudinal study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 205–214.