How Many More Missing Women? Excess Female Mortality and Prenatal Sex Selection, 1970-2050

Population and Development Review

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 241-269

  Bongaarts, John ^a   Guilmoto, Christophe Z ^b  

^a Population Council   (United States)

^b Inserm   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEMALE; MORTALITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION STRUCTURE; SEX RATIO;

EID: 84930974013     PISSN: 00987921     EISSN: 17284457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00046.x     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Anderson, Siwan and Debraj Ray. 2010. "Missing women: Age and disease, " Review of Economic Studies 77: 1262-1300.
2. Alkema, Leontine et al. 2014. "National, regional, and global sex ratios of infant, child, and under-5 mortality and identification of countries with outlying ratios: a systematic assessment, " The Lancet Global Health 2(9): e521-e530.
3. Attané, Isabelle and Christophe Z. Guilmoto (eds.). 2007. Watering the Neighbour's Garden: The Growing Demographic Female Deficit in Asia. Committee on International Cooperation in National Research in Demography. Paris: CICRED.
4. Bongaarts, John. 2013. "The implementation of preferences for male offspring, " Population and Development Review 39(2): 185-208.
5. Bongaarts, John. 2014. "Trends in causes of death in low-mortality countries: Implications for mortality projections, " Population and Development Review 40(2): 189-212.
6. Chahnazarian, Anouch. 1988. "Determinants of sex ratio at birth: A review of recent literature, " Social Biology 35(3-4): 214-235.
7. Coale, Ansley J. 1991. "Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population: An estimate of the number of 'missing females, '" Population and Development Review 17(3): 517-523.
8. Coale, Ansley J. and Judith Banister. 1994. "Five decades of missing females in China, " Demography 31(3): 459-479.
9. Croll, Elisabeth. 2000. Endangered Daughters: Discrimination and Development in Asia. London: Routledge.
10. Das Gupta, Monica. 1987. "Selective discrimination against female children in rural Punjab, India, " Population and Development Review 13(1): 77-100.
11. Das Gupta, Monica et al. 2003. "Why is son preference so persistent in East and South Asia? A cross-country study of China, India and the Republic of Korea, " Journal of Development Studies 40(2): 153-187.
12. Das Gupta, Monica, Woojin Chung, and Li Shuzhuo. 2009. "Evidence for an incipient decline in numbers of missing girls in China and India, " Population and Development Review 35(2): 401-416.
13. D'Souza, Stan and Lincoln C. Chen. 1980. "Sex differentials in mortality in rural Bangladesh, " Population and Development Review 6(2): 257-270.
14. Eberstadt, Nicholas and Apoorva Shah. 2009. "Russia's demographic disaster, " American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Special Report May. http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/RO%20Special%20Edition%20Eberstadt-g.pdf.
15. Garenne, Michel. 2002, "Sex ratios at birth in African populations: A review of survey data, " Human Biology 74(6): 889-900.
16. Goodkind, Daniel M. 1996. "On substituting sex preference strategies in East Asia: Does prenatal sex selection reduce postnatal discrimination?" Population and Development Review 22(1): 111-125.
17. Grech, Victor, Paul Vassallo-Agius, and Charles Savona-Ventura. 2003. "Secular trends in sex ratios at birth in North America and Europe over the second half of the 20th century, " Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57(8): 612-615.
18. Guilmoto, Christophe Z. 2009. "The sex ratio transition in Asia, " Population and Development Review 35(3): 519-549.
19. Guilmoto, Christophe Z. 2012. Gender Imbalances at Birth. Trends: Differentials and Policy Implications. Bangkok: UNFPA.
20. Guilmoto, Christophe Z. Forthcoming, "Mapping gender preferences and sex imbalances in Indonesia.".
21. Guilmoto, Christophe Z. and Géraldine Duthé. 2013. "Masculinization of births in Eastern Europe, " Population and Societies 506: 1-4.
22. Hudson, Valerie and Andrea den Boer. 2004. Bare Branches: Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
23. Klasen, Stephan. 1994. "Missing women reconsidered, " World Development 22(7): 1061-1071.
24. Klasen, Stephan and Sebastian Vollmer. 2013. Missing Women: Age and Disease: A Correction (No. 133). Courant Research Centre: Poverty, Equity and Growth-Discussion Papers.
25. Klasen, Stephan and Claudia Wink. 2002. "A turning point in gender bias in mortality? An update on the number of missing women, " Population and Development Review 28(2): 285-312.
26. Klasen, Stephan and Claudia Wink. 2003. "Missing women: Revisiting the debate, " Feminist Economics 9(2-3): 263-299.
27. Kumar, Sanjay and K.M. Sathyanarayana . 2012. "District-level estimates of fertility and implied sex ratio at birth in India, " Economic and Political Weekly 47(33): 66-72.
28. Lee, James Z. and Wang Feng. 1999. One Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities, 1700-2000. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Meslé, France. 2004. "Mortality in Central and Eastern Europe: Long-term trends and recent upturns, " Demographic Research, Special Collection 2(3): 45-70.
30. Meslé, France and Jacques Vallin. 2002. "Mortality in Europe: The divergence between East and West, " Population 57(1):157-197.
31. Milazzo, Annamaria. 2014 "Son preference, fertility and family structure: Evidence from reproductive behavior among Nigerian women, " World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6869.
32. Murphy, Michael. 2011 "Adult mortality in the former Soviet Union, " in R.G. Rogers and E.M. Crimmins (eds.), International Handbook of Adult Mortality. New York: Springer, pp. 83-100.
33. Ohagwu, Christopher Chukwuemeka et al. 2014. "Perception of male gender preference among pregnant Igbo women, " Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 4(2): 173-178.
34. Oksuzyan, A. et al. 2014. "Sex differences in health and mortality in Moscow and Denmark, " European Journal of Epidemiology 29(4): 243-252.
35. Sawyer, Cheryl C. 2012. "Child mortality estimation: estimating sex differences in childhood mortality since the 1970s, " PLoS Medicine 9(8): e1001287.
36. Sen, Amartya K. 1989. "Women's survival as a development problem, " Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 43: 14-29.
37. Sen, Amartya K. 1990. "More than 100 million women are missing, " New York Review of Books 20: 61-66.
38. Sen, Amartya K. 1992"Missing women, " British Medical Journal 304: 587-588.
39. Subramanian, S.V. et al. 2006. "The mortality divide in India: The differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course, " American Journal of Public Health 96(5): 818-825.
40. United Nations, Population Division. 2011. Sex Differentials in Childhood Mortality. New York.
41. United Nations, Population Division. 2013a. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. New York.
42. United Nations, Population Division. 2013b. Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin. New York.
43. UNDP, 2010. Power, Voice and Right. A Turning Point for Gender Equality in Asia and the Pacific. Delhi: Macmillan.
44. Visaria, Pravin M. 1971. The Sex Ratio of the Population of India, Vol. 1. Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General.
45. Watts, Charlotte and Cathy Zimmerman. 2002. "Violence against women: Global scope and magnitude, " The Lancet 359(9313): 1232-1237.
46. WHO. 2011. Preventing Gender-Biased Sex Selection: An Interagency Statement from OHCHR, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN women and WHO. Geneva.
47. World Bank. 2012. The 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development. Washington DC.
48. Zhao, Zhongwei, W. Chen, and Y. Jin. Forthcoming. "Recent mortality trends in China.".