Risk of suicide among US military service members following Operation Enduring Freedom OR Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment and separation from the US military

JAMA Psychiatry

Volumn 72, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 561-569

  Reger, Mark A ^a   Smolenski, Derek J ^a   Skopp, Nancy A ^a   Metzger Abamukang, Melinda J ^a   Kang, Han K ^b   Bullman, Tim A ^c   Perdue, Sondra ^d   Gahm, Gregory A ^a  

^a Joint Base Lewis McChord   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; FREEDOM; HAZARD RATIO; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MILITARY DEPLOYMENT; MILITARY SERVICE; MORTALITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SOLDIER; SUICIDE; UNITED STATES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FACTUAL DATABASE; MIDDLE AGED; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VETERAN; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; DATABASES, FACTUAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SUICIDE; UNITED STATES; VETERANS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84931026860     PISSN: 2168622X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3195     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Eaton KM, Messer SC, Garvey Wilson AL, Hoge CW. Strengthening the validity of population-based suicide rate comparisons. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36(2):182-191.
2. Rothberg JM, Bartone PT, Holloway HC, Marlowe DH. Life and death in the US Army: in Corpore Sano. JAMA. 1990;264(17):2241-2244.
3. Hoge CW, Castro CA. Preventing suicides in US service members and veterans. JAMA. 2012;308(7):671-672.
4. Luxton DD, Osenbach JE, Reger MA, et al. Department of Defense Suicide Event Report: Calendar Year 2011 Annual Report. Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA: National Center for Telehealth and Technology, Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury; 2012.
5. Hoge CW, Auchterlonie JL, Milliken CS. Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA. 2006;295(9):1023-1032.
6. Haney EM, O'Neil ME, Carson S, et al. Suicide Risk Factors and Risk Assessment Tools: A Systematic Review. Washington, DC: Dept of Veterans Affairs Evidence-Based Synthesis Program; 2012.
7. Ilgen MA, McCarthy JF, Ignacio RV, et al. Psychopathology, Iraq and Afghanistan service, and suicide among Veterans Health Administration patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(3):323-330.
8. Kemp J, Bossarte R; Department of Veterans Affairs Mental Health Services Suicide Prevention Program. Suicide data report, 2012. http://www.va.gov/opa/docs/Suicide-Data-Report-2012-final.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2013.
9. National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. VA benefits & health care utilization. 2010. http://www.va.gov/VETDATA/Pocket-Card/4X6-spring10-sharepoint.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2013.
10. Peake JB. The Blue Ribbon Work Group of Suicide Prevention in the Veteran Population. Chartered by Secretary of Veterans Affairs James B. Peake. May 5, 2008. http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/suicide-prevention/Blue-Ribbon-Report-FINAL-June-30-08.pdf. Accessed February 24, 2015.
11. Hahn RA, Wetterhall SF, Gay GA, et al. The recording of demographic information on death certificates: a national survey of funeral directors. Public Health Rep. 2002;117(1):37-43.
12. Harrell MC, Berglass N. Losing the Battle: The Challenge of Military Suicide. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security; 2011.
13. Bradley JC. 2011 Military Health System Conference: The Challenge and the Promise: Strengthening the Force, Preventing Suicide and Saving Lives. Washington, DC: US Dept of Defense; 2010. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556250.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2013.
14. Bonds TM, Baiocchi D, McDonald LL. Army Deployments to OIF and OEF. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2010.
15. Kapur N, While D, Blatchley N, Bray I, Harrison K. Suicide after leaving the UK armed forces: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2009;6(3):e26. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000026.
16. Schoenbaum M, Kessler RC, Gilman SE, et al; Army STARRS Collaborators. Predictors of suicide and accident death in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS): results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(5):493-503.
17. LeardMann CA, Powell TM, Smith TC, et al. Risk factors associated with suicide in current and former US military personnel. JAMA. 2013;310(5):496-506.
18. Defense Manpower Data Center. 2013. https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/index.jsp. Accessed December 15, 2013.
19. Noel K. General addresses misconceptions about Army Individual Ready Reserve. American Forces Press Service. May 12, 2008. http://military-online.blogspot.com/2008-05-12-archive.html. Accessed February 24, 2015.
20. Armed Forces Medical Examiner System. 2013. http://www.afmes.mil/index.cfm?pageid=mmsd.overview. Accessed May 23, 2013.
21. Murphy SL, Xu J, Kochanek KD. Deaths: preliminary data for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012;60 (4). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60-04.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2015.
22. Hooper TI, Gackstetter GD, Leardmann CA, et al; Millennium Cohort Study Team. Early mortality experience in a large military cohort and a comparison of mortality data sources. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:15.
23. Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2005.
24. StataCorp LP. STATA data analysis and statistical software. 2012. http://www.stata.com/. Accessed January 16, 2015.
25. Department of Defense. Instruction: number 1332.14. January 27, 2014, incorporating change 1, effective December 4, 2014. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/133214p.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2015.
26. Department of Defense. Instruction: number 6490.03. August 11, 2006, certified current as of September 30, 2011. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/649003p.pdf. Accessed December 30, 2013.
27. Bullman TA, Kang HK. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of traumatic deaths among Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182(11):604-610.
28. Bullman TA, Kang HK. The risk of suicide among wounded Vietnam veterans. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(5):662-667.
29. Castro CA, Kintzle S. Suicides in the military. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(8):460.
30. Blosnich JR, Dichter ME, Cerulli C, Batten SV, Bossarte RM. Disparities in adverse childhood experiences among individuals with a history of military service. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(9):1041-1048.
31. Iversen A, Nikolaou V, Greenberg N, et al. What happens to British veterans when they leave the armed forces? Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(2):175-184.
32. Kang HK, Bullman TA. Risk of suicide among US veterans after returning from the Iraq or Afghanistan war zones. JAMA. 2008;300(6):652-653.
33. Kang HK, Bullman TA. Is there an epidemic of suicides among current and former U. S. military personnel? Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(10):757-760.
34. Kang HK, Bullman TA. Mortality among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(5):399-405.
35. McCarthy JF, Valenstein M, Kim HM, Ilgen M, Zivin K, Blow FC. Suicide mortality among patients receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration health system. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(8):1033-1038.
36. Blow FC, Bohnert AS, Ilgen MA, et al. Suicide mortality among patients treated by the Veterans Health Administration from 2000 to 2007. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(suppl 1):S98-S104.
37. Carr JR, Hoge CW, Gardner J, Potter R. Suicide surveillance in the U. S. Military. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004;34(3):233-241.
38. Preventing Suicide: A Resource for Suicide Case Registration. Geneva, Switzerland: Dept of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization; 2011.
39. Hanzlick R, Hunsaker JC, Davis GJ. A Guide for Manner of Death Classification. Marceline: MO: National Association of Medical Examiners; 2002.