Physical health indicators in major mental illness: Analysis of QOF data across UK general practice

British Journal of General Practice

Volumn 64, Issue 627, 2014, Pages e649-e656

  Martin, Julie Langan ^a   Lowrie, Richard ^b   McConnachie, Alex ^b   McLean, Gary ^a   Mair, Frances ^a   Mercer, Stewart W ^a   Smith, Daniel J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Achievement rates; Blood pressure; Body mass index; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Major mental illness; Quality and Outcomes Framework

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH STATUS INDICATOR; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MEDICAL FEE; MENTAL DISEASE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; RECORDING; UNITED KINGDOM; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GENERAL PRACTICE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MULTICENTER STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; BODY MASS INDEX; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ENGLAND; GENERAL PRACTICE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PRACTICE PATTERNS, PHYSICIANS'; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84929992665     PISSN: 09601643     EISSN: 14785242     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3399/bjgp14X681829     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Greer SL. Devolution and divergence in UK health policies. BMJ 2008; 337: a2616.
2. NHS Employers, British Medical Association. Quality and Outcomes Framework for 2012/13. Guidance for PCOs and practices. https://www.myhealth.london.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/u1217/gpqofguidance20122013.pdf (accessed 19 Aug 2014).
3. BMA, The Scottish Government. Scottish Quality and Outcomes Framework 2013/2014. Guidance for NHS Boards and GP practices. Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2013. http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/pca/PCA2013(M)02guide.pdf (accessed 17 Jul 2014).
4. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Cost of poor blood pressure control in the UK: 62 000 unnecessary deaths per year. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 455-457.
5. Glynn LG, Murphy AW, Smith SM, et al. Self-monitoring and other non-pharmacological interventions to improve the management of hypertension in primary care: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract 2010; DOI: 10.3399/bjgp10X544113.
6. NHS Employers. Changes to QOF 2013/14.http://www.nhsemployers.org/PayAndContracts/GeneralMedicalServicesContract/QOF/Pages/ChangestoQOF201314.aspx (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
7. ISD Scotland. Quality and Outcomes Framework. Revisions to the QOF, by year. http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/General-Practice/Quality-And-Outcomes-Framework/Revisions-To-QOF.asp (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
8. NHS Wales. General Medical Services (GMS) Contract: contract revisions 2014/15. http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/page.cfm?orgid=480&pid=71874 (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
9. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Quality and Outcomes Framework links. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/stats-research/stats-resource/stats-gp-allocation/gp-contract-qof/qof-links.htm (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
10. Sutton M, McLean G. Determinants of primary medical care quality measured under the new UK contract: cross sectional study. BMJ 2006; 332: 389-390.
11. Kiran T, Hutchings A, Dhalla IA, et al. The association between quality of primary care, deprivation and cardiovascular outcomes: a cross-sectional study using data from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 927-934.
12. Bottle A, Gnani S, Saxena S, et al. Association between quality of primary care and hospitalization for coronary heart disease in England: a national cross-sectional study. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 135-141.
13. Purdy S, Griffin T, Salisbury C, Sharp D. Emergency respiratory admissions: influence of practice, population and hospital factors. J Health Serv Res Policy 2011; 16: 133-140.
14. Serumaga B, Ross-Degnan D, Avery AJ, et al. Effect of pay for performance on the management and outcomes of hypertension in the United Kingdom: interrupted time series study. BMJ 2011; 342: d108.
15. Casalino LP, Elster A, Eisenberg A, et al. Will pay-for-performance and quality reporting affect health care disparities? Health Aff (Millwood) 2007; 26: w405-w414.
16. McDonald R, Roland M. Pay for performance in primary care in England and California: comparison of unintended consequences. Ann Fam Med 2009; 7: 121-127.
17. Roland M. Linking physicians' pay to the quality of care: a major experiment in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1448-1454.
18. NHS Alliance, RCGP. The future of access to general practice-based primary medical care: informing the debate. London: RCGP, 2004.
19. Campbell S, Hannon K, Lester H. Exception reporting in the Quality and Outcomes Framework: views of practice staff - a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2011; 61: 183-189.
20. Roland M. The Quality and Outcomes Framework: too early for a final verdict. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57(540): 525-527.
21. Wahlbeck K, Westman J, Nordentoft M, et al. Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199(6): 453-458.
22. Morden NE, Lai Z, Goodrich DE, et al. Eight-year trends of cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012; 34: 368-379.
23. Lawrence D, Hancock KJ, Kisley S. The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers. BMJ 2013; 346: f2539.
24. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Heo M, et al. The distribution of body mass index among individuals with and without schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 215-220.
25. Ratliff JC, Palmese LB, Reutenauer EL, et al. Obese schizophrenia spectrum patients have significantly higher 10-year general cardiovascular risk and vascular ages than obese individuals without severe mental illness. Psychosomatics 2013; 54(1): 67-73.
26. ISD Scotland. Quality and Outcomes Framework: about QOF. http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/General-Practice/Quality-And-Outcomes-Framework/About-QOF/ (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
27. Health & Social Care Information Centre. Quality and Outcomes Framework: 2012-13. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB12262 (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
28. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Quality and Outcomes Framework achievement data at general practice level 2012/13. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/stats-research/stats-resource/stats-gp-allocation/gp-contract-qof/qof-data/statistics-and-research-qof-practice-2012-13.htm (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
29. Welsh Government. General medical services contract: Quality and Outcomes Framework. http://wales.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/general-medical-services-contract/?skip=1&lang=en (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
30. ISD Scotland. Quality and Outcomes Framework: 2012/13 exception reporting. http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/General-Practice/Quality-And-Outcomes-Framework/2012-13/Exception-reporting-in-clinical-indicators.asp (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
31. Doran T, Fullwood C, Reeves D, et al. Exclusion of patients from pay-for-performance targets by English physicians. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 274-284.
32. Sigfrid LA, Turner C, Crook D, Ray S. Using the UK primary care Quality and Outcomes Framework to audit health care equity: preliminary data on diabetes management. J Public Health (Oxf) 2006; 28: 221-225.
33. Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, et al. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2012; 380: 37-43.
34. Kontopantelis E, Buchan I, Reeves D, et al. Relationship between quality of care and choice of clinical computing system: retrospective analysis of family practice performance under the UK's quality and outcomes framework. BMJ Open 2013; 3(8): e003190.
35. McLean G, Guthrie B, Sutton M. Differences in the quality of primary medical care for CVD and diabetes across the NHS: evidence from the quality and outcomes framework. BMC Health Serv Res 2007; 7: 74.
36. Doran T, Fullwood C, Gravelle H, et al. Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom. New Engl J Med 2006; 355: 375-384.
37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. Clinical guideline 43. London: NICE, 2006. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG43(accessed 23 Jul 2014).
38. Davitt JK, Gellis ZD. Integrating mental health parity for homebound older adults under the medicare home health care benefit. J Gerontol Soc Work 2011; 54: 309-324.
39. Mercer SW, Tessier S. A qualitative study of general practitioners' and practice nurses' attitudes to obesity management in primary care. Health Bull (Edinb) 2001; 59(4): 248-253.
40. NHS Employers. Changes to QOF 2014/15. http://www.nhsemployers.org/PAYANDCONTRACTS/GENERALMEDICALSERVICESCONTRACT/QOF/Pages/ChangestoQOF201415.aspx (accessed 19 Aug 2014).
41. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management. Clinical guideline 178. London: NICE, 2014. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG178 (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. Clinical guideline 82. London: NICE, 2009. http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG82 (accessed 23 Jul 2014).
43. London School of Economics and Political Science. How mental illness loses out in the NHS: A report by the Centre for Economic Performance's Mental Health Policy Group. London: LSE, 2012.
44. The Schizophrenia Commission. The abandoned Illness: a report by the Schizophrenia Commission. London: Rethink Mental Illness, 2012.
45. Harris EC, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173: 11-53.
46. Brown S, Inskip H, Barraclough B. Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177: 212-217.
47. Reeves D, Doran T, Valderas JM, et al. How to identify when a performance indicator has run its course. BMJ 2010; 340: c1717.
48. Smith DJ, Langan J, McLean G, et al. Schizophrenia is associated with excess multiple physical-health comorbidities but low levels of recorded cardiovascular disease in primary care: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3(4): e002808.
49. Smith DJ, Martin DJ, McLean G, Langan Martin J, Guthrie B, Mercer SW. Multimorbidity in bipolar disorder and undertreatment of cardiovascular disease: a cross sectional study. BMC Med 2013; 11: 263.
50. Lambert TJ, Newcomer JW. Are the cardiometabolic complications of schizophrenia still neglected? Barriers to care. Med J Aust 2009; 190: S39-S42.
51. DE Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry 2011; 10(1): 52-77.
52. Weiss AP, Henderson DC, Weilburg JB, et al. Treatment of cardiac risk factors among patients with schizophrenia and diabetes. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57(8): 1145-1152.
53. Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Agerbo E, et al. Somatic hospital contacts, invasive cardiac procedures, and mortality from heart disease in patients with severe mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66(7): 713-720.