Toward a Critical Race Theory of State

Critical Sociology

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 553-572

  Bracey, Glenn E ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical Race Theory; CRT of state; political sociology; race and ethnicity; racial formation theory; state; white institutional space

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930450569     PISSN: 08969205     EISSN: 15691632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0896920513504600     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Abbey-LambertzK (2013) Michigan Emergency Manager Law in effect in 6 cities after Detroit appointment, 15March. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/michigan-emergency-manager-law-cities_n_2876777.html (accessed 27 April 2013).
2. Akard P.Corporate mobilization and political power: The transformation of U.S. economic policy in the 1970s.American Sociological Review. 1992;57:597-615
3. Alexander MThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York, NY: New Press; 2010:
4. Alumkal AW.American evangelicalism in the post-civil rights era: A racial formation theory analysis.Sociology of Religion. 2004;65:195-213
5. Ancheta ANRace, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2006:
6. Barnes RD.Politics and passion: Theoretically a dangerous liaison.Yale Law Journal. 1992;101:1631-1659
7. Bell DA.Serving two masters: Integration ideals and client interests in school desegregation litigation.Yale Law Journal. 1976;85:470-516
8. Bell DA.Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilema.Harvard Law Review. 1980a;93:518-533
9. Bell DARace, Racism, and American Law. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1980b:
10. Bell DAAnd We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1987:
11. Bell DA.Racism is here to stay: Now what?.Howard Law Journal. 1991;35:79-93
12. Bell DAFaces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1992a:
13. Bell DA.Racial realism.Connecticut Law Review. 1992b;24:363-379
14. Bell DASilent Covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the Unfulfilled Hopes for Racial Reform. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004:
15. Block F.The ruling class does not rule.Socialist Review. 1977;7:6-28
16. Bolton K,Feagin JRBlack in Blue: African-American Police Officers and Racism. New York, NY: Routledge; 2004:
17. Bonilla-Silva E.Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation.American Sociological Review. 1997;62:465-480
18. Bonilla-Silva ERacism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and Racial Inequality in Contemporary America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2010:
19. Brayboy B.Toward a tribal critical race theory in education.The Urban Review. 2005;37:425-446
20. Brittain J.Direct democracy by the majority can jeopardize the civil rights of the minority or other powerless groups.New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy. 1997;1:69-77
21. Brooks R.Critical race theory: A proposed structure and application to federal pleading.Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal. 1994;11:85-113
22. Brown EThe Condemnation of Little B. Boston, MA: Beacon Press; 2002:
23. Button JWBlacks and Social Change: Impact of the Civil Rights Movement in Southern Communities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1989:
24. Carbado DW.Critical what what?.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1593-1643
25. Carmichael S,Hamilton CVBlack Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York, NY: Vintage Books; 1967:
26. Cazenave NThe Urban Racial State: Managing Race Relations in American Cities. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2010:
27. Chang R.Toward an Asian American legal scholarship: Critical race theory, post-structuralism, and narrative space.California Law Review. 1993;81:1241-1323
28. Chang R,Aoki K.Centering the immigrant in the inter/national imagination.California Law Review. 1997;85:1395-1447
29. Clawson D,Neustadtl A,Bearden J.The logic of business unity: Corporate contributions to the 1980 congressional elections.American Sociological Review. 1986;51:797-811
30. Crenshaw C.Resisting whiteness’ rhetorical silence.Western Journal of Communication. 1997;61:253-278
31. Crenshaw K.Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law.Harvard Law Review. 1988;101:1331-1387
32. Crenshaw K.Forward: Toward a race-conscious pedagogy in legal education.National Black Law Journal. 1989;11:1-14
33. Crenshaw K.The first decade: critical reflections, or ‘a foot in the closing door’.UCLA Law Review. 2002;49:1343-1372
34. Crenshaw K.Twenty years of critical race theory: Looking back to move forward.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1253-1352
35. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. Crenshaw KGotanda NPeller GThomas K, ed. New York, NY: New Press; 1995:
36. Dahl RA.A critique of the ruling elite model.American Political Science Review. 1958;52:463-469
37. Dahl RAOn Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1998:
38. Daniels JCyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2009:
39. Delgado R.Storytelling for oppositionists and others: A plea for narrative.Michigan Law Review. 1989;87:2411-2441
40. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s eighth chronicle: Black crime, white fears – on the social construction of threat.Virginia Law Review. 1994a;80:503-548
41. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s ninth chronicle: Race, legal instrumentalism, and the rule of law.University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 1994b;143:379-416
42. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s seventh chronicle: Race, democracy, and the state.UCLA Law Review. 1994c;41:721-757
43. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s tenth chronicle: Merit and affirmative action.Georgetown Law Journal. 1995;83:1711-1747
44. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s eleventh chronicle: Empathy and false empathy.California Law Review. 1996;84:61-100
45. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s fifteenth chronicle: Racial mixture, Latino-critical scholarship, and the black-white binary.Texas Law Review. 1997a;75:1181-1201
46. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s thirteenth chronicle: Legal formalism and law’s discontents.Michigan Law Review. 1997b;95:1105-1149
47. Delgado R.Rodrigo’s reconsideration: Intersectionality and the future of critical race theory.Iowa Law Review. 2011;96:1247-1288
48. Delgado R,Stefancic JFailed Revolutions: Social Reform and the Limits of Legal Imagination. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 1994:
49. Delgado R,Stefancic JMust We Defend Nazis?: Hate Speech, Pornography, and the New First Amendment. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1997:
50. Delgado R,Stefancic JCritical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2001:
51. Delgado R,Perea J,Stefancic JThe Latinos and the Law: Cases and Materials. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West; 2008:
52. Domhoff GWWho Rules America?: Power and Politics. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill; 2002:
53. Domìnguez VRWhite by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1994:
54. Du Bois WEBBlack Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Co; 1935:
55. Evans PB,Rueschemeyer D,Skocpol TBringing The State Back In. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1985:
56. Farber DA,Sherry S.Telling stories out of school: An essay on legal narratives.Stanford Law Review. 1993;:807-855
57. Feagin JRSystemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression. New York, NY: Routledge; 2006:
58. Feagin JRRacist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. New York, NY: Routledge; 2010a:
59. Feagin JRThe White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing. New York, NY: Routledge; 2010b:
60. Feagin JRWhite Party, White Government: Race, Class, and U.S. Politics. New York, NY: Routledge; 2012:
61. Feagin JRThe White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing. (2013) The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing, 2nd Edition.New York, NY: Routledge.New York, NY: Routledge; 2013:
62. Feagin JR,Elias S.Rethinking racial formation theory: A systemic racism critique.Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2012;36 (6): 931-960
63. Feagin JR,McKinney KDThe Many Costs of Racism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2003:
64. Feagin JR,Vera H,Imani NThe Agony of Education: Black Students at White Colleges and Universities. New York, NY: Routledge; 1996:
65. Fountaine C.Lousy lawmaking: Questioning the desirability and constitutionality of legislating by initiative.Southern California Law Review. 1988;61:733-776
66. Frankenberg RWhite Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 1993:
67. Gomez L.Race mattered: Racial formation and the politics of crime in territorial New Mexico.UCLA Law Review. 2002;49:1395-1416
68. Gotanda N.A critique of ‘our constitution is color-blind’.Stanford Law Review. 1991;44:1-68
69. Graham BLAfrican American Perspectives on Political Science. Rich WC, ed. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University; 2007:212-231.
70. GreenhouseL (2013) A Big New Power, 6March. Available at: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/a-big-new-power/?_r=0 (accessed 27 April 2013).
71. Haney-López IWhite by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2006:
72. Harding SGThe ‘Racial’ Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 1993:
73. Harris AP.Foreword: The jurisprudence of reconstruction.California Law Review. 1994;82:741-785
74. Harris CI.Whiteness as property.Harvard Law Review. 1993;106:1709-1789
75. Harvey-Wingfield A,Feagin JRYes We Can?: White Racial Framing and the Obama Presidency. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis; 2013:
76. Hernandez T.The value of intersectional comparative analysis to the ‘post-racial’ future of critical race theory: A Brazil-U.S. comparative case study.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1407-1437
77. Hughey M.The (dis)similarities of white racial identities: The conceptual framework of ‘hegemonic whiteness’.Ethnic & Racial Studies. 2010;33:1289-1309
78. Hughey MWhite Bound: Nationalists, Antiracists, and the Shared Meanings of Race. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2012:
79. Iijima C.The era of we-construction: Reclaiming the politics of Asian Pacific American identity and reflections on the critique of the black/white paradigm.Columbia Human Rights Law Review. 1997;29:47-89
80. Jessop BThe Capitalist State: Marxist Theories and Methods. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1982:
81. Jessop BState Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in Its Place. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press; 1990:
82. Johnson K.Race, immigration laws, and domestic race relations: A ‘magic mirror’ + into the heart of darkness.Indiana Law Journal. 1998;73:1111-1159
83. Joseph PEWaiting ‘til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co; 2006:
84. Jung M-K,Vargas JHC,Bonilla-Silva EState of White Supremacy: Racism, Governance, and the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2011:
85. Ladner JAThe Death of White Sociology. New York, NY: Vintage Books; 1973:
86. Ladson-Billings G.Race … to the top, again: Comments on the genealogy of critical race theory.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1439-1457
87. Lawrence CR.The id, the ego, and equal protection: Reckoning with unconscious racism.Stanford Law Review. 1987;39:317-388
88. Lawrence CR.Two views of the river: A critique of the liberal defense of affirmative action.Columbia Law Review. 2001;101:928-975
89. Lipsitz G.‘Constituted by a series of contestations’: Critical race theory as a social movement.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1459-1478
90. Massey DS,Denton NAAmerican Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1993:
91. Massey DS,Durand J,Malone NJBeyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2002:
92. Matsuda MJ.Looking to the bottom: Critical legal studies and reparations.Harvard Law Review. 1987;22:323
93. Matsuda MJ,Lawrence CR,Delgado R,Crenshaw KWords that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 1993:
94. McPherson M,Smith-Lovin L,Cook JM.Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks.Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27:415-444
95. Moore WLReproducing Racism: White Space, Elite Law Schools, and Racial Inequality. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2008:
96. Moore WL.The stare decisis of racial inequality: Supreme Court race jurisprudence and the legacy of legal apartheid in the United States.Critical Sociology. 2013;:
97. Moore WL,Bell J.Maneuvers of whiteness: ‘Diversity’ as a mechanism of retrenchment in the affirmative action discourse.Critical Sociology. 2011;37:597-613
98. Motomura H.Immigration law after a century of plenary power: Phantom constitutional norms and statutory interpretation.Yale Law Journal. 1990;100:545-613
99. Offe C,Ronge VClasses, Power, and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates. Giddens AHeld D, ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1982:249-256.
100. Omi M,Winant HRacial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York, NY: Routledge; 1994:
101. Omi M,Winant H.Resistance is futile?: A response to Feagin and Elias.Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2012;36 (6): 961-973
102. Perea J.The black/white binary paradigm of race: The ‘normal science’ of American racial thought.California Law Review. 1997;85:1213-1258
103. Picca LH,Feagin JRTwo-Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage. New York, NY: Routledge; 2007:
104. Polsby NW.How to study community power: The pluralist alternative.The Journal of Politics. 1960;22:474-484
105. Poulantzas NAState, Power, Socialism. London: New Left Books; 1978:
106. Powell J.Worlds apart: Reconciling freedom of speech and equality.Kentucky Law Journal. 1996;85:9-95
107. Powell J.Our private obsession, our public sin: The ‘racing’ of American society: race functioning as a verb before signifying as a noun.Law & Inequality. 1997;15:99-125
108. Powell J.Whites will be whites: The failure to interrogate racial privilege.University of San Francisco Law Review. 2000;34:419-464
109. Roberts DEKilling the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York, NY: Pantheon Books; 1997:
110. Rosenberg GNThe Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008:
111. Ross T.Innocence and affirmative action.Vanderbuilt Law Review. 1990;43:297-316
112. Rubin EL.On beyond truth: A theory for evaluating legal scholarship.California Law Review. 1992;80 (4): 889-963
113. Shaw TCNow Is the Time!: Detroit Black Politics and Grassroots Activism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2009:
114. Skocpol T,Amenta E.States and social policies.Annual Review of Sociology. 1986;12:131-157
115. Skocpol T,Finegold K.State capacity and economic intervention in the early new deal.Political Science Quarterly. 1982;97:255-278
116. Spann GARace Against The Court: The Supreme Court and Minorities in Contemporary America. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1993:
117. Stefancic J,Delgado RHow Lawyers Lose Their Way: A Profession Fails Its Creative Minds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2005:
118. Takaki RTIron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000:
119. Thompson-Miller R,Feagin JRHandbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations. Vera HFeagin JR, ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing; 2007:455-465.
120. Trevino AJ,Harris M,Wallace D.What’s so critical about critical race theory?.Contemporary Justice Review. 2008;11:7-10
121. Trubek DM.Foundational events, foundational myths, and the creation of critical race theory, or how to get along with a little help from your friends.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1503-1512
122. Useem M.The social organization of the American business elite and participation of corporation directors in the governance of American institutions.American Sociological Review. 1979;44:553-572
123. Useem M.Classwide rationality in the politics of managers and directors of large corporations in the United States and Great Britain.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1982;27:199-226
124. Valdes F,Cho S.Critical race materialism: Theorizing justice in the wake of global neoliberalism.Connecticut Law Review. 2011;43:1513-1572
125. Valdes F,Culp JM,Harris APCrossroads, Directions, and a New Critical Race Theory. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 2002:
126. Van Ausdale D,Feagin JRThe First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 2001:
127. Wahad DB,Abu-Jamal M,Shakur AStill Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War Against Black Revolutionaries. New York, NY: MIT Press; 1993:
128. Williams P.Spirit-murdering the messenger: The discourse of fingerpointing as the law’s response to racism.University of Miami Law Review. 1987;42:127-157
129. Williams PThe Alchemy of Race and Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1991:
130. Zeitlin MClasses, Class Conflict, and the State: Empirical Studies in Class Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers; 1980:
131. Zuberi T.Critical race theory of society. Connecticut.Law Review. 2011;43:1573-1591