5-HTTLPR genotype potentiates the effects of war zone stressors on the emergence of PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms in soldiers deployed to iraq

World Psychiatry

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 198-206

  Telch, Michael J ^a   Beevers, Christopher G ^a   Rosenfield, David ^b   Lee, Han Joo ^c   Reijntjes, Albert ^d   Ferrell, Robert E ^e   Hariri, Ahmad R ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^f DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HTTLPR genotype; anxiety; biomarkers; depression; PTSD; stress responsiveness; war zone stressors

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR;

ADULT; ALLELE; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FEMALE; GENDER; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; HETEROZYGOTE; HOMOZYGOTE; HUMAN; IRAQ; JOB STRESS; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE ASSESSMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RACE; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER LINKED POLYMORPHIC REGION; SOLDIER; WAR; WAR ZONE STRESSOR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84930464841     PISSN: 17238617     EISSN: 20515545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wps.20215     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Duncan LE, Keller MC,. A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 1041-9.
2. Rutter M, Moffitt TE,. Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006; 47: 226-61.
3. Karg K, Burmeister M, Shedden K, et al., The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: evidence of genetic moderation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 444-54.
4. Smith TC, Ryan MA, Wingard DL, et al., New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ 2008; 336: 366-71.
5. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al., Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 1048-60.
6. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD,. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 748-66.
7. Mehta D, Binder EB,. Gene x environment vulnerability factors for PTSD: the HPA axis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62: 654-62.
8. True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, et al., A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 257-64.
9. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, et al., Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 833-42.
10. Cornelis MC, Nugent NR, Amstadter AB, et al., Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: review and recommendations for genome-wide association studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010; 12: 313-26.
11. Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, et al., Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA 2008; 299: 1291-305.
12. Nelson EC, Agrawal A, Pergadia ML, et al., Association of childhood trauma exposure and GABRA2 polymorphisms with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14: 234-5.
13. Amstadter AB, Koenen KC, Ruggiero KJ, et al., Variant in RGS2 moderates posttraumatic stress symptoms following potentially traumatic event exposure. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23: 369-73.
14. Holmes A, Hariri AR,. The serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphism and negative emotionality: placing single gene effects in the context of genetic background and environment. Genes Brain Behav 2003; 2: 332-5.
15. Hariri AR, Holmes A,. Genetics of emotional regulation: the role of the serotonin transporter in neural function. Trends Cogn Sci 2006; 10: 182-91.
16. Heinz A, Jones DW, Mazzanti C, et al., A relationship between serotonin transporter genotype and in vivo protein expression and alcohol neurotoxicity. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 643-9.
17. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, et al., Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996; 274: 1527-31.
18. Wendland JR, Martin BJ, Kruse MR, et al., Simultaneous genotyping of four functional loci of human SLC6A4, with a reappraisal of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11: 224-6.
19. Hu X, Oroszi G, Chun J, et al., An expanded evaluation of the relationship of four alleles to the level of response to alcohol and the alcoholism risk. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29: 8-16.
20. Rhodes RA, Murthy NV, Dresner MA, et al., Human 5-HT transporter availability predicts amygdala reactivity in vivo. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 9233-7.
21. Caspi A, Hariri AR, Holmes A, et al., Genetic sensitivity to the environment: the case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 509-27.
22. Mercer KB, Orcutt HK, Quinn JF, et al., Acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a prospective gene x environment study of a university campus shooting. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 89-97.
23. Kilpatrick DG, Koenen KC, Ruggiero KJ, et al., The serotonin transporter genotype and social support and moderation of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in hurricane-exposed adults. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1693-9.
24. Koenen KC, Aiello AE, Bakshis E, et al., Modification of the association between serotonin transporter genotype and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults by county-level social environment. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169: 704-11.
25. Xie P, Kranzler HR, Poling J, et al., Interactive effect of stressful life events and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype on posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in 2 independent populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 1201-9.
26. Kolassa I, Ertl V, Eckart C, et al., Association study of trauma load and SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from survivors of the Rwandan genocide. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 543-7.
27. Grabe HJ, Spitzer C, Schwahn C, et al., Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter polymorphisms and the susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 926-33.
28. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, et al., Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 13-22.
29. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, et al., Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems and barriers to care. US Army Med Dep J 2008: 7-17.
30. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al., Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 2002.
31. Lee HJ, Goudarzi K, Baldwin B, et al., The Combat Experience Log: a web-based system for the in theater assessment of war zone stress. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25: 794-800.
32. King DW, King LA, Voight DS,. Manual for the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory (DRRI): a collection of measures for studying deployment related experiences of military veterans. Boston: National Center for PTSD, 2003.
33. Bliese PD, Wright KM, Adler AB, et al., Validating the primary care posttraumatic stress disorder screen and the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist with soldiers returning from combat. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76: 272-81.
34. Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, et al., Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med 1994; 10: 77-84.
35. Eaton W, Smith C, Ybarra M, et al., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). In:, Maruish M, (ed). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment, 3rd ed. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004:3 63-77.
36. Rogers NL, Cole SA, Lan HC, et al., New saliva DNA collection method compared to buccal cell collection techniques for epidemiological studies. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 19: 319-26.
37. Zalsman G, Huang Y-Y, Oquendo MA, et al., Association of a triallelic serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with stressful life events and severity of depression. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1588-93.
38. Telch MJ, Rosenfield D, Lee H, et al., Emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide and its association with later symptoms of post-traumatic stress and anxiety in soldiers deployed to Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 1161-8.
39. Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, et al., A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 146-52.
40. Hedeker D, Gibbon RD,. Longitudinal data analysis. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience, 2006.
41. Aiken LS, West SG,. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage, 1991.
42. Holmes A, Lit Q, Murphy DL, et al., Abnormal anxiety-related behavior in serotonin transporter null mutant mice: the influence of genetic background. Genes Brain Behav 2003; 2: 365-80.
43. Rona RJ, Fear NT, Hull L, et al., Mental health consequences of overstretch in the UK armed forces: first phase of a cohort study. BMJ 2007; 335: 603.
44. Shen YC, Arkes J, Pilgrim J,. The effects of deployment intensity on post-traumatic stress disorder: 2002-2006. Mil Med 2009; 174: 217-23.
45. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al., Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 386-9.
46. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Vittum J, et al., The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: a replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 529-35.
47. Jacobs N, Kenis G, Peeters F, et al., Stress-related negative affectivity and genetically altered serotonin transporter function: evidence of synergism in shaping risk of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 989-96.
48. Wilhelm K, Mitchell PB, Niven H, et al., Life events, first depression onset and the serotonin transporter gene. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 210-5.
49. Jaffee SR, Price TS,. Gene-environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 432-42.
50. Kolkow TT, Spira JL, Morse JS, et al., Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in health care providers returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. Mil Med 2007; 172: 451-5.
51. McKeever VM, Huff ME,. A diathesis-stress model of posttraumatic stress disorder: ecological, biological, and residual stress pathways. Rev Gen Psychol 2003; 7: 237.
52. Watson D, Clark LA,. Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychol Bull 1984; 96: 465-90.
53. Lesch K-P, Bengel D, Heils A, et al., Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996; 274: 1527.
54. Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, et al., Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 2002; 297: 400-3.
55. Beevers CG, Marti CN, Lee HJ, et al., Associations between serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism and gaze bias for emotional information. J Abnorm Psychol 2011; 120: 187-97.
56. Disner SG, Beevers CG, Lee H-J, et al., War zone stress interacts with the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism to predict the development of sustained attention for negative emotion stimuli in soldiers returning from Iraq. Clin Psychol Sci 2013; 1: 413-25.
57. Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA, Weerts J, et al., Deployment-related stress and trauma in Dutch soldiers returning from Iraq. Prospective study. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 140-5.
58. Cuthbert BN,. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry 2014; 13: 28-35.