Thomas Jefferson and executive power

Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-262

  Bailey, Jeremy D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

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EID: 84929890220     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511509742     Document Type: Book

References (595)

1. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980)
2. Richard K. Matthews, The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson: A Revisionist View (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984);
3. Jean M. Yarbrough, American Virtues: Thomas Jefferson on the Character of a Free People (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998).
4. Thomas E. Cronin, ed., “Origins and Inventions of the American Presidency”, special issue, Presidential Studies Quarterly 17 (1987): 226.
5. Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, TJW, 494; Jefferson to James Madison, 20 December 1787, PTJ, 12:442; Jefferson to Thomas McKean, 24 July 1801, Ford, 8:78.
6. Thomas Jefferson, “Epitaph”, TJW, 706-7.
7. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 775-6
8. Paul A. Rahe “Jefferson's Machiavellian Moment,” in Reason and Republicanism: Thomas Jefferson's Legacy of Liberty. Ed. Gary L. McDowell and Sharon L. Noble, 53-84 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997)
9. Sidney M. Milkis and Michael Nelson, The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-2002. 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003), 102
10. Garry Wills, Negro President: Thomas Jefferson and the Slave Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003);and Raymond Tat-alovich and Thomas S. Engeman, The Presidency and Political Science: Two Hundred Years of Constitutional Debate (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 36.
11. JamesSterlingYoung, The Washington Community, 1800-1828 (NewYork: ColumbiaUniv. Press, 1966)
12. Robert M. JohnstoneJr., Jefferson and the Presidency: Leadership in the Young Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978).
13. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Mentor, i960), 90.
14. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1993)
15. Sidney M. Milkis and Michael Nelson, The American Presidency: Origins and Development 1776-2002, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003), 107-8
16. Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Times Books, 2003), 32 and 133.
17. Ralph Ketcham, Presidents Above Party: The FirstAmerican Presidency, 1789-1829 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, i984), i06.
18. David N. Mayer, “‘The Holy Cause of Freedom’: The Libertarian Legacy of Thomas Jefferson”, in The NoblestMinds: Fame, Honor, and the American Founding, ed. Peter McNamara (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), 110.
19. Gary J. Schmitt, “Thomas Jefferson and the Presidency,” in Inventing theAmerican Presidency, ed., Thomas E. Cronin 326-46 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989).
20. Abraham Lincoln “Message to Congress”, 3 December 1861, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 5: 48
21. John C. Calhoun, Disquisition on Government and Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States in Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy ofJohn C. Calhoun, ed. Ross M. Lence, (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1992), 109-16, 208-13.
22. Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 2005), 36-92.
23. Jack N. Rakove observes that the partisan fights over the meaning of the Constitution during the 1790s allowed the parties in 1800 to exploit the Constitution in the way that they did. “The Political Presidency: Discovery and Invention,” in The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic, ed. James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), 54.
24. James E. Lewis Jr., “‘What is to Become of Our Government?’: The Revolutionary Potential of 1800,” and “‘The Soil Will Be Soaked with Blood’: Taking the Revolution of 1800 Seriously,” in Revolution of 1800 (see note 19), 3-29 and 59-86.
25. Jack N. Rakove reminds us that it is significant that Jefferson allowed himself to be put forward as candidate for president;
26. Jack N. Rakove, “The Political Presidency: Discovery and Invention”, in Revolution of 1800 (see note 4), 30-58.
27. Jefferson to Patrick Henry, 27 March 1779, PTJ, 2:237-45
28. Jefferson to David Humphreys, 18 March 1789, PTJ: 14:676-9; and Jefferson, “Response to the Citizens of Albemarle”, February, 1790, TJW, 491.
29. Jefferson, “Response to the Citizens of Albemarle,” February, 1790, TJW, 491.
30. Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 30 December 1792, PTJ, 24:802-4; Jefferson, Anas, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, (New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1904), 1:249.
31. Jefferson to John Dickinson, 6 March I80I and Jefferson to Dr. Joseph Priestley, 2I March, 1801, TJW, 1084-6.
32. Jefferson to Taylor, TJW, 1395.
33. Jefferson to P.S. Dupont de Numours, 24 April 1816, TJW, 1387.
34. Jefferson, “Response to Citizens of Albemarle,” TJW, 491.
35. Jefferson to Judge Spencer Roane, 6 September 1819, TJW, 1425.
36. Jefferson to John Dickinson, 6 March 1801, TJW, 1084-5.
37. Jefferson to Lafayette, 1 March, 1801, Washington, 4:363.
38. Jefferson to Kercheval, TJW, 1396.
39. Jefferson to the Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church at New London, Connecticut, 4 February 1809, in The Complete Jefferson: Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except his Letters, ed. Saul K. Padover (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944 544).
40. Jefferson to Dupont de Numours, 18 January 1802, TJW, 1101.
41. The Federalist No. 10, p. 60.
42. Michael P. Zuckert, The Natural Rights Republic: Studies in the Foundation ofthe American Political Tradition (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996), 232.
43. Jefferson to John Taylor, 28 May 1816, TJW, 1392.
44. Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, 12 July 1816, TJW, 1396.
45. Jefferson, First Inaugural, TJW, 492-6.
46. Thomas S. Langston and Michael E. Lind, “John Locke & the Limits of Presidential Prerogative”, Polity 24 (1991): 49-68;
47. Lee Ward, “Locke on Executive Power and Liberal Constitutionalism,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 38 (2005): 719-44.
48. Larry Arnhart, “‘The God-Like Prince’: John Locke, Executive Prerogative, and the American Presidency”, Presidential Studies Quarterly 9 (1979): 121-30.
49. Leonard R. Sorenson, “The Federalist Papers on the Constitutionality of Executive Prerogative,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 (1989): 267-83.
50. Harvey Mansfield Jr., Taming the Prince: The Ambivalence of Modern Executive Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 247-97.
51. Lucius Wilmerding Jr., “The President and the Law,” Political Science Quarterly 67 (1952): 321-3;
52. Donald L. Robinson, “Presidential Prerogative and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism”, in The Constitution and the Conduct of American Foreign Policy, ed. David Gray Adler and Larry N. George, 114-32 (Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 1996).
53. Mark Tushnet, “Emergencies and the Idea of Constitutionalism,” in The Constitution in Wartime: Beyond Alarmism and Complacency, ed. Mark Tushnet, 39-54 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005).
54. Benjamin A. Kleinerman, “Lincoln's Example: Executive Power and the Survival of Constitutionalism”, Perspectives on Politics 3: 4 (2005): 801-16.
55. John P. Roche, “Executive Power and Domestic Emergency: The Quest for Prerogative”, The Western Political Quarterly 5 (1952): 592-618.
56. George Thomas, “As Far as Republican Principles Will Admit: Presidential Prerogative and Constitutional Government”, Presidential Studies Quarterly 30 (2000): 534-52.
57. Clinton Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship: Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1948), 212-3.
58. Leonard R. Sorenson, “The Federalist Papers on the Constitutionality of Executive Prerogative” Clement Fatovic, “Constitutionalism and Presidential Prerogative: Jefferson and Hamiltonian Perspectives”, American Journal of Political Science 48 (2004): 429-44.
59. Jefferson to George Hay, 20 June 1807, TJW, 1179-80.
60. Larry Arnhart, “‘The God-Like Prince’: John Locke, Executive Prerogative, and the American Presidency”, Presidential Studies Quarterly 9 (1979): 121-30.
61. Robert Faulkner, “The First Liberal Democrat: Locke's Popular Government”, Review of Politics 63 (2001): 5-39.
62. Bruce Ackerman, Failure of the Founding Fathers, 36-54.
63. James E. Lewis Jr., “‘What is to Become of Our Government?’: The Revolutionary Potential of 1800,” in Revolution of 1800 (see note 4), 13-24.
64. Madison to Jefferson, 10 January 1801, Smith, 1157-8.
65. Jefferson to Monroe, 15 February 1801, L&B, 10: 201.
66. Jefferson to Lafayette,1 March, 1801, Washington, 4:363.
67. James E. Lewis Jr., “What is to Become of Our Government?”, in Revolution of1800, 24.
68. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969)
69. James W. Ceaser, Presidential Selection: Origins and Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
70. Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 41-66.
71. Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address”, TJW, 492-6.
72. Jefferson to James Sullivan, 9 February 1797, PTJ, 29:289.
73. Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 25 April 1801, Ford, ed., 8:47.
74. Madison to Jefferson, 23 May 1789, PTJ, 15:147-8.
75. Alexnder Hamilton, “Letter from AlexanderHamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States, 24 October 1800, PAH, 25:186-234.
76. See especially Syrett's notes in PAH, 25:170-83.
77. Jefferson to John Dickinson, 6 March 1801, TJW, 1084.
78. Jefferson to Thomas Nelson, I6 May 1776, PTJ, 1:292.
79. Jefferson, “Composition Draft of that Part of the Declaration of Independence Containing the Charges against the Crown”, PTJ, 1:417-20.
80. Jefferson, Third Draft of Constitution for Virginia, PTJ, 1:356.
81. Jefferson, First Draft of Constitution for Virginia, PTJ, 1:339.
82. Carl Becker, The Declaration ofIndependence: A Study in the History ofPolitical Ideas (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1958), 80-1, 102-16.
83. Jefferson, Third Draft, PTJ, 1:357.
84. John Adams to Richard Henry Lee, 15 November 1775, Papers of John Adams, Robert J. Taylor, ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1977-2004), 3:307-8
85. John Adams, “Thoughts on Government,” Papers of Johns Adams, 4: 86-92.
86. Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, 13 August 1776, PTJ, 1: 491-494. See Julian Boyd's discussion of the exchange on page 331.
87. John Adams, “Thoughts on Government,” Papers of John Adams, 4:90.
88. Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, 26 August 1776, PTJ, 1:503-507.
89. Jefferson, Third Draft, PTJ 1:358.
90. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 137. “Mason Plan” and “Constitution as Adopted by the Convention”, PTJ, 1:367, 380.
91. John Adams, “Thoughts on Government”, Papers of John Adams, 4:86-92. “Mason Plan” and “Constitution as Adopted by the Convention”, PTJ, 1:366, 380.
92. John Adams, “Thoughts on Government,” Papers of John Adams, 4:86-93.
93. Jefferson to William Phillips, 22 July 1779, PTJ, 3:44-9.
94. Jefferson to Washington, 17 July 1779, PTJ, 3:40-2.
95. Washington to Jefferson, 6 August 1779, PTJ, 3:61-2.
96. Washington to Jefferson, 23 November 1779, and Jefferson to Washington. 28 November 1779, PTJ, 3:198-9, 204-6.
97. Jefferson to William Davies, 3 September 1780, PTJ, 3:587-8.
98. Jefferson to John Page, 18 April 1781, PTJ, 5:491-2.
99. John Syme to William Claiborne. 24 January 1781, PTJ, 4: 459.
100. Jefferson, “Message Accepting Election as Governor”, 2 June 1779, PTJ, 2: 277-8.
101. Jefferson to J. P. G. Muhlenberg, 12 April 1780, PTJ, 3:351 -2;
102. Jefferson to George Rogers Clark, 19 April 1780, PTJ, 3:354-5
103. Jefferson to Richard Claiborne, 18 January 1781, PTJ, 4:393;
104. Jefferson to Samuel Huntington, 17 January 1781, PTJ, 4:386-91;
105. Jefferson to John Walker, 18 January 1781, PTJ, 4:400.
106. Jefferson, “Proclamation Concerning Paroles”, PTJ 1:403-5.
107. H. R. Mcllwaine, ed., Journals of the Council of State of Virginia: Vol. II, October 6, 1777-November 30, 1781, (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1932), 273-6.
108. Jefferson to George Weedon, 10 April 1781, PTJ, 5:401-2.
109. George Weedon to Jefferson, 14 April 1781, PTJ, 4:456-8.
110. Jefferson to James Wood, 9 June 1780, PTJ, 3:428-9.
111. Jefferson to George Rogers Clark, 19 April 1780, PTJ, 3:356-7.
112. Jefferson, Third Draft, PTJ, 1:359.
113. Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, 26 August 1776, PTJ, 1:505.
114. Jefferson, “A Bill Proportioning Crimes and Punishments”, TJW, 349.
115. Jefferson, “Petition of Certain Deserters, with Jefferson's Observations”, PTJ, 4:19-21.
116. Jefferson to Thomas Nelson, 12 January 1781, PTJ, 4:344.
117. J. P. G. Mulhenberg, 31 January 1781, PTJ, 4:487-8.
118. Jefferson to James Calloway, PTJ, 3:519-20.
119. Jefferson to James “The Constitution as adopted by the Convention”, PTJ, 1:377-386.
120. Jefferson to Charles Harrison, 13 September 1780, PTJ, 3:641-2.
121. Jefferson to Alexander Spotswood, 31 January 1781, PTJ, 4:490.
122. Jefferson to Paul Loyall, 9 February 1781, PTJ, 4:570-1.
123. Jefferson to Johann Ludwig de Unger, 30 November 1780, PTJ, 4:171.
124. Jefferson to Benjamin Harrison, 30 October 1779, PTJ, 3:130.
125. Jefferson to Benjamin Harrison, “Bill for Establishing a Manufactory of Arms and Extending Navigation through the Fall of James River”, PTJ, 3:131-47.
126. Jefferson, First Inaugural, TJW, 493.
127. Jefferson to Lafayette, 10 March 1781, PTJ, 5:113-4.
128. Jefferson, “Notes Concerning the Right of Removal from Office”, PTJ, 4: 281-2.
129. Jefferson to Members of the Assembly, 23 January 1781, PTJ, 4:433-4.
130. Jefferson to the First Magistrate of Each Council, 20 January 1781, PTJ, 4: 414-5.
131. Circular Letter to Members of the Assembly, 23 January 1781, PTJ, 4:433-4.
132. Jefferson to Steuben, 10 March 1781, PTJ, 5:9899, 117-9.
133. George Corbin to Jefferson, 28 February 1781, PTJ, 5:21-22.
134. Jefferson to Greene, 24 March 1781, PTJ, 5:229-231.
135. Greene wrote Jefferson that he had received the letter on 5 April. See Greene to Jefferson, 6 April 1781, PTJ, 5:360.
136. Greene to Jefferson, 27 March 1781, PTJ, 5:258-9.
137. Greene to Jefferson, 31 March 1781, PTJ, 5:301-2.
138. Jefferson to Greene, 1 April 1781, PTJ, Vol. 5:313-4. Boyd's note on p. 301 indicates that Jefferson received Greene's 31 March letter on 25 April.
139. Jefferson to Nathanael Greene, i April 1781, PTJ, 5:313-4.
140. Greene to Jefferson, 28 April 1781, PTJ, 5:567-70.
141. Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, io May 1781, PTJ, 5:626-9.
142. From the context, it clear that Jefferson meant that he was not even second to Washington. Jefferson to William Johnson, 27 October 1822. Ford, ed., 10:223.
143. Jeffersonto Madison, 30 January 1787, PTJ, ii:93.
144. Jefferson toWilliamS.Smith, 13 November 1787, PTJ, 12:356.
145. David N. Mayer, Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 91.
146. Richard L. Matthews, The Radical Politics of Jefferson: A Revisionist View (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984), 83-86.
147. Jefferson to William Carmichael, 3 June 1788, PTJ, 13:229-35.
148. Garret Van Meter to Jefferson, 20 April i78i, PTJ, 5:5i3-5.
149. Jefferson to Garret Van Meter, 27 April 1781, PTJ, 5:565-6.
150. Compare to Jefferson's discussion of “mounted infantry” in his “Sixth Annual Message,” in Saul K. Padover, ed., The Complete Jefferson: Containing his Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except his Letters, (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943), 421.
151. Jefferson to James Innes, 2 May 1781, PTJ, 5:593-4.
152. Jefferson, Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution, PTJ, 6:299.
153. Jefferson, Third Draft, PTJ, 1:363.
154. Jefferson, “The Constitution as Adopted by the Convention” and “The Plan of Government as originally Drawn by George Mason”, PTJ, 1:380-82, 367.
155. Jefferson, Notes, TJW, 246.
156. Jefferson, Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution, PTJ, 6:299-300.
157. Steuben to Jefferson, 9 March 1781, PTJ, 5:107; Joseph Jones to Jefferson. 16 April 1781, PTJ, 5:469-7i.
158. Jefferson to William Preston, 21 April 1781, PTJ, 5:524.
159. Jefferson to James Innes, 2 May 1781, PTJ 5:593-4.
160. Dorothy Twohig, ed., The Journal of the Proceedings of the President, 1793-1797 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981), 179.
161. Dorothy Twohig, “Jefferson's Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution,” PTJ, 6:299.
162. Peter Laslett, “Jefferson's Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution”, PTJ, 6:298.
163. Jefferson to James Barbour, 22 January 1812, Ford, 10: 334-337.
164. Jefferson to Barbour, Ford, 10: 336-337.
165. Jefferson to Kercheval, TJW, 1395-1403.
166. Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 29 January 1799, TJW, 1056.
167. James A. Bayard, 16 January 1801, PAH, 25:319-24.
168. Ralph Ketcham, Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 102.
169. Jack N. Rakove, “The Political Presidency: Discovery and Invention”, in The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race and the New Republic, ed. James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf, 30-58 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002).
170. Keith E. Whittington, Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999);
171. H. Jefferson Powell, A Community Built on Words: The Constitution in History and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
172. Hamilton to Bayard, PAH, 25:319.
173. Jefferson, Autobiography, TJW, 49.
174. Jefferson to Edmund Pendleton, 25 May 1784, PTJ, 7: 292-3.
175. Roger Sherman, for one, wanted a weak national executive. PTJ, 6:522.
176. Jefferson to Demeunier, 1796, PTJ, 10:46-7.
177. Madison to Jefferson, 19 March 1787, PTJ, 11 ^19-25.
178. Jefferson to Madison, 16 December 1786, PTJ, 10:603. See also Jefferson to Madison, 20 June 1787, PTJ, 11:48O-I.
179. Jefferson to Madison, 16 December 1786, PTJ, 10:603.
180. Raymond Tatalovich and Thomas S. Engeman, The Presidency and Political Science: Two Hundred Years of Constitutional Debate (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 35-36.
181. Jefferson toWilliam Stephens Smith, 13 November 1787, PTJ, 12:355-7
182. Jefferson to Edward Carrington, 27 May 1788, PTJ, 13:208-10;
183. Jefferson to Madison, 18 November 1788, PTJ, 14:188.
184. Jefferson to Carrington, PTJ, 13: 208-210.
185. Jefferson to Madison, 27 March 1796, PTJ, 29:51.
186. Jefferson to Madison, PTJ, 14:188.
187. Jacob E. Cooke, ed., The Federalist (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England/Wesleyan University Press, 1961), 471.
188. Noah Webster, “Liberty is never Secured by Paper Declarations”, in The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and AntifederalistSpeeches, Articles and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification, ed. Bernard Bailyn (New York: Library of America, 1993), 2: 304-15.
189. Madison to Jefferson, 24 July 1788, PTJ, 13: 412-13.
190. Patrick Henry and James Madison on 12 June 1788, in Debate on the Constitution, 2: 674, 689.
191. Archibald Stuart to Jefferson, 22 October 1791, PTJ, 22:223-4.
192. Jefferson to Stuart, 23 December 1791, TJW, 984.
193. Tatalovich and Engeman, Presidency and Political Science, 100-101.
194. Madison to Jefferson, 30 June 1789, PTJ, 15:224-9.
195. Marshall, Life of Washington, 4:307-8.
196. Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, First Cong., 1st Sess., 474-5.
197. George C. RogersJr., Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston, 1758-1812 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1962), 189-94.
198. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Re-ported by James Madison (New York: Norton, 1987), 138.
199. Jefferson, First and Third Drafts of Virginia Constitution, PTJ, 1:343-3, 360-1.
200. John Adams, “Thoughts on Government”, Papers of John Adams, Robert J. Taylor, ed., (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1977-2004) 4: 86-92.
201. Jefferson, Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution, PTJ, 6:298.
202. Jefferson, “Notes concerning the Right of Removal from Office”, PTJ, 4:281-2.
203. Jefferson, “Opinion on the Powers of the Senate”, April 24, 1790, PTJ, 16:378-81.
204. Jefferson to Madison, 29 November 1820, Smith, 1825-6.
205. Jefferson, “Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bill for Establishing a National Bank”, PTJ, 19:280;
206. Raymond S. Tatalovich and Thomas Engeman, The Presidency and Political Science, 36.
207. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 336-365.
208. Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 29-33.
209. Alexander Hamilton, “Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank”, Alexander Hamilton: Writings, ed. Joanne B. Freeman, (New York: Library of America, 2001), 613-46.
210. Jefferson, “Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank”, TJW, 416-21.
211. Hamilton, “Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank”, Hamilton Writings, 631.
212. Jefferson, “Opinion on the Bank”, TJW, 416-21.
213. Jefferson, “Opinion on the Bank”, TJW, 419.
214. Washington, DC: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1845;
215. Enclosure, Washington to the Cabinet, 18 April 1793, PTJ, 25:569.
216. Jefferson to Madison, 24 March 1793, PTJ, 25:442.
217. Eclosure, Hamilton and Henry Knox to Washington,” 2 May 1793, PAH, 14:367-96.
218. Jefferson, “Notes on Washington's Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France”, PTJ, 25: 665-7. According to Catanzariti, these notes might have been written at a later date, PTJ, 25:661.
219. Jefferson, “Notes on Washington's Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France”, PTJ, 25: 665-7.
220. Dorothy Twohig, ed., The Journal ofthe Proceedings of the President, 1793-1797 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981), 124-27;
221. Jefferson, “Notes on Washington's Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France”, PTJ, 25: 665-7.
222. Washington, “Proclamation of Neutrality”, 22 April 1793, George Washington: Writings, ed. John Rhodehamel (New York: Library of America, 1997), 840.
223. Jefferson to Washington, 28 April 1793, PTJ, 25:615.
224. Harvey C. Mansfield Jr. Notes that such constitutional differences are “characteristically American” in that they arise out of the constitutionalization of executive power. Taming the Prince: The Ambivalence of Modern Executive Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989) 275-6.
225. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (London: Oxford University Press, 1950), 141-147.
226. Robert M. Johnstone Jr., Jefferson and the Presidency: Leadership in the Young Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1978), 54-57, 80-82.
227. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976), 53-55.
228. Jefferson to Madison, 28 April 1793, PTJ, 25:619.
229. Madison to Jefferson, 8 May 1793, PTJ, 25:688-9;
230. Jefferson to Madison, 13 May 1793, PTJ, 26:25-7.
231. Madison to Jefferson, 13 June 1793, PTJ, 26:272-4.
232. Jefferson to Madison, 23 June 1793, PTJ, 26:346.
233. Jefferson to Madison, “Veritas”, National Gazette, June 1, 5, 8, 12, and 26, 1793.
234. Elkins and McKitrick, TheAgeofFederalism (see note 69), 343, 356, and 82in 157; Jefferson, Anas, July 12, 1803
235. Elkins and Mc Kitrick, “Veritas”, National Gazette, June 15-19, 1793.
236. Hamilton, “Draft of a Defense of the Neutrality Proclamation”, Hamilton Writings, 795800.
237. Hamilton, “Pacificus” No. 1, in Hamilton Writings, 804.
238. Madison, “Helvidius” No. 1, James Madison: Writings, ed. Jack N. Rakove (New York: Library of America, 1999), 537-8.
239. Madison, “Helvidius” No. i, Madison Writings, 539-43.
240. Madison, “Helvidius” No. 4, Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons: 1900-1910), 4:174.
241. Jefferson to Madison, 7 July 1793, PTJ, 26:443-4.
242. Madison to Jefferson, 22 July 1793, PTJ, 26:548-9.
243. Jefferson to Madison, 29 June 1793, PTJ, 26:403.
244. Jefferson to Madison, 30 June 1793. PTJ, 26:403.
245. Hamilton, “Pacificus” No.I, Hamilton Writings, 806.
246. Jefferson to Madison, II August 1793, PTJ, 25:651-2.
247. Gary Rosen, American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 140-41.
248. Jefferson, “Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions”, TJW, 449.
249. Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, “The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties”, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 5 (1948): 145-176.
250. Jefferson, “Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions”, Resolutions i and 2, TJW, 449-50.
251. Leonard W. Levy argued that the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions demonstrate the Jefferson was more concerned with states rights than with civil liberties.
252. Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1963), 46-56.
253. Koch and Ammon, “The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions”, 174; Koch, Great Collaboration, 211; Mayer, Constitutional Thought, 206.
254. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824).
255. David N. Mayer, Constitutional Thought, 263;Jefferson, “Petition to the Virginia House of Delegates”, August, 1797, PTJ, 29:491-504;
256. Rakove, “The Political Presidency” (see note 4), 49.
257. Jefferson, Memorandum on the Constitution, MSS 564.
258. Bruce Ackerman, The Failure ofthe Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise ofPresidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2005).
259. Robert Dawidoff, “Rhetoric ofDemocracy”, Jefferson and the Politics ofNature, ed., Thomas S. Engeman, 99-122 (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press);
260. James L. Golden and Alan L. Golden, Thomas Jefferson and the Rhetoric of Virtue (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).
261. Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).
262. Golden and Golden, Jefferson and Rhetoric, 4-5.
263. Golden and Golden, Jefferson and Rhetoric, 47.
264. Jefferson to Bernard Moore, TJW, 1560.
265. Jefferson, Autobiography, TJW, 5-6.
266. Jefferson, Notes, TJW, 188.
267. Jefferson, “Thoughts on English Prosody”, TJW, 612.
268. Jefferson to John Brazier, 24 August 1819, L&B, 16: 211; Jefferson to Eppes, 17 January 1810, L&B, 12:343.
269. Fliegelman, Declaring Independence, 5-15.
270. Jefferson, Autobiography, TJW, 9.
271. Daniel Webster, Notes of Mr. Jefferson's Conversation 1824 at Monticello, 1825, The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, Volume 1, 1798-1825, ed. Harold D. Moser (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1974), 372.
272. Jefferson, Autobiography, TJW, 33.
273. Jefferson to Bernard Moore, TJW, 1561.
274. Jefferson, Autobiography, TJW, 9; Becker, Declaration, 15-6.
275. Jefferson to Henry Lee, 8 May 1825, TJW, 1500-1501.
276. Zuckert, The Natural Rights Republic, 1.
277. Weightman, Roger C. 24 June 1826, TJW, 1516-1517.
278. Robert Frost, “The Black Cottage” The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry, Richard Marius, ed. (New York, Columbia University Press, 1994), 450-455.
279. Jefferson, “A Bill Declaring Who Shall be Deemed Citizens of this Commonwealth”, TJW, 374-5.
280. Jefferson, Third Draft, PTJ, 1:364.
281. Jefferson, “Jefferson's Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution”, PTJ, 6:304.
282. Jefferson, “Message Accepting Election as Governor”, 2 June 1779, PTJ, 2:277-8.
283. Jefferson to Washington, 2 August 1780, PTJ, 3:524.
284. Jefferson, “Proclamation Requiring Settlers Northwest of the Ohio to Vacate”, PTJ, 3:266-7
285. Jefferson, “Report of a Plan to Invite Foreign Officers in the British Service to Desert.” PTJ, 1:509-10
286. Jefferson, “Proclamation Inviting Mercenary Troops in the British Service to Desert”. PTJ, 4: 505-6.
287. H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Journals of the CouncilofStateofVirginia: Vol. II, October6, 1777-November30, 1781 (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1932), 274-5.
288. John Locke, Second Treatise, sections 119-12° in John Locke: Two Treatises ofGovernment, student edition, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 347-8.
289. Madison to Jefferson, 24 October and I November 1787, PTJ, I2:27°-86.
290. Jefferson to Madison, 2° December 1787, TJW, 915.
291. Jefferson to Madison, 20 December 1787, TJW, 916.
292. Edward S. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1957, 4th ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1957), 35.
293. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration (London: Oxford University Press, 1950), 41-42.
294. Noah Webster, “On the Absurdity of a Bill of Rights”, in The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification, ed. Bernard Bailyn (New York: Library of America, 1993), 1:670.
295. James Wilson, “James Wilson's Speech at a Public Meeting”, 6 October 1787, Debate on the Constitution, 1: 63-69.
296. Madison to Jefferson, 24 October 1788, PTJ, 12:280.
297. Jefferson to Madison, 20 December 1787, PTJ, 12: 440.
298. Madison to Jefferson, 17 October 1788, PTJ, 14:16-22.
299. Jefferson to Madison, 15 March 1789, PTJ, 14:659-63.
300. Madison to Jefferson, 17 October 1788, PTJ, 14:20.
301. Robert A. Goldwin, From Parchment to Power: How James Madison Used the Bill of Rights to Save the Constitution (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1997), 93-95.
302. Madison, “Observations on the ‘Draught of a Constitution for Virginia’”, James Madison: Writings, ed. Jack N. Rakove (New York: Library of America, 1999), 409-418.
303. Jefferson to Madison, 15 March 1789, PTJ, 14:659.
304. Jefferson to Madison, 15 March 1789, PTJ, 14:660.
305. Jefferson to Madison, 20 December 1787, PTJ, 12:440.
306. Jefferson to Madison, 31 July 1788, PTJ, 13: 443.
307. Madison to Jefferson, 17 October 1788, PTJ, 14:20.
308. Jefferson to Madison, 31 July 1788, PTJ, 13:443.
309. Jefferson to Joseph Priestley, 19 June 1802, Washington, 4:441.
310. Jefferson to Madison, 12 January 1789, PTJ, 14:437.
311. Jefferson to David Humphreys, 18 March 1789, PTJ, 14:676.
312. Jefferson to David Humphreys, “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”, The Portable Enlightenment Reader, ed. Isaac Kramnick (New York: Penguin, 1995), 466-7.
313. Jefferson wrote Madison that Lafayette could “comprehend perfectly whatever is explained to him” and that the Frenchman's “agency has been very efficacious”, Jefferson to Madison, 1787, Washington, 2:108.
314. Jefferson, “Speech on Lafayette”, October, 1824.
315. Jefferson to John Adams, 13 November 1787, PTJ, 12: 351.
316. Jean Jacques Rousseau, “Considerations on the Government in Poland”, in The Social Contract and Other Late Political Writings. Victor Gourevitch, trans. and ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 214.
317. Jefferson to Madison, 20 December 1787, PTJ, 12:440.
318. Jefferson to Edward Carrington, 27 May 1788, PTJ, 13:208-9.
319. Jefferson to Madison, 31 July 1788, PTJ, 13:443.
320. Jefferson to James Monroe, 9 August 1788, PTJ, 13:488-90.
321. Jefferson to William Short, 20 September 1788, PTJ, 13:619-21.
322. Jefferson to Carrington, PTJ, 13:208-9.
323. Jefferson to L'Abbe Arnoux, 19 July 1789, PTJ, 15:283.
324. Jefferson to Humphreys, PTJ, 14:676-9.
325. Jefferson to Carmichael, 12 August 1788, PTJ, 13:502.
326. Jefferson to Carrington, PTJ, 13:208-9.
327. John Locke, Second Treatise, sections 164-6, in Two Treatises (see note 44), 377-8.
328. Jefferson to Henry Tazewell, 16 January 1797, PTJ 29:267.
329. Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 30.
330. Jefferson to John Taylor, 6 January 1805, TJW, 1153-4.
331. Jefferson to the Legislature of Vermont, 10 December 1807, Complete Jefferson, ed. Padover, 524-5.
332. Jefferson to the Representatives of the People of New Jersey in Their Legislature, 10 December 1807.
333. Jefferson to the General Assembly of North Carolina, 10 January 1808, Complete Jefferson, ed. Padover, 529.
334. Jefferson to Thomas Flourney, i October 1812, Writings of Jefferson, ed. Washington, 6:82-3.
335. Jefferson to Madison, 26 November 1795, PTJ, 28:539-40;
336. Jefferson to Dr. Walter Jones, 2 January 1814, Ford, 9: 449.
337. Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 4 January 1797, PTJ, 29:252-3.
338. Jefferson to Madison, 15 March 1789, PTJ, 14:661.
339. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age ofFederalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 721.
340. Jefferson to Adams, 14 January 1789, Cappon, 236.
341. Jefferson to Spencer Roane, 6 September 1819, TJW, 1425.
342. Jefferson to Joseph Priestly, 21 March 1801, TJW, 1086.
343. Jefferson to Roane, TJW, 1425.
344. Jefferson,“First Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1801, TJW, 493.
345. Jefferson to Madison, 16 January 1797, 958-9.
346. Jefferson to John Adams, 28 December 1796, Cappon, 286.
347. Jefferson,“vice presidential Inaugural Address, in the Senate,” 4 March 1797 The Complete Jefferson: Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except his Letters, ed. Saul K. Padover (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), 381 -2.
348. Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2005), 55-76.
349. John Marshall, Life of George Washington, (Fredericksburg, VA: Citizens' Guild, 1926), 4: 272-3.
350. George Washington,“Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address,” George Washington: Writings, ed. John Rhodehamel (New York: Library of America, 1997), 702-716.
351. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 48.
352. George Washington,“First Inaugural Address,” 30 April 1789, Washington Writings, 730-4.
353. John Adams,“Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1797, The Inaugural Addresses of the Presi-dents, ed. John Gabriel Hunt (New York: Gramercy, 1995) 13-20.
354. Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Inaugural Addresses ofPresident Thomas Jefferson, 1801 and 1805 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 1.
355. Jefferson,“First Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1801, TJW, 492-6.
356. Jefferson,“Opinion on the Power of the Senate Respecting Diplomatic Appointments,” 24 April 1790, PTJ, 16:378-82.
357. Jefferson,“First Inaugural,” TJW, 492-3.
358. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1993), 171;
359. Jefferson,“First Inaugural,” TJW, 495.
360. Benjamin Rush to Jefferson, 12 March 1801, as quoted in Malone, 4: 24.
361. Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 30 December 1792, PTJ, 24: 803.
362. Jefferson,“First Inaugural,” TJW, 495.
363. Jefferson,“Special Message on the Burr Conspiracy,” 22 January 1807, TJW, 532.
364. Jefferson to Governor W. C. C. Claiborne, 3 February 1807, Washington, 5:40-1.
365. Jefferson to John Colvin, 20 September 1810, TJW, 1232.
366. Jefferson,“First Inaugural,” TJW, 492.
367. Jean M. Yarbrough, American Virtues: Thomas Jefferson on the Character of a Free People (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 194.
368. Carl E. Prince,“The Passing of the Aristocracy: Jefferson's Removal of the Federalists, 1801-1805,” Journal of American History 57 (1970): 563-75.
369. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1993), 72.
370. Robert M. Johnstone Jr., Jefferson and the Presidency: Leadership in the Young Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 104.
371. Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 65.
372. Merril D. Peterson Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 680.
373. Merril D. Peterson, The Jeffersonian Image in the American Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 82-3.
374. Susan Dunn, Jefferson's Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Repub-licanism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 246.
375. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976), 35-36.
376. Sidney M. Milkis and Michael Nelson, The American Presidency: Origins and Development 1776-2002, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003), 72-3.
377. Glenn A. Phelps,“GeorgeWashington and the Founding of the Presidency,” in“Origins and Inventions of the American Presidency,” ed. Thomas E. Cronin, special issue, Presidential Studies Quarterly 17 (1987): 356-7.
378. Dorothy Twohig, ed., The Journal of the Proceedings of the President, 17931797 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981), 108-20.
379. Marshall, Life of Washington, 5:36-40.
380. John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1996), 333, 390-1.
381. Ralph Adams Brown, The Presidency of John Adams (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1975), 27.
382. Jefferson,“Circular to the Heads of the Departments,” Ford, 8:99-100; on the problem, see Malone, 4:62-3.
383. McDonald, Presidency of Jefferson, 37.
384. Landy and Milkis, Presidential Greatness, 51 -52.
385. Jefferson to Destutt de Tracy, 16 January 1811, TJW, 1241-1247.
386. Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 10 February 1803, Ford, 8:210-1.
387. Jefferson to Samuel Smith, 24 March 1801, Ford, 8:28-9.
388. Jefferson to William Findley, 24 March 1801, Ford, 8:27.
389. Jefferson to Thomas McKean, 24 July 1801, Ford, 8: 78.
390. Jefferson to William Short, 3 October 1801, Ford, 8:97.
391. John Marshall, Life of George Washington (Fredericksburg, VA: Citizens' Guild, 1926), 4: 324.
392. Jefferson to Benjamin Hawkins, 18 February 1803. Ford, ed., 8: 212.
393. Theodore Sedgwick to Hamilton, 13 May 1800, PAH, 24:482.
394. Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2005), 104-7.
395. Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 65.
396. Christopher Wolfe, The Rise of Modern Judicial Review: From Constitutional Interpretation to Judge-Made Law (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 98.
397. Jefferson to William Findley, 21 March 1801, Ford, 8:26-7
398. Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 29 March 1801, Ford, 8:42.
399. Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, 24 March 1801, Ford, 8:32.
400. Jefferson to Elias Shipman and Others, A Committee of the Merchants of New Haven, 12 July 1801, TJW, 497-500.
401. Jefferson to Larkin Smith, 26 November 1804, Ford, 8:336-7.
402. Jefferson to William Short, 19 May 1807, Ford, 9: 50-1.
403. Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 11 June 1801, Ford, 8:64.
404. Jefferson to Levi Lincoln, II July I8OI, Ford, 8:67.
405. Jefferson to Shipman and Others, TJW, 497-500.
406. Jefferson to Pierpont Edwards, 21 July 1801, Ford, 8:74.
407. Madison to Jefferson, 10 July 1801, quoted in Adams, 152.
408. Harvey Mansfield Jr.,“Thomas Jefferson,” in American Political Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statesmanship, ed. Morton J. Frisch and Richard G. Stevens (Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock, 1983), 44-50.
409. Jefferson to Shipman and Others, TJW, 499.
410. Jefferson to Elias Shipman and Others, 12 July 1801, TJW, 497-500.
411. Jefferson to William Short, 3 October 1801, Ford, 8:97.
412. Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 8 April 1801, Ford, 8: 46-7;
413. Jefferson to John Page, 17 July 1807, Ford, 9:117-9.
414. Jefferson to John Dickinson, 23 July 1801, Ford, 8:76.
415. Jefferson to William Findley, 24 March 1801, Ford, 8:26-7.
416. Jefferson,“First Annual Message,” TJW, 507; Adams, 195.
417. Ellis, Jeffersonian Crisis, 44-45.
418. Jefferson to Horatio Turpin, 10 June 1807, Washington, 5:90.
419. Jefferson to J. Garland Jefferson, 1810, Ford, 9:270.
420. Jefferson to Thomas M'Kean, 2 February 1801, Ford, ed., 7: 487.
421. Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, 12 July 1816, TJW, 1396.
422. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press/Belknap Press, 1993), 79.
423. Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Jefferson (New York: Knopf, 1996), 210-12 (Page references are to the 1998 edition);
424. Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 78.
425. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 23-25;
426. Robert M. Johnstone Jr., Jefferson and the Presidency: Leadership in the Young Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 71-4;
427. David N. Mayer, Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 253;
428. Paul A. Rahe,“Jefferson's Machiavellian Moment,” in Reason and Republicanism: Thomas Jefferson's Legacy of Liberty, ed. Gary L. McDowell and Sharon L. Noble (Lanham, MD: Row-man and Littlefield, 1997), 65-6;
429. Gary J. Schmitt,“Thomas Jefferson and the Presidency,” in Inventing the American Presidency, ed., Thomas E. Cronin (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 337-8;
430. Raymond Tatalovich and Thomas S. Engeman, The Presidency and Political Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 36;
431. Clement Fatovic,“Constitutionalism and Presidential Prerogative,” American Journal of Political Science 48 (2004): 434-435
432. Peter S. Onuf,“The Revolution of 1803,” The Wilson Quarterly 27(2003): 22-9.
433. Morris to Henry W. Livingston, 4 December 1803, quoted in Everett Somerville Brown, Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803-1812 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1920), 44.
434. Jefferson to Robert Livingston, 18 April 1802, TJW, 1104-7. See also“The Cession of Louisiana" in Old South Leaflets, Vol. 6 (Boston: Directors of the Old South Work, Old South Meeting House, 1906).
435. Jefferson to Livingston, TJW, 1105.
436. Hamilton to Harrison Gray Otis, 26 January 1799, PAH, 22:441.
437. Hamilton to General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 29 December 1802, PAH, 26:71-3.
438. Jefferson to James Monroe, 13 January 1803, TJW, 1111 -13.
439. Jefferson to John Adams, 28 October 1813, Cappon, 387-9.
440. Jefferson to Madison, 22 February 1803, Smith, 1262.
441. Albert Gallatin to Jefferson, 13 January 1803, Writings ofAlbert Gallatin, ed. Henry Adams (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1879), 1: 212-5.
442. Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, January, 1803, Ford, 8:241.
443. Jefferson, Anas, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, 12 volumes (New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1904-05), 1: 372.
444. Jefferson to Thomas Paine, 13 January 1803, Ford, 8:189;
445. Madison to James Monroe, 2 March 1803, Quoted in Brown, Constitutional History, 66-7. Monroe set sail on March 8, 1803.
446. Jefferson to Madison, July 1803 and 24 August 1803, Smith, 1269-71.
447. Jefferson to John C. Breckinridge, 12 August 1803, Ford, 8:242-5.
448. Jefferson to Madison, 18 August 1803, Smith, 1278.
449. John C. Breckinridge to Jefferson, io September 1810, The Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General Correspondence, 16511827, Library of Congress.
450. Jefferson to Wilson Carey Nicholas, 7 September 1803, TJW, 1139-41;
451. Wilson Carey Nicholas to Jefferson, 3 September 1803, quoted in Brown, Constitutional History, 26-27.
452. Jefferson to Wilson Carey Nicholas, TJW, 1139-41.
453. Thomas Paine to Jefferson, 23 September 1803, quoted in Malone, 4: 321.
454. Mayer, Constitutional Thought, 250-1.
455. William Plumer, William Plumer's Memorandum of the United States Senate, 1803-1807, ed. Everett Somerville Brown (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 1.
456. Jefferson,“Third Annual Message,” 17 October 1803, TJW, 511 -17. Clement Fatovic overstates this point when he asserts that Jefferson raised.
457. Landy and Milkis, Presidential Greatness, 32. The statement on energy is from Hamilton to C. C. Pinckney, 29 December 1802, PAH 26:72.
458. Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 168, 171.
459. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, (New York: AMS Press, 1970), 1:267.
460. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 5: 401.
461. Jefferson,“Second Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1805, TJW, 519.
462. Madison to Jefferson, October 24, 1787, PTJ, 12: 273-9.
463. Akhil Reed Amar, America's Constitution: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2005).
464. Garry Wills, Negro President: Thomas Jefferson and the Slave Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 106-113;
465. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Jeffersonians 1801-1829 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2001), 39-65.
466. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (New York: Norton, 1987), 308.
467. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969).
468. Sidney M. Milkis and Michael Nelson, The American Presidency: Origins and Development 1776-2002 Fourth Edition (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003), 427.
469. Tadhisa Kuroda, The Origins ofthe Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic, 1787-1804 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 109.
470. Albert Gallatin to Jefferson, 14 September 1801. The Writings of Albert Gallatin, ed. Henry Adams (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1879), 1: 51 -52.
471. Alexander Hamilton to Gouverneur Morris, 4 March 1802, PAH, 25:558-9.
472. Albert Gallatin to Jefferson, 14 September 1801, Writings of Gallatin, 1: 51 -52.
473. Alexander Hamilton,“Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the Amendment of the Constitution of the United States,” 29 January 1802, PAH: 25:512-3.
474. Alexander Hamilton to Gouverneur Morris, 4 March 1802, PAH, 25:558-9.
475. Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 18 September 1801, Writings of Gallatin, 1:54-5.
476. Garry Wills, in Negro President, understates the importance of the compromise between the large and small states in 1787.
477. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Karnes, eds., American National Biography, Volume 7 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 59.
478. Kuroda,“Curtius,” A Defense of the Measures of the Jefferson Administration (Washington, DC: Samuel H. Smith, 1804), p. 30.
479. John Taylor to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 23 June 1804.
480. Jefferson to Thomas McKean, 17 January 1804, Ford, 8:292-3.
481. Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 3 March 1804, Ford, 8:297-8.
482. Jefferson to Madison, 13 August 1804 and Madison to Jefferson, 13 August 1804, Smith, 1334.
483. Jefferson to Tench Coxe, 31 December 1800, Ford, 7:475.
484. Jefferson to P.S. Dupont de Numours, 24 April 1816, Ford, 10:23.
485. Jefferson to George Hay, 17 August 1823, Ford, 10:264.
486. E. Cunningham Jr., The Inaugural Addresses of President Thomas Jefferson, 1801 and 1805 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 91.
487. Washington,“Second Inaugural Address,” George Washington: Writings, ed. John Rhode-hamel (New York: Library of America, 1997), 835.
488. Washington,“Fifth Annual Message to Congress,” 3 December 1793, Washington Writings, 84 6-851.
489. Jefferson,“Second Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1805, TJW, 518.
490. Jefferson,“Second Inaugural Address,” TJW, 518.
491. Jefferson,“Notes of a Draft for a Second Inaugural Address,” TJW, 1555.
492. Jefferson,“Second Inaugural,” TJW, 521.
493. James Callender's publication of the allegation thatJefferson fathered children through Sally Hemings was first published in September, 1802.
494. James Callendar,“The President, Again,” reprinted in Sally Hemings and Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture ed. Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 259-61.
495. Jefferson,“Second Inaugural,” TJW, 521.
496. Jefferson to John Tyler, 28 June 1804, TJW, 1147.
497. Jefferson,“Second Inaugural,” TJW, 522-3.
498. Richard Pious,“The Presidency and the Nominating Process: Politics and Power,” in The Presidency and the Political System, 7th ed., ed. Michael Nelson (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003), 217-38.
499. James W. Ceaser, Presidential Selection: Origins and Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 105-22.
500. Robert A. Dahl,“The Myth of the Presidential Mandate,” Political Science Quarterly 105 (1990): 355-72.
501. John C. Calhoun, A Discourse on the Constitution and Government, in Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy ofJohn C. Calhoun, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992), 159.
502. Harvey C. Mansfield Jr. and Delba Winthrop (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 127.
503. Jefferson to Thomas McKean, 17 January 1804, Ford, 8:292-3.
504. Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 56;
505. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1993), 70-74;
506. Bruce Ackerman, The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall and the Rise of Presidential Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2005), 256.
507. James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800-1828 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 169;
508. Robert J. Johnstone Jr., Jefferson and the Presidency: Leadership in the Young Republic (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 22, 52-7.
509. Robert J. Johnstone Jr.,“Minutes of the Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 1822-1825,” TJW, 479-80.
510. Jefferson to Madison, 17 December 1796, Ford, 7: 92.
511. Jefferson,“First Annual Message,” 8 December 1801, TJW, 501-9.
512. David N. Mayer, Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 263-276.
513. Jefferson,"FirstAnnualMessage,” 8 December i80i, LibraryofCongress, ThomasJefferson Papers Series i, General Correspondence, 1651-1827.
514. Jefferson to Madison, 12 November 1801, Smith, 1203.
515. Jefferson to Madison, 18 November 1802, Smith, 1251.
516. Jefferson to Madison, 22 November 1805, Smith, 1396.
517. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 17891904, Vol. 1 (1904), 357, 424, and 461.
518. Washington,“Proclamation Concerning the 'Whiskey Rebellion',” Washington Writings, 884.
519. Jefferson,“Proclamation and Draft on Armed Vessels,” 2 July 1807.
520. Jefferson,“Proclamation on Embargo Laws,” 19 April 1808, The Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651-1827, Library of Congress.
521. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 30 January 1808, L&B, 3:460-3.
522. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 3 February 1806, L&B, 3:409.
523. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 7 December 1807, L&B, 3:454-5.
524. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 23 November 1807, L&B, 3:454.
525. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 2 February 1808, and, 17 March 1808, L&B, 3:463, 470-1.
526. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 4 November 1803, L&B, 3:362.
527. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 16 January 1804, L&B, 3:364-5.
528. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 20 March 1804, L&B, 3:366.
529. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 13 January 1806, L&B, 3:402-7.
530. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 14 April 1806, L&B, 3:413.
531. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 18 January 1803, L&B, 3:489-94
532. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 22 January 1807, L&B, 3:427-37.
533. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 28 January 1807, L&B, 3: 437-8.
534. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 20 January 1808, L&B, 3: 456-60.
535. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 7 March 1808, L&B, 3:468-70.
536. Jefferson,“Special Message,” 22 March 1808, L&B, 3: 472-4.
537. Jefferson to Madison, 28 August 1801, Smith, 1193; and Adams, 770-1.
538. Jefferson,“Special Message on the Burr Conspiracy,” 22 January 1807, TJW, 537-8.
539. Jefferson to James Wilkinson, 3 February 1807, Washington, 5:38-40.
540. Jefferson to Governor W. C. C. Claiborne, 3 Feb 1807, L&B, 11: 150-1.
541. Jefferson to the General Assembly of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 26 May 1801, L&B, 10:262-3.
542. Jefferson to Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others, a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association, in the State of Connecticut, i January 1802, TJW, 510.
543. Jefferson to William Duane, 24 July 1803, Ford, 8:255-9.
544. Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 22 December 1806, Ford, 8:502-3.
545. Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 30 May 1804, Ford, 8:303-4.
546. Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 2000), 72-5.
547. Jefferson to W. A. Burwell, 17 September 1806, Ford, 8:472.
548. Jefferson to John Colvin, 20 September 1810, TJW, 1231-4.
549. Jeremy D. Bailey,“Executive Prerogative and the 'good officer' in Jefferson's letter to John B. Colvin,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 (2004): 732-54.
550. John Locke, Second Treatise, section 159, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, student edition, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 375.
551. Jefferson to John Colvin, TJW, 1233.
552. Jefferson,“Special Message,” January 13, 1806, L&B, 3: 402-7.
553. Jefferson to William H. Cabell, 11 August 1807, Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress (see note 56).
554. Jefferson to John B Colvin, September 20, 1810, TJW, 1231.
555. J. C. A. Stagg,“James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812,” William and Mary Quarterly. 3rd Ser., 38 (1981): 19
556. Adrienne Koch and William, eds. The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Modern Library, 1944), 606.
557. John B. Colvin, Republican Policy; or, The Superiority ofthe Principles ofthe PresentAdmin-istration over those ofits Enemies (Frederick-Town, MD: Office of the Republican Advocates, 1802).
558. John B. Colvin, A Candid View of the Facts in a Letter from John B. Colvin to a Federal Friend (Frederick-Town, MD: Office of the Republican Advocates, 1804).
559. John B. Colvin to Jefferson, 14 September 1810, Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
560. John B. Colvin to Jefferson, 4 February 1811, Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
561. James Wilkinson, Memoirs of General Wilkinson, Vol. II. (Washington, DC: 1810).
562. Wilkinson, Memoirs, 58-9.
563. Jefferson to Colvin, TJW, 1230.
564. Wilkinson, Memoirs, 57.
565. Jefferson to James Brown, 28 October 1808.
566. Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 1963).
567. Jefferson to Martin Van Buren, 29 June 1824, L&B, 16:54.
568. Washington,“Sixth Annual Message to Congress,” George Washington: Writings, ed. John Rhodehamel (New York: Library of America, 1997), 893.
569. Andrew Jackson,“Second Inaugural" and“Protest" in JamesD. Richardson, A Compilation ofthe Messages and Papers ofthe Presidents, Vol. 3 (New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897), 1309, 1289, and 1224.
570. Abraham Lincoln,“First Message to Congress,” 3 December 1861, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 5: 35-52.
571. Lincoln,“Message to Congress in Special Session,” Works of Lincoln, 4: 421-41.
572. Lincoln,“First Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1861, Works of Lincoln, 4: 262-71.
573. Harry Jaffa, A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), 364.
574. Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln Before Washington: New Perspectives on the Illinois Years (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 3 and 14;
575. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 142, 108.
576. Jefferson to Judge John Tyler, 28 June 1804, TJW, 1147.
577. Robert Scigliano, The Supreme Court and the Presidency (New York: Free Press, 1971), 16.
578. Christopher Wolfe, The Rise ofModern Judicial Re-view: From Constitutional Interpretation to Judge-Made Law (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 97-9.
579. David N. Mayer, Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 271-3.
580. Jefferson to John B. Colvin, 20 September 1810, TJW, 1233.
581. James Madison,“Speech on Presidential Removal Power,” James Madison: Writings, ed. Jack N. Rakove (New York: Library of America, 1999), 461.
582. Jefferson, Proposed Revision of the Virginia Constitution, PTJ, 6:301;
583. ThomasJefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 25 December 1820, Ford, 10:170-1.
584. Merril D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 773.
585. Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Inaugural Addresses of President Thomas Jefferson, 1801 and 1805 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 27-9.
586. Jefferson to Adams, 28 October 1813, Cappon, 387-9.
587. Jefferson to Paul Allen, 18 August 1813, Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series One; and Jefferson to William Eaton, 7 September 1780, PTJ, 3:612.
588. James Wilkinson, Memoirs of my Own Times, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Abraham Small, 1816).
589. Larry Arnhart,“'The God-Like Prince': John Locke, Executive Prerogative, and the American Presidency,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 9 (1979): 122, 130.
590. Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1963) 93-141.
591. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976), 152-3.
592. Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 74-5.
593. Jefferson,“First Inaugural Address,” 4 March 1801, TJW, 495.
594. Jefferson to Madison,” May 1807, Smith, 1475; andJefferson,“Fifth Annual Message,” 3 December 1805, The Complete Jefferson: Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except his Letters, ed. Saul K. Padover (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), 417-8.
595. Theodore J. Crackel, Mr. Jefferson's Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801-1809 (New York: New York University Press, 1987), 170.