Misbehavior in Bitcoin: A study of double-spending and accountability

ACM Transactions on Information and System Security

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-32

  Karame, Ghassan O ^a   Androulaki, Elli ^b   Roeschlin, Marc ^c   Gervais, Arthur ^c   Čapkun, Srdjan ^c  

^a NEC LABORATORIES EUROPE   (Germany)

^b IBM RESEARCH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Bitcoin; Design; Distributed computing; Double spending; Economics; Experimentation; K.4.1 computers and society : public policy issues privacy; K.4.4 computers and society : electronic commerce payment schemes, security; Monetization; Privacy; Security

Indexed keywords

COSTS; DATA PRIVACY; DESIGN; DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS; ECONOMICS; PUBLIC POLICY;

COMPUTERS AND SOCIETIES; DOUBLE-SPENDING; EXPERIMENTATION; MONETIZATION; PAYMENT SCHEMES; SECURITY;

BITCOIN;

EID: 84930850900     PISSN: 10949224     EISSN: 15577406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1145/2732196     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Elli Androulaki and Ghassan Karame. 2014. Hiding transaction amounts and balances in Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Trust and Trustworthy Computing (TRUST).
2. Elli Androulaki, Ghassan Karame, and Srdjan Capkun. 2013. Evaluating user privacy in Bitcoin. In Proceedings of Financial Crypto 2013. http://eprint.iacr.org/2012/596.pdf.
3. Elli Androulaki, Mariana Raykova, Shreyas Srivatsan, Angelos Stavrou, and Steven M. Bellovin. 2008. PAR: Payment for anonymous routing. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETS'08). 219-236.
4. Moshe Babaioff, Shahar Dobzinski, Sigal Oren, and Aviv Zohar. 2011. On Bitcoin and red balloons. ACM SIGecom Exhanges 10, 3, 5-9.
5. Simon Barber, Xavier Boyen, Elaine Shi, and Ersin Uzun. 2012. Bitter to better - how to make Bitcoin a better currency. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 7397. Springer, 399-414.
6. Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Ian Miers, Eran Tromer, and Madars Virza. 2014. Zerocash: Practical decentralized anonymous e-cash from Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA.
7. Bitcoin. 2013. Introduction. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Introduction.
8. BitcoinCharts. 2013. Bitcoin Charts. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://bitcoincharts.com.
9. BitcoinDoS. 2013. Weaknesses. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses.
10. BitcoinExplorer. 2013. Bitcoin Block Explorer. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://blockexplorer.com.
11. BitcoinFAQ. 2013. FAQ. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/FAQ.
12. BitcoinMyths. 2013. Myths. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths#Point-of-sale-with-bitcoins-isn.27t-possible-because-of-the-10-minute-wait-for-confirmation.
13. BitcoinProtocol. 2013. Protocol Documentation. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol-specification.
14. BitcoinRules. 2012. Protocol Rules. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol-rules.
15. BitcoinTrade. 2013. Trade. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Trade.
16. BitcoinWiki. 2014. Double-Spending. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/Double-spending.
17. BitcoinXT. 2014. Bitcoin XT. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://github.com/bitcoinxt/bitcoinxt.
18. BlockChain. 2013. 200 Double Spends. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://blockchain.info/double-spends.
19. Joseph Bonneau, Arvind Narayanan, Andrew Miller, Jeremy Clark, Joshua A. Kroll, and Edward W. Felten. 2014. Mixcoin: Anonymity for Bitcoin with accountable mixes. In Proceedings of Financial Crypto 2014.
20. Stefan Brands. 1995. Electronic cash on the Internet. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security. 64-84.
21. Jan Camenisch, Susan Hohenberger, and Anna Lysyanskaya. 2005. Compact e-cash. In Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3494. Springer, 302-321.
22. David Chaum, Amos Fiat, and Moni Naor. 1990. Untraceable electronic cash. In Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO'88). 319-327.
23. CNN. 2011. CNN: Bitcoin's Uncertain Future as Currency. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75VaRGdzMM0.
24. CoinJoin. 2013. CoinJoin: Bitcoin Privacy for the Real World. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=279249.0.
25. Connectivity. 2013. Satoshi Client Node Connectivity. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Satoshi-Client-Node-Connectivity.
26. Christian Decker and Roger Wattenhofer. 2013. Information propagation in the Bitcoin network. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing.
27. Deepbit. 2011. Deepbit. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://deepbit.net.
28. Claudia Diaz, Stefaan Seys, Joris Claessens, and Bart Preneel. 2002. Towards measuring anonymity. In Proceedings of the Privacy Enhancing Technologies Workshop (PET'02).
29. DoubleSpending. 2014. Observed Double-Spends. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://respends.thinlink.com.
30. Elias. 2011. Bitcoin: Tempering the Digital Ring of Gyges or Implausible Pecuniary Privacy. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=1937769.
31. Finney. 2013. Weaknesses. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses#The-.22Finney.22-attack.
32. Matthias Franz, Bernd Meyer, and Andreas Pashalidis. 2007. Attacking unlinkability: The importance of context. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4776. Springer, 1-16.
33. Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Ian Meiers, and Aviel Rubin. 2014. Rational zero: Economic security for zerocoin with everlasting anonymity. In Proceedings of the Financial Cryptography and Data Security Conference.
34. Arthur Gervais, Srdjan Capkun, Ghassan O. Karame, and Damian Gruber. 2014a. On the privacy provisions of Bloom filters in lightweight Bitcoin clients. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC'14). 326-335. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2664243.2664267
35. Arthur Gervais, Ghassan Karame, Srdjan Capkun, and Vedran Capkun. 2014b. Is Bitcoin a decentralized currency? IEEE Security and Privacy 12, 3, 54-60.
36. Ghassan Karame, Aurelien Francillon, and Srdjan Čapkun. 2011. Pay as you browse: Microcomputations as micropayments in Web-based services. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW'11). 307-316.
37. Ghassan O. Karame, Elli Androulaki, and Srdjan Capkun. 2012. Double-spending fast payments in Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'12). ACM, New York, NY, 906-917. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2382196.2382292
38. Philip Koshy, Diana Koshy, and Patrick McDaniel. 2014. An analysis of anonymity in Bitcoin using p2p network traffic. In Proceedings of Financial Crypto 2014.
39. Bradley Malin. 2008. K-unlinkability: A privacy protection model for distributed data. Data and Knowledge Engineering 64, 1, 294-311.
40. Sarah Meiklejohn, Marjori Pomarole, Grant Jordan, Kirill Levchenko, Damon McCoy, Geoffrey M. Voelker, and Stefan Savage. 2013. A fistful of Bitcoins: Characterizing payments among men with no names. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (IMC'13). ACM, New York, NY, 127-140. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2504730.2504747
41. Ian Miers, Christina Garman, Matthew Green, and Aviel D. Rubin. 2013. Zerocoin: Anonymous distributed e-cash from Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.
42. Mining. 2013. Comparison of Mining Pools. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison-of-mining-pools.
43. MiningHardware. 2013. Mining Hardware Comparison. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Mining-hardware-comparison.
44. Andreas Pfitzmann and Marit Hansen. 2008. Anonymity, unlinkability, undetectability, unobservability, pseudonymity, and identity management: A consolidated proposal for terminology. Fachterminologie Datenschutz und Datensicherheit 2008, 111-144. http://dud.inf.tu-dresden.de/literatur/Anon-Terminology-v0.18.pdf.
45. ProofWiki. 2013. Definition:Geometric Distribution/Shifted. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Definition:Geometric-Distribution/Shifted.
46. Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan. 2011. An analysis of anonymity in the Bitcoin system. arXiv:1107.4524.
47. Ronald Rivest. 2004. Peppercoin micropayments. In Financial Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3110. Springer, 2-8.
48. Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir. 2013. Quantitative analysis of the full Bitcoin transaction graph. In Proceedings of Financial Crypto 2013.
49. Tim Ruffing, Pedro Moreno-Sanchez, and Aniket Kate. 2014. CoinShuffle: Practical decentralized coin mixing for Bitcoin. In Computer Security - ESORICS 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8713. Springer, 345-364.
50. Satoshi Nakamoto. 2009. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
51. Sandra Steinbrecher and Stefan Koepsell. 2003. Modelling unlinkability. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2760. Springer, 32-47.
52. Syed and Syed 2011. Bitcoin Gateway, A Peer-to-Peer Bitcoin Vault and Payment Network. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http://arimaa.com/bitcoin/.
53. Nguyen Xuan Vinh, Julien Epps, and James Bailey. 2009. Information theoretic measures for clusterings comparison: Is a correction for chance necessary? In Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'09).
54. Nguyen Xuan Vinh, Julien Epps, and James Bailey. 2010. Information theoretic measures for clusterings comparison: Variants, properties, normalization and correction for chance. Journal of Machine Learning Research 11, 2837-2854.
55. Znort987. 2013. Znort987/Blockparser. (2013). Retrieved April 2, 2015, from https://github.com/znort987/blockparser.