Correcting Psychotherapists' Blindsidedness: Formal Feedback as a Means of Overcoming the Natural Limitations of Therapists

Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 249-257

  Macdonald, James ^a   Mellor Clark, John ^b  

^a CORE IMS ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biases; Feedback Systems; Outcomes; Psychotherapy; Tracking

Indexed keywords

AWARENESS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF DISCLOSURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AWARENESS; COMMUNICATION; FEEDBACK; HUMANS; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PROFESSIONAL-PATIENT RELATIONS; PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC PROCESSES; SELF DISCLOSURE; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84930766859     PISSN: 10633995     EISSN: 10990879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1887     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Ægisdóttir, S., White, M., Spengler, P. Maugherman, A., Anderson, L., Cook, R., Nichols, C., Lampropoulos, G., Walker, B., Cohen, G., & Rush, J. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgement project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(3), 341-382.
2. American Psychological Association. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271-285.
3. Anker, M., Duncan, B., & Sparks, J. (2009). Using client feedback to improve couples therapy outcomes: A randomised clinical trial in a naturalistic setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 693-704.
4. Atkins, D.C., & Christensen, A. (2001). Is professional training worth the bother? A review of the impact of psychotherapy training on client outcome. Australian Psychologist, 36, 2, 122-130.
5. Barkham, M., Hardy, G. & Mellor-Clark, J. [eds.] (2010). Developing and delivering practice-based evidence. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
6. Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., Connell, J., Evans, C., Evans, R., & Margison, F. (2010). Clinical outcomes in routine evaluation (CORE)-the CORE measures and system: Measuring, monitoring and managing quality evaluation in the psychological therapies. In M. Barkham, G.E. Hardy, & J. Mellor-Clark (Eds), Developing and delivering practice-based evidence: A guide for the psychological therapies, (pp. 175-219). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Barrett, M.S., Chua, W., Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M.B., & Thompson, D. (2008). Early withdrawal from mental health treatment: Implications for psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy: Theory, Practice, Training, 45(2), 247-267.
8. th edn) (pp. 227-306). New York: Wiley.
9. Chapman, C., Burlingame, G., Gleave, R., Rees, F., Beecher, M., & Porter, S. (2012). Clinical prediction in group psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 22(6), 673-681.
10. De Jong, K., Van Sluis, P., Nugter, M., Heiser, W., & Spinhoven, P. (2012). Understanding the differential impact of outcome monitoring: Therapist variables that moderate feedback effects in a randomised clinical trial. Psychotherapy Research, 22(4), 464-474.
11. Demasio, A. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. London: Papermac.
12. Department of Health. (2011). Talking therapists: A four year plan of action (a supporting document to 'no health without mental health: A cross-government mental health outcomes strategy for people of all ages'). Downloaded from www.dh.gov.uk/publications.
13. Duncan, B. (2010). On Becoming a Better Therapist. Washington, DC: APA.
14. Duncan, B., Miller, S., & Sparks, J. (2004). The heroic client: A revolutionary way to improve effectiveness through client-directed, outcome-informed therapy (Revised Edn). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
15. Dunning, D. (2013). The paradox of knowing: Why do we have greater insight into others than ourselves? The Psychologist, 26(6), 414-417.
16. Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. (2004). Flawed self-assessment: Implications for health, education, and the workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(3), 69-106.
17. Fonagy, P., Gegeley, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2004). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. London: Karnac.
18. Garb, H.N. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgment research and psychological assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Gawande, A. (2008). Better: A Surgeon's notes on performance. London: Profile.
20. Gawande, A. (2011). The checklist manifesto: How to get things right. London: Profile Books.
21. Green, D., & Latchford, G. (2012). Maximising the benefits of psychotherapy: A practice-based evidence approach. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
22. Grove, W.M., & Meehl, P.E. (1996). Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2(2), 293-323.
23. Hannan, C., Lambert, M., Harmon, C., Nielsen, L. S., Smart, D. W., & Shimokawa, K. (2005). A lab test and algorithms for identifying clients at risk for treatment failure. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 61, 155-163.
24. Hatfield, D., McCullough, L., Frantz, S., & Kreiger, K. (2010). Do we know when our clients get worse? An investigation of therapists' ability to detect negative client change. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17, 25-32.
25. Hill, C.E., Thompson, B.J., Cogar, M.C., & Denman, D.W. (1993). Beneath the surface of long-term therapy: Therapist and client report of their own and each other's covert processes. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 40(3), 278-287.
26. Hill, C. E., Thompson, B.J., & Corbett, M. M. (1992). The impact of therapist ability to perceive displayed and hidden client reactions on immediate outcome in first sessions of brief therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 2(2), 143-155.
27. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. London: Allen Lane.
28. Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515-526.
29. Kiesler, D.J. (1996). Contemporary interpersonal theory and research: Personality, psychopathology and psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.
30. Klein, G. (1999). Sources of power: How people make decisions. Massachusetts: First MIT Press.
31. Lambert, M. (2007). Presidential address: What we have learned from a decade of research aimed at improving psychotherapy outcome in routine care. Psychotherapy Research, 17(1), 1-14.
32. Lambert, M. (2010). Prevention of treatment failure: The use of measuring, monitoring, and feedback in clinical practice. Washington, DC: APA.
33. th edn). (pp. 169-218). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
34. Lambert, M., & Shimokawa, K. (2011). Collecting client feedback. In J. Norcross (ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (Second edn) (pp. 203-223). New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Lambert, M., Hansen, N., & Harmon, S. (2010). Outcome questionnaire system (The OQ System): Development and practical applications in healthcare settings. In M. Barkham, G.E. Hardy, & J. Mellor-Clark (Eds), Developing and delivering practice-based evidence: A guide for the psychological therapies, (pp. 141-154). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
36. Macdonald, J. (2013). Formal feedback in psychotherapy as psychoanalytic technique. Psychodynamic Practice, Individuals, Groups and Organisations. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753634.2013.771566.
37. Macdonald, J., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2012). Using practice-based evidence to improve outcomes in psychotherapy: An emerging paradigm in clinical practice. Rugby, UK: Occasional paper available from CORE-IMS.
38. Mellor-Clark, J., Barkham, M., Mothersole, G., McInnes, B. & Evans, R. (2006). Reflections on benchmarking NHS primary care psychological therapies and counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(1), 81-7.
39. Mezulis, A.H., Abramson, L.Y., Hyde, J.S., & Hankin, B.L. (2004). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 711-747.
40. Miller, S., Hubble, M., & Duncan, B. (2007). Supershrinks: What is the secret of their success? Psychotherapy Networker, 31(6), 26-35.
41. Miller, S., Hubble, M., Duncan, B., & Wampold, B. (2010). Delivering what works. In B. Duncan, S. Miller, B. Wampold, & M. Hubble (Eds), The heart and soul of change: Delivering what works in therapy. Second Edn (pp. 421-429). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
42. Myers, D. (2010). Intuition's powers and perils. Psychological Enquiry, 21, 371-377.
43. Nickerson, R.S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many disguises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220.
44. Nissen-Lie, H. A., Havik, O. E., Monsen, J. T., Høglend, P. A., Rønnestad, M. H., Solbakken, O. A., & Stiles, T. C. (2013). Therapists' experiences of difficulties in practice and their self-images (introjects). Does the interplay between these factors affect patient outcome from psychotherapy? Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, UK Chapter, 12-14th September, 2013.
45. Nissen-Lie, H., Monsen, J., & Rønnestad, M. (2010). Therapist predictors of early patient-rated working alliance: A multilevel approach. Psychotherapy Research, 20(6), 627-646.
46. Nissen-Lie, H., Monsen, J., Ulleberg, P., & Rønnestad, M. (2013). Psychotherapists' self reports of their interpersonal functioning and difficulties in practice as predictors of patient outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 86-104.
47. Norcross, J.C. (Ed.) (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness [Second Edn]. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. th Edn) (pp. 307-389) Chicago: John Wiley & Sons.
49. Reese, R., Usher, E., Bowman, D., Norsworthy, L., Halstead, J., Rowlands, S., & Chisolm, R. (2009). Using client feedback in psychotherapy training: An analysis of its influence on supervision and counsellor self-efficacy. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 3(3), 157-168.
50. Regan, A.M., & Hill, C.E. (1992). Investigation of what clients and counsellors do not say in brief therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 2, 168-174.
51. Saptya, J., Riemer, M., & Bickman, L. (2005). Feedback to clinicians: Theory, research, and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 61(2), 145-153.
52. Shimokawa, K., Lambert, M., & Smart, D. (2010). Enhancing treatment outcome of patients at risk of treatment failure: Meta-analytic and mega-analytic review of a psychotherapy quality assurance system. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 298-311.
53. Simon, W., Lambert, M., Harris, M., Busath, G., & Vazquez, A. (2012). Providing patient progress information and clinical support tools to therapists: Effects on patients at risk of treatment failure. Psychotherapy Research, 22(6), 638-647.
54. Swift, J., & Greenberg, R. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547-559.
55. Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2007). Mistakes were made (but not by me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions and hurtful acts. London: Pinter & Martin Ltd.
56. Tracey, T.J. (1993). An interpersonal stage model of the therapeutic process. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 40(4), 396-409.
57. Tracey, J.M., Arroll, B., Richmond, D.E., & Barham, P. (1997). The validity of general practitioners' self assessment of knowledge: Cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 315, 1426-8.
58. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185. [Reprinted in D. Kahneman (). Thinking, Fast and Slow. P419-432. London: Allen Lane].
59. Unsworth, G., Cowie, H., & Green, A. (2011). Therapists' and clients' perceptions of routine outcome measurement in the NHS: A qualitative study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, iFirst, 1-10. DOI: 10.1080/14733145.2011.565125
60. Wilson, T.D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
61. Woolliscroft, J.O., TenHaken, J., Smith, J., & Calhoun, J.G. (1993). Medical students' clinical self-assessments: Comparisons with external measures of performance and the students' self-assessments of overall performance and effort. Academic Medicine, 68(4), 285-294.