From hard to rubber-like: mechanical properties of resorcinol–formaldehyde aerogels

Journal of Materials Science

Volumn 50, Issue 16, 2015, Pages 5482-5493

  Schwan, Marina ^a   Naikade, Manoj ^b   Raabe, Dierk ^b   Ratke, Lorenz ^a  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR EISENFORSCHUNG GMBH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FORMALDEHYDE; FRACTURE; FRACTURE MECHANICS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; PHENOLS;

COMPRESSIVE LOADING; COMPRESSIVE MODULI; DENSITY RANGE; DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATIONS; FRACTURE BEHAVIOR; RF AEROGELS; SURFACE STRAINS; UNI-AXIAL COMPRESSION;

AEROGELS;

EID: 84930271644     PISSN: 00222461     EISSN: 15734803     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-015-9094-x     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Pekala RW (1989) Organic aerogels from the polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde. J Mater Sci 24:3221–3227. doi:10.1007/BF01139044
2. Smith DM, Scherer GW, Anderson JM (1995) Shrinkage during drying of silica gel. J Non Cryst Solids 188:191–206. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(95)00187-5
3. Horikawa T, Hayashi J, Muroyama K (2004) Size control and characterization of spherical carbon aerogel particles from resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. Carbon 42:169–175. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.007
4. Job N, Panariello F, Crine M, Pirard J-P, Léonard A (2007) Rheological determination of the sol–gel transition during the aqueous synthesis of resorcinol-formaldehyde resins. Colloid Surf A 293:224–228. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.07.037
5. Saliger R, Bock V, Petricevic R, Tillotson T, Geis S, Fricke J (1997) Carbon aerogels from dilute catalysis of resorcinol with formaldehyde. J Non Cryst Solids 221:144–150
6. Horikawa T, Hayashi J, Muroyama K (2004) Controllability of pore characteristics of resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon aerogel. Carbon 42:1625–1633. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.02.016
7. Lin C, Ritter J (1997) Effect of synthesis pH on the structure of carbon xerogels. Carbon 35:1271–1278
8. Awadallah-F A, Elkhatat AM, Al-Muhtaseb SA (2011) Impact of synthesis conditions on meso- and macropore structures of resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogels. J Mater Sci 46:7760–7769. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-5755-6
9. Job N, Panariello F, Marien J, Crine M, Pirard J-P, Léonard A (2006) Synthesis optimization of organic xerogels produced from convective air-drying of resorcinol-formaldehyde gels. J Non Cryst Solids 352:24–34. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.11.024
10. Czakkel O, Marthi K, Geissler E, László K (2005) Influence of drying on the morphology of resorcinol-formaldehyde-based carbon gels. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 86:124–133. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.07.021
11. Yamamoto T, Nishimura T, Suzuki T, Tamon H (2001) Control of mesoporosity of carbon gels prepared by sol-gel polycondensation and freeze drying. J Non Cryst Solids 288:46–55
12. Gross J, Scherer GW, Alviso CT, Pekala RW (1997) Elastic properties of crosslinked resorcinol-formaldehyde gels and aerogels. J Non Cryst Solids 211:132–142. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(96)00621-7
13. Pekala RW, Alviso CT, LeMay JD (1990) Organic aerogels: microstructural dependence of mechanical properties in compression. J Non Cryst Solids 125:67–75. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(90)90324-F
14. Yang J, Li S, Yan L, Liu J, Wang F (2010) Compressive behaviors and morphological changes of resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel at high strain rates. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 133:134–140. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.04.025
15. Ashby MF, Medalist RFM (1983) The mechanical properties of cellular solids. Metall Trans A 14:1755–1769. doi:10.1007/BF02645546
16. Fricke J, Emmerling A (1998) Aerogels—recent progress in production techniques and novel applications. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 13:299–303. doi:10.1023/A:1008663908431
17. Schwan M, Ratke L (2013) Flexibilisation of resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels. J Mater Chem A 1:13462–13468. doi:10.1039/C3TA13172F
18. Schwan M, Ratke L (2015) New soft and spongy resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels. (In submission)
19. Wong JCH, Kaymak H, Brunner S, Koebel MM (2014) Mechanical properties of monolithic silica aerogels made from polyethoxydisiloxanes. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 183:23–29. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.08.029
20. Sachs C, Fabritius H, Raabe D (2006) Experimental investigation of the elastic-plastic deformation of mineralized lobster cuticle by digital image correlation. J Struct Biol 155:409–425. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2006.06.004
21. Sachs C, Fabritius H, Raabe D (2008) Influence of microstructure on deformation anisotropy of mineralized cuticle from the lobster Homarus americanus. J Struct Biol 161:120–132. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2007.09.022
22. Sachtleber M, Zhao Z, Raabe D (2002) Experimental investigation of plastic grain interaction. Mater Sci Eng A 336:81–87. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01974-8
23. GOM B (2007) Gesellschaft für Optische Messtechnik GmbH, Germany Handbook for the Aramis system
24. Mulik S, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Churu G, Lu H, Leventis N (2008) Cross-linking 3D assemblies of nanoparticles into mechanically strong aerogels by surface-initiated free-radical polymerization. Chem Mater 20:5035–5046. doi:10.1021/cm800963h
25. Sing KSW (1982) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (provisional). Pure Appl Chem 54:2201. doi:10.1351/pac198254112201
26. Kanamori K, Aizawa M, Nakanishi K, Hanada T (2007) New transparent methylsilsesquioxane aerogels and xerogels with improved mechanical properties. Adv Mater 19:1589–1593. doi:10.1002/adma.200602457
27. Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) The mechanics of foams: basic results. In: Clarke DR, Suresh S, Ward IM (eds) Cellular solids. Structure and properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 175–234