Substance abuse/dependence treatment: A European perspective

Substance Abuse

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 309-320

  Metz, Verena E ^a,b   Brandt, Laura ^c   Unger, Annemarie ^a   Fischer, Gabriele ^a,c  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Medical University of Vienna and Wiener Werkstaette for Suicide Research   (Austria)

Author keywords

Availability of treatment; Europe; evidence based treatment; substance use disorders; treatment coverage

Indexed keywords

EUROPE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EUROPE; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84931398233     PISSN: 08897077     EISSN: 15470164     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.909377     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. World Health Organization. Status Report on Alcohol and Health in 35 European Countries 2013. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization; 2013.
2. Rehm J, Shield KD, Rehm MX, Gmel G, Frick U. Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Dependence and Attributable Burden of Disease in Europe. Potential Gains From Effective Interventions for Alcohol Dependence. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; 2012.
3. Wittchen, HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, et al. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21:655-679.
4. World Health Organization. European Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2010. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization; 2010.
5. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Smoking prevalence in adults (cross-country profile). Available at: http://data. euro.who.int/tobacco/Default.aspx?TabIDD2444. Accessed July 5, 2013.
6. Andlin-Sobocki P, Rehm J. Cost of addiction in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(Suppl 1):28-33.
7. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2012 Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2012.
8. Uhl A, Springer A, Kobrna U, Gnambs T, Pfarrhofer D. Osterreichweite Reprasentativerhebung zu Substanzgebrauch-Erhebung 2004, Band 1: Forschungsbericht. Vienna: Bundesministerium fur Gesundheit und Frauen; 2005.
9. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15:357-376.
10. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Annual Report 2013: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2013.
11. Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 2010;376:1558-1565.
12. Reissner V, Kokkevi A, Schifano F, et al. Differences in drug consumption, comorbidity and health service use of opioid addicts across six European urban regions (TREAT-project). Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27:455-462.
13. Phan O, Henderson CE, Angelidis T, et al. European youth care sites serve different populations of adolescents with cannabis use disorder. Baseline and referral data from the INCANT trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:110.
14. Israelsson M. Welfare, temperance and compulsory commitment to care for persons with substance misuse problems: a comparative study of 38 European countries. Eur Addict Res. 2011;17: 329-341.
15. Reda AA, Kotz D, Evers SM, van Schayck CP. Healthcare financing systems for increasing the use of tobacco dependence treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; Jun 13;6:CD004305. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004305.pub4.
16. Heredia Pi IB, Wirtz VJ. Update on 2004 background paper by Warren Kaplan and Samira Asma, Background Paper 6.17 Tobacco use cessation therapies. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/priority-medicines/BP6- 17Smoking.pdf. Accessed January 6, 2014.
17. Baewert A, Jagsch R, Winklbaur B, et al. Influence of site differences between urban and rural American and Central European opioid-dependent pregnant women and neonatal outcome characteristics. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18:130-139.
18. Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, et al. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet. 2010;375:1014-1028.
19. EMCDDA. Best Practice Portal. Available at: http://www.emcdda. europa.eu/best-practice/treatment. Accessed July 25, 2013.
20. Bouza C, Angeles M, Munoz A, Amate JM. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Addiction. 2004;99:811-828.
21. Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012; 26:899-952.
22. Mason BJ, Heyser CJ. The neurobiology, clinical efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9:177-188.
23. NICE, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Alcohol Dependence and Harmful Alcohol Use. NICE Clinical Guideline 115. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2011.
24. Rosner S,Hackl-HerrwerthA, Leucht S, Lehert P,Vecchi S, SoykaM. Acamprosate for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8; (9):CD004332. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004332.pub2.
25. Boothby LA, Doering PL. Acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Clin Ther. 2005;27:695-714.
26. Pelc I, Ansoms C, Lehert P, et al. The European NEAT program: an integrated approach using acamprosate and psychosocial support for the prevention of relapse in alcohol-dependent patients with a statistical modeling of therapy success prediction. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26:1529-1538.
27. Rosner S, Leucht S, Lehert P, Soyka M. Acamprosate supports abstinence, naltrexone prevents excessive drinking: evidence from a metaanalysis with unreported outcomes. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22:11-23.
28. Kiefer F, Wiedemann K. Combined therapy: what does acamprosate and naltrexone combination tell us? Alcohol Alcohol. 2004;39:542-547.
29. Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, Wang MC. Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:563-570.
30. Lee NK, Moore E. Alcohol intervention. What works? Aust Fam Physician. 2008;37:16-19.
31. Petrakis IL, Poling J, Levinson C, Nich C, Carroll K, Rounsaville B. Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1128-1137.
32. Kiefer F, Mann K. New achievements and pharmacotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;526:163-171.
33. Mann K, Bladstrom A, Torup L, Gual A, van den Brink W. Extending the treatment options in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled study of as-needed nalmefene. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;73:706-713.
34. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends approval of medicine for reduction of alcohol consumption. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curlDpages/ news-and-events/news/2012/12/ news-detail-001675.jsp&midDW C0b01ac058004d5c1. Accessed September 18, 2013.
35. Kaner E, Bland M, Cassidy P, et al. Effectiveness of screening and brief alcohol intervention in primary care (SIPS trial): pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;346:e8501.
36. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11:CD000146. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD000146.pub4. Review.
37. Aubin HJ, Karila L, Reynaud M. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: present and future. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17:1343-1350.
38. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 8;1:CD000031. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD000031.pub4.
39. Verbiest ME, Chavannes NH, Crone MR, et al. An increase in primary care prescriptions of stop-smoking medication as a result of health insurance coverage in The Netherlands: population based study. Addiction. 2013;108:2183-2192.
40. Kaper J, Wagena EJ, Willemsen MC, Van Schayck CP. Reimbursement for smoking cessation treatment may double the abstinence rate: results of a randomized trial. Addiction. 2005;100:1012-1020.
41. Lai DCT, Cahill K, Qin Y, Tang JL. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1): CD006936. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006936.pub2.
42. Dutra L, Stathopoulou G, Basden S, Leyro T, Powers M, Otto M. A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:179-187.
43. Warren CW. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Tobacco use among youth: a cross country comparison. Tob Control. 2002;11:52-70.
44. Krishnan-Sarin S, Duhig AM, McKee SA, et al. Contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers. Exp Clin psychopharmacol. 2006;14:306-310.
45. Lumley J, Chamberlain C, Dowswell T, Oliver S, Oakley L, Watson, L. Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD001055. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub3. Review.
46. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;10:CD001055.
47. Higgins ST, Washio Y, Heil SH, et al. Financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant and newly postpartum women. Prev Med. 2012;55:33-40.
48. Winklbaur-Hausknost B, Jagsch R, Graf-Rohrmeister, et al. Lessons learned from a comparison of evidence-based research in pregnant opioid-dependent women. Hum Psychopharm Clin. 2013;28:15-24.
49. Stead LF, Lancaster T. Group behavior therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2): CD001007. Review.
50. Marshall KS, Gowing L, Ali R. Pharmacotherapies for cannabis withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (Published Online: 19 Jan 2011) doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008940
51. Budney AJ, Vandrey RG, Hughes JR, Moore BA, Bahrenburg B. Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;86:22-29.
52. Haney M, Hart CL, Vosburg SK, et al. Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;29:158-170.
53. Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Brooks DJ, Pavlicova M, Cheng W, Nunes EV. Dronabinol for the treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;116:142-150.
54. Denis C, Lavie E, Fatseas M, Auriacombe M. Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence in outpatient settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD005336. Review.
55. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD005336.
56. Magill M, Ray LA. Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70:516-527.
57. Carroll KM, Nich C, LaPaglia DM, Peters EN, Easton CJ, Petry NM. Combining cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management to enhance their effects in treating cannabis dependence: less can be more, more or less. Addiction. 2012;107:1650-1659.
58. Litt MD, Kadden RM, Petry NM. Behavioral treatment for marijuana dependence: randomized trial of contingency management and self-efficacy enhancement. Addict Behav. 2012;38: 1764-1775.
59. Killeen TK, McRae-Clark AL, Waldrop AE, Upadhyaya H, Brady KT. Contingency management in community programs treating adolescent substance abuse: a feasibility study. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2012;25:33-41.
60. Greenwald G. Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies. Cato Institute White Paper Series. Washington, DC: Cato Institute; 2009.
61. Shorter D, Kosten TR. Novel pharmacotherapeutic treatments for cocaine addiction. BMC Med. 2011;9:119-128.
62. Castells X, Casas M, Perez-Mana C, Roncero C, Vidal X, Capella D. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Feb 17;(2):CD007380. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007380.pub3. Review.
63. Amato L, Del Giovane C, Ferri M, Minozzi S, Schifano P, Davoli M. Acceptability, efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for cocaine dependence: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (published April 2014)
64. Pan PM, Kanomata E, Fidalgo TM, da Silveira DX. Naltrexone for cocaine dependence treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (Protocol).
65. Perez-Mana C, Castells X, Torrens M, Capella D, Farre M. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 2;9:CD009695. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2. Review.
66. Pani PP, Trogu E, Vacca R, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M. Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007024. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD007024.pub2. Review.
67. Denis C, Fatseas M, Lavie E, Auriacombe M. Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine mono-dependence management in outpatient settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3): CD005194. Review.
68. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD005194.
69. Parr JM, Kavanagh DJ, Cahill L, Mitchell G, McD Young R. Effectiveness of current treatment approaches for benzodiazepine discontinuation: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2009;104:13-24.
70. Aeschbach Jachmann C, Jagsch R, Winklbaur B, Matzenauer C, Fischer G. Office-based treatment in opioid dependence: a critical survey of prescription practices for opioid maintenance medications and concomitant benzodiazepines in Vienna, Austria. Eur Addict Res. 2008;14:206-212.
71. World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
72. Dale-Perera A, Goulao J, Stover H. Quality of care provided to patients receiving opioid maintenane treatment in Europe: results from the EQUATOR analysis. Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl. 2012;14:23-38.
73. Johanson C, Arfken C, di Menza S, Roberts Schuster C. Diversion and abuse of buprenorphine: findings from national surveys of treatment patients and physicians.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;120:190-195.
74. Ho RC, Chen KY, Broekmean B, Mak A. Buprenorphine prescription, misuse and service provision: a global perspective. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2009;15:354-363.
75. Yokell MA, Zaller ND, Green TC, Rich JD. Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone diversion, misuse, and illicit use: an international review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4:28-41.
76. Auriacombe M, Fatseas M, Dubernet J, Daulou-ede JP, Tignol J. French field experience with buprenorphine. Am J Addict. 2004;13:17-28.
77. Simojoki K, Alho H. A five-year follow-up of buprenorphine abuse potential. J Alcohol Drug Depend. 2013;1:2-7.
78. Amass L, Pukeleviciene V, Subata E, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter acceptability and safety study of direct buprenorphine/ naloxone induction in heroin-dependent individuals. Addi ction. 2012;107:142-151.
79. Comer SD, Sullivan MA, Vosburg SK. Abuse liability of intravenous buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine alone in buprenorphine-maintained intravenous heroin abusers. Addiction. 2010; 105:709-718.
80. European Medicines Agency. Subuxone. Available at: http://www. ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curlDpages/medicines/human/medicines/ 000697/human-med-001067.jsp&midDWC0b01ac058001 d124. Accessed September 18, 2013.
81. Chiang CN, Hawks RL. Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003; 70:39-47.
82. Strain EC, Harrison JA, Bigelow GE. Induction of opioid-dependent individuals onto buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone soluble-films. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:443-449.
83. Ullmann R. Opiate maintenance treatment in primary health care in Germany. Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl. 2010;12:53-56.
84. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. EMEA public statement of the recommendation to suspend the marketing authorisation for orlaam (levomethadol) in the European Union. Available at: http://www.ema. europa.eu/docs/en-GB/ document-library/Public-statement/2009/12/WC500018335.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2013.
85. Eder H, Jagsch R, Kraigher D, Primorac A, Ebner N, Fischer G. Comparative study of the effectiveness of slow-release morphine and methadone for opioid maintenance therapy. Addiction. 2005;100:1101-1109.
86. Kraigher D, Jagsch R, Gombas W, et al. Use of slow-release oral morphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. Eur Addict Res. 2008;11:145-151.
87. Kastelic A, Dubajic G, Strbad E. Slow-release oral morphine for maintenance treatment of opioid addicts intolerant to methadone or with inadequate withdrawal suppression. Addiction. 2008; 103:1837-1846.
88. Beer B, Rabl W, Libiseller K, Giacomuzzi S, Riemer Y, Pavlic M. Impact of slow-release oral morphine on drug abusing habits in Austria. Neuropsychiatry. 2010;24:108-117.
89. Peyriere H, Eiden C, Micallef J, Lapeye-Mestre M, Faillie J, Blayac J. Slow-release oral morphine sulfate abuse: results of the postmarketing surveillance systems for psychoactive prescriptob drug abuse in france. Eur Addict Res. 2013;19:235-244.
90. OEBIG-Reitox Focal Point Austria. Bericht zur Drogensituation 2013. Vienna: OEBIG; 2013.
91. Casati A, Sedefov R, Pfeiffer-Gerschel T. Misuse of medicines in the European Union: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18:228-245.
92. Amari E, Rehm J, Goldner E, Fischer B. Nonmedical prescription opioid use and mental health and pain comorbidities: a narrative review. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;56:495-502.
93. Radcliffe P, Steves A. Are drug treatment services only for 'thieving junkie scumbags'? Drug users and the management of the stigmatised identities. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1065-1073.
94. Gowing L, Ali R, White JM. Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2): CD002025. Review.
95. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (3):CD002025.
96. Amato L, Davioli M, Minozzi S, Ali R, Ferri M. Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;2:CD003409. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD003409.pub4. Review.
97. Goulao J, Stover H. The profile of patients, out-of-treatment users and treating physicians involved in opioid maintenance treatment in Europe. Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl. 2012;14:7-22.
98. Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S. Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD004147. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD004147.pub4. Review.
99. Amato L, Minozzi S, Davoli M, Vecchi S. Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Sep 7;(9): CD005031. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005031. pub4. Review.
100. Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M, Kirchmayer U, Verster A. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Apr 13;(4):CD001333. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001333.pub4. Review.
101. Kunøe N, Lobmaier P, Vederhus JK, et al. Retention in naltrexone implant treatment for opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;111:166-169.
102. Hulse GK, Morris N, Arnold-Reed D, Tait RJ. Improving clinical outcomes in treating heroin dependence: randomized, controlled trial of oral or implant naltrexone. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1108-1115.
103. Krupitsky E, Zvartau E, Blokhina E, et al. Randomized trial of long-acting sustained-release naltrexone implant vs oral naltrexone or placebo for preventing relapse to opioid dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:973-981.
104. Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, Illeperuma A, Gastfriend DR, Silverman BL. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2011:377:1506-1513.
105. Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M. Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD006318. doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD006318.pub2. Review.
106. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:CD006318.
107. Jones HE, Kaltenbach K, Heil SH, et al. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2320-2331.
108. Drummond C, Gual A, Goos C, et al. Identifying the gap between need and intervention for alcohol use disorders in Europe. Addiction. 2011;106(Suppl 1):31-36.
109. Raw M, Regan S, Rigotti NA, McNeill A. A survey of tobacco dependence treatment services in 36 countries. Addiction. 2009;104:279-287.
110. OEBIG-Reitox Focal Point Austria. Bericht zur Drogensituation 2012. Vienna: OEBIG; 2012.
111. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2010. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2011. Available from:http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/ en/publications/ publications/111129-sur-annual-hiv-report.pdf
112. Rondy M, Wiessing L, Hutchinson SJ, et al. Hepatitis C prevalence in injecting drug users in Europe, 1990-2007: impact of study recruitment setting. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:563-572.
113. Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Conviser R, et al. Contemporary costs of HIV health care in the HAART era. AIDS. 2010;24: 2705-2715.
114. Davis KL, Mitra D, Medjedovic J, Beam C, Rustgi V. Direct economic burden of chronic hepatitis C virus in a United States managed care population. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45:17-24.
115. Galarraga O, Colchero MA, Wamai RG, Bertozzi SM. HIV prevention cost-effectiveness: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(Suppl 1):5-19.
116. Soyer R, Schumann S. (eds.). Therapie statt Strafe. Gesundheitsbezogene Maßnahmen bei Substanzabhangigkeit und Suchtmittel (straf)recht. Schriftenreihe der Vereinigung Osterreichischer StrafverteidigerInnen Band 19. Neuer wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Wien-Graz 2012.
117. RBP EU Medical Studies Advisory Board, 26 June 2011, Final Report.