Understanding ethical failures in leadership

Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-224

  Price, Terry L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929886471     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511615979     Document Type: Book

References (231)

1. Ansbro, John J., Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1982).
2. Aquinas, Thomas, On Kingship, To the King of Cyprus, in Michael L. Morgan (ed.), Classics of Moral and Political Theory, 3rd edition (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2001), pp. 397–399.
3. Aristotle, A., The Politics, translated by T. A. Sinclair, revised and re-presented by Trevor J. Saunders (New York: Penguin Books, 1981).
4. Aristotle, A., Nicomachean Ethics, translated by Terence Irwin (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1985).
5. Avolio, Bruce J., and Edwin A. Locke, “Contrasting Different Philosophies of Leader Motivation: Altruism Versus Egoism,” Leadership Quarterly 13 (2002): 169–191.
6. Bass, Bernard M., Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations (New York: Free Press, 1985).
7. Bass, Bernard M., and Paul Steidlmeier, “Ethics, Character, and Authentic Transformational Leadership Behavior,” Leadership Quarterly 10 (1999): 181–217.
8. Batson, C. Daniel, Pamela J. Cochran, Marshall F. Biederman, James L. Blosser, Maurice J. Ryan, and Bruce Vogt, “Failure to Help When in a Hurry: Callousness or Conflict?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4 (1978): 97–101.
9. Bennet, James, “In Uganda, Clinton Expresses Regret on Slavery in U.S.: Stops Short of Apology,” New York Times, March 25, 1998.
10. Bennett, Jonathan, “The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn,” Philosophy 49 (1974): 123–134.
11. Bennis, Warren G., and Burt Nanus, Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1985).
12. Bin Laden, Osama, “bin Laden’s ‘letter to America,’” Observer, November 24, 2002.
13. Blake, Robert Rogers, and Jane Srygley Mouton, “The Managerial Dilemma,” in their The Managerial Grid: Key Orientations for Achieving Production Through People (Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1964), pp. 5–17.
14. Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967).
15. Bowie, Norman, “A Kantian Theory of Leadership,” Leadership and Organization Development Journal: Special Issue on Ethics and Leadership 21 (2000): 185–193.
16. Bowman, Rex, “Not-guilty plea given in D-Day fraud trial,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, January 31, 2004.
17. Brady, F. Neil, and Jeanne M. Logsdon, “Zimbardo’s ’Stanford Prison Experiment’ and the Relevance of Social Psychology for Teaching Business Ethics,” Journal of Business Ethics 7 (1988): 703–710.
18. Bratzel, John F., and Leslie B. Rout, Jr., “FDR and the ’Secret Map,’” Wilson Quarterly 9, 1 (1985): 167–173.
19. Brewer, Marilynn B., “In-Group Bias in the Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 86 (1979): 307–324.
20. Brightman, Edgar, Moral Laws (New York: Abingdon Press, 1933).
21. Buchanan, Allen E., “Social Moral Epistemology,” Social Philosophy and Policy 19 (2002): 126–152.
22. Burns, James MacGregor, Leadership (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1978).
23. Burns, James MacGregor, “Foreword,” in Joanne B. Ciulla (ed.), Ethics, the Heart of Leadership (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), pp. 9–12.
24. Burns, James MacGregor, Transforming Leadership: A New Pursuit of Happiness (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003).
25. Burns, Robert, “Rumsfeld says American forces had no chance of taking Saddam’s sons alive,” Associated Press, July 24, 2003.
26. Bush, George W., 2004 State of the Union address.
27. Butler, Joseph, “Sermon XI: On the Love of our Neighbor,” in his The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature; To Which Are Added, Two Brief Dissertations: On Personal Identity, and On the Nature of Virtue; and Fifteen Sermons (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1852), pp. 361–363.
28. Carey, Michael R., “Transformational Leadership and the Fundamental Option for Self-Transcendence,” Leadership Quarterly 3 (1992): 217–236.
29. Carruthers, Peter, The Animals Issue (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
30. Chemers, Martin M., “Contemporary Leadership Theory,” in J. Thomas Wren (ed.), The Leader’s Companion: Insights on Leadership Through the Ages (New York: Free Press, 1995), pp. 83–99.
31. Ciulla, Joanne B., “Imagination, Fantasy, Wishful Thinking and Truth,” Business Ethics Quarterly, special issue (1998): 99–107.
32. Ciulla, Joanne B., “Leadership Ethics: Mapping the Territory,” in Joanne B. Ciulla (ed.), Ethics, the Heart of Leadership (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), pp. 3–25.
33. Ciulla, Joanne B. (Ed.), The Ethics of Leadership (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2003).
34. Ciulla, Joanne B., “Ethics and Leadership Effectiveness,” in John Antonakis, Anna T. Cianciolo, and Robert J. Sternberg (eds.), The Nature of Leadership(Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), pp. 302–327.
35. Coady, C. A. J., “Politics and the Problem of Dirty Hands,” in Peter Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993), pp. 373–383.
36. Coady, C. A. J., “‘Combatant’ cases to be reviewed: Supreme Court will look at U.S. Citizens being held in Cuba,” Richmond Times Dispatch, February 21, 2004.
37. Crowley, Michael, Stephanie Ebbert, Anthony Flint, Frank Phillips, Michael Rezendes, and Arist Frangules, “Political Capital; Net-Surfing Beacon Hill Watchers Now Able to Read Budgets, Bills Online,” Boston Globe, April 9, 2000.
38. Darley, John M., and C. Daniel Batson, “‘From Jerusalem to Jericho’: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27 (1973): 100–108.
39. Dawes, Robyn M., Alphons J. Van de Kragt, and John M. Orbell, “Not Me or Thee but We: The Importance of Group Identity in Eliciting Cooperation in Dilemma Situations: Experimental Manipulations,” Acta Psychologica 68(1988): 83–97.
40. Deloria, Vine, Jr., and Clifford M. Lytle, American Indians, American Justice (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983).
41. Donovan, Gill, “Ambition, defense of institutional church drove cardinal’s career,” National Catholic Reporter, December 27, 2002.
42. Doris, John M., “Persons, Situations, and Virtue Ethics,” NoUs 32 (1998): 504–530.
43. Duval, Shelley, and Robert A. Wicklund, A Theory of Objective Self Awareness (New York: Academic Press, 1972).
44. Eagly, Alice H., Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt, and Marloes L. Van Engen, “Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Women and Men,” Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003): 569–591.
45. Eagly, Alice H., and Steven J. Karau, “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders,” Psychological Review 109 (2002): 573–598.
46. Ehrenreich, Barbara, “Two-Tiered Morality,” New York Times, June 30, 2002.
47. Erlanger, Steven, “Havel Finds His Role Turning From Czech Hero to Has-Been,” New York Times, November 4, 1999.
48. Fairholm, Gilbert W., Perspectives on Leadership: From the Science of Management to Its Spiritual Heart (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1998).
49. Feinberg, Joel, “Civil Disobedience in the Modern World,” in Joel Feinberg and Russ Shafer-Landau (eds.), Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy, 10th edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1999), pp. 666–680.
50. Feinberg, Joel, “Psychological Egoism,” in Joel Feinberg and Russ Shafer-Landau (eds.), Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy, 10th edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999), pp. 493–505.
51. Fiedler, Fred Edward, A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness (New York: Mcgrawhill, 1967).
52. Flanagan, Owen, Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
53. Fleishman, Edwin A., “The Description of Supervisory Behavior,” Journal of Applied Psychology 37 (1953): 1–6.
54. Frankfurt, Harry G., “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person,” Journal of Philosophy 68 (1971): 5–20.
55. Frankfurt, Harry G., “Identification and Wholeheartedness,” in Ferdinand Schoeman (ed.), Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 27–45.
56. French, John R. P., Jr., and Bertram Raven, “The Bases of Social Power,” in Dorwin Cartwright (ed.), Studies in Social Power (Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, 1959), pp. 150–167.
57. Friedman, Thomas L., “Haircut Grounded Clinton While the Price Took Off,” New York Times, May 21, 1993.
58. Fulwood, Sam III, “Former Head of United Way is Convicted,” Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1995.
59. Gardner, Howard, Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership, in collaboration with Emma Laskin (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
60. Gardner, John W., On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990).
61. Garrett, Stephen A., “Political Leadership and the Problem of ‘Dirty Hands,’” Ethics and International Affairs 8 (1994): 159–175.
62. Geroux, Bill, “Public picks up the tab, officials spend $410,000 at convention,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, October 5, 2003.
63. Gerstmann, Evan, Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
64. Glater, Jonathan D., “Stewart’s Celebrity Created Magnet for Scrutiny,” New York Times, March 7, 2004.
65. Glover, Jonathan, Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
66. Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 1996).
67. Goss, Tracy, Richard Pascale, and Anthony Athos, “The Reinvention Roller Coaster: Risking the Present for a Powerful Future,” Harvard Business Review on Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1998), pp. 83–112.
68. Graen, George, “Role-Making Processes Within Complex Organizations,” in Marvin D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology(Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing, 1976), pp. 1201–1245.
69. Graen, George, and James F. Cashman, “A Role-Making Model of Leadership in Formal Organizations: A Developmental Approach,” in James G. Hunt and Lars L. Larson (eds.), Leadership Frontiers (Kent, OH: The Comparative Administration Research Institute, 1975): Pp. 143–165.
70. Green, Stephen G., and Terence R. Mitchell, “Attributional Processes of Leaders in Leader-Member Interactions,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 23 (1979): 429–458.
71. Greenhouse, Linda, “Access to Courts,” New York Times, June 29, 2004.
72. Greenleaf, Robert K., Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness (New York: Paulist Press, 1977).
73. Hampton, Jean, “The Nature of Immorality,” Social Philosophy and Policy 7, 1 (1989): 22–44.
74. Hampton, Jean, “Mens Rea,” Social Philosophy and Policy 7, 2 (1990): 1–28.
75. Haney, Craig, Curtis Banks, and Philip Zimbardo, “Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison,” International Journal of Criminology and Penology 1 (1973): 69–97.
76. Harman, Gilbert, “Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology: Virtue Ethics and the Fundamental Attribution Error,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 99 (1999): 315–331.
77. Harman, Gilbert, “No Character or Personality,” Business Ethics Quarterly 13 (2003): 87–94.
78. Harman, Gilbert, HarperCollins Study Bible: New Revised Standard Version, edited by Wayne A. Meeks (London: Harpercollins Publishers, 1989).
79. Hayek, F. A., Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Vol. 1 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973).
80. Heifetz, Ronald A., Leadership Without Easy Answers (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994).
81. Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard, “Life Cycle Theory of Leadership,” Training and Development Journal 23, 5 (1969): 26–34.
82. Hersey, Paul, and Kenneth H. Blanchard, “Situational Leadership,” in J. Thomas Wren (ed.), The Leader’s Companion: Insights on Leadership Through the Ages (New York: Free Press, 1995), pp. 207–211.
83. Hicks, Douglas A., “Self-Interest, Deprivation, and Agency: Expanding the Capabilities Approach,” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics.
84. Hicks, Douglas A., and Terry L. Price, “An Ethical Challenge for Leaders and Scholars: What Do People Really Need?” in Selected Proceedings of the 1998 Annual Meeting of the Leaders/Scholars Association (College Park, MD: James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership, 1999), pp. 53–61.
85. Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 3 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985).
86. Hill, Thomas E., Jr., “Servility and Self-Respect,” in his Autonomy and Self-Respect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 4–18.
87. Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, edited by Richard Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Originally published in 1651.
88. Hollander, E. P., Leaders, Groups, and Influence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964).
89. Homer, H., The Odyssey, translated by Robert Fitzgerald (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1963).
90. House, Robert J., and Terence R. Mitchell, “Path-Goal Theory of Leadership,” Journal of Contemporary Business 3, 4 (1974): 81–97.
91. Howell, Jane M., “Two Faces of Charisma: Socialized and Personalized Leadership in Organizations,” in Jay A. Conger, Rabindra N. Kanungo, and Associates (eds.), Charismatic Leadership: The Elusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1988), pp. 213–236.
92. Howell, Jane M., and Bruce J. Avolio, “The Ethics of Charismatic Leadership: Submission or Liberation?” Academy of Management Executive 6, 2 (1992): 43–54.
93. Hoyer, Stephen, and Patrice McDaniel, “From Jericho to Jerusalem: The Good Samaritan From a Different Direction,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 18 (1990): 326–333.
94. Hu, Winnie, “Bloomberg Says He Has Improved Security at City Hall,” New York Times, July 26, 2003.
95. Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, 2nd edition, edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge and revised by P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1978).
96. Janis, Irving L., Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, 2nd edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982).
97. Janis, Irving L., “Janklow stopped 16 times as governor, not ticketed,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 1, 2004.
98. Jenkins, Brian Michael, “Perspective on Policing; Elite Units Troublesome, but Useful; We Need Them for Tough Assignments, but They Require Skillful Management, Strong Leadership,” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 2000.
99. Jones, David H., Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Study in the Ethics of Character (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999).
100. Jones, Edward E., and Richard E. Nisbett, “The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior,” in Edward E. Jones, David E. Kanouse, Harold H. Kelley, Richard E. Nisbett, Stuart Valins, and Bernard Weiner (eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press, 1972), pp. 79–94.
101. Jordan, Pat, “Bill Walton’s Inside Game,” New York Times Magazine, October 28, 2001.
102. Kant, Immanuel, “Duties towards Animals and Spirits,” in his Lectures on Ethics, translated by Louis Infield (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), pp. 239–241.
103. Kant, Immanuel, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, translated and analyzed by H. J. Paton (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1964). Originally published in 1785.
104. Kant, Immanuel, “On a supposed right to lie from philanthropy,” in his Practical Philosophy, translated and edited by Mary J. Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 605–615. Originally published in 1797.
105. Kanungo, Rabindra N., and Manuel Mendonca, Ethical Dimensions of Leadership (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996).
106. Keeley, Michael, “The Trouble with Transformational Leadership: Toward a Federalist Ethic for Organizations,” in Joanne B. Ciulla (ed.), Ethics, the Heart of Leadership (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), pp. 111–144.
107. Keller, Tiffany, and Fred Dansereau, “Leadership and Empowerment: A Social Exchange Perspective,” Human Relations 48 (1995): 127–146.
108. Kelman, Herbert C., “Manipulation of Human Behavior: An Ethical Dilemma for the Social Scientist,” Journal of Social Issues 21, 2 (1965): 31–46.
109. King, Martin Luther, Jr., “Letter from the Birmingham City Jail,” in James Melvin Washington (ed.), A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers, 1986), pp. 289–302.
110. Kirkpatrick, Shelley A., and Edwin A. Locke, “Leadership: Do Traits Matter?” Academy ofManagement Executive 5, 2 (1991): 48–60.
111. Kotter, John P., “What Leaders Really Do,” in J. Thomas Wren (ed.), The Leader’s Companion: Insights on Leadership Through the Ages (New York: Free Press, 1995), pp. 114–123.
112. Kotter, John P., “Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail,” Harvard Business Review on Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1998), pp. 1–20.
113. Kotter, John P., “Kurt Eichenwald discusses the collapse of energy giant Enron,” Fresh Air, January 17, 2002.
114. Kymlicka, Will, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).
115. Leitsinger, Miranda, “Genocide charge denied,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, January 19, 2004.
116. Likert, Rensis, New Patterns of Management (New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 1961).
117. Lindholm, Charles, Charisma (Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990).
118. Lindsay, Anne, “On the Slippery Slope Again,” Analysis 35 (1974): 32.
119. Lindsey, Alberta, “Director leaves seminary over code on gays,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, October 2, 2004.
120. Lipman-Blumen, Jean, Connective Leadership: Managing in a Changing World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
121. Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government, edited by Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Originally published in 1690.
122. Ludwig, Dean C., and Clinton O. Longenecker, “The Bathsheba Syndrome: The Ethical Failure of Successful Leaders,” Journal of Business Ethics 12 (1993): 265–273.
123. Lyons, David, “Moral Judgment, Historical Reality, and Civil Disobedience,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 27 (1998): 31–49.
124. Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, edited by Quentin Skinner and Russell Price (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Originally published posthumously in 1532.
125. Machiavelli, Niccolo, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titius Livius, in Michael L. Morgan (ed.), Classics of Moral and Political Theory, 3rd edition (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2001), pp. 467–487. Originally published posthumously in 1531.
126. MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd edition (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981).
127. MacIntyre, Alasdair, “Is Patriotism a Virtue?” in Markate Daly (ed.), Communitarianism: A New Public Ethics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1994), pp. 307–318.
128. Maitland, Alison, “Clearing up after the visionaries,” Financial Times, January 30, 2003.
129. Maraniss, David, First in His Class: The Biography of Bill Clinton (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
130. Mayerfeld, Jamie, Suffering and Moral Responsibility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
131. Mayo, Bernard, Ethics and the Moral Life (London: Macmillan and Company, 1958).
132. McClelland, David C., “N achievement and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1 (1965): 389–392.
133. McClelland, David C., Human Motivation (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1985).
134. Mendonca, Manuel, “Preparing for Ethical Leadership in Organizations,” Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 18 (2001): 266–276.
135. Messick, David M., “Social Categories and Business Ethics,” Business Ethics Quarterly, special issue (1998): 149–172.
136. Messick, David M., and Max H. Bazerman, “Ethical Leadership and the Psychology of Decision Making,” Sloan Management Review 37, 2 (1996): 9–22.
137. Milgram, Stanley, Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974).
138. Mill, John Stuart, On Liberty, edited by Elizabeth Rapaport (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1978). Originally published in 1859.
139. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, edited by George Sher (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1979). Originally published in 1861.
140. Miller, Dale T., “The Norm of Self-Interest,” American Psychologist 54 (1999): 1053–1060.
141. Miller, Dale T., and Rebecca K. Ratner, “The Power of the Myth of Self-Interest,” in Leo Montada and Melvin J. Lerner (eds.), Current Societal Concerns about Justice (New York: Plenum Press, 1996), pp. 25–48.
142. Mitchell, Terence R., and Laura S. Kalb, “Effects of Outcome Knowledge and Outcome Valence in Supervisors’ Evaluations,” Journal of Applied Psychology66 (1981): 604–612.
143. Mitchell, Terence R., and Robert E. Wood, “Supervisors’ Responses to Subordinate Poor Performance: A Test of an Attributional Model,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 25 (1980): 123–138.
144. Moody-Adams, Michele M., “Culture, Responsibility, and Affected Ignorance,” Ethics 104 (1994): 291–309.
145. Moody-Adams, Michele M., Fieldwork in Familiar Places: Morality, Culture, and Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
146. Moody-Adams, Michele M., “Ms Swift’s dilemma,” Economist, January 29, 2000.
147. Murphy, Jeffrie G., “Jean Hampton on Immorality, Self-Hatred, and SelfForgiveness,” Philosophical Studies 89 (1998): 215–236.
148. Nagel, Thomas, “Moral Luck,” in his Mortal Questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 24–38.
149. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, “Stress at Work,” Publication No. 99–101, January 7, 1999.
150. National Public Radio, “NPR/Kaiser/Kennedy School Civil Liberties Update,” August 2002.
151. National Public Radio, New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version, edited by Herbert G. May and Bruce M. Metzger (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
152. Nisbett, Richard, and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1980).
153. Norris, Floyd, “If Ebbers Masterminded the Fraud, Why Didn’t He Sell More Stock?” New York Times, March 5, 2004.
154. Oddie, Graham, “Moral Uncertainty and Human Embryo Experimentation,” in K. W. M. Fulford, Grant R. Gillett, and Janet Martin Soskice (eds.), Medicine and Moral Reasoning (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 144–161.
155. Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary for the Year 1871 (Washington, DC: Gpo, 1872).
156. Oldenquist, Andrew, “Group Egoism,” in Markate Daly (ed.), Communitar-ianism: A New Public Ethics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1994), pp. 255–267.
157. Oliner, Samuel P., and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Germany (New York: Free Press, 1988).
158. O’Toole, James, Leading Change: The Argument for Values-Based Leadership (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996).
159. Plato, P., Republic, translated by G. M. A. Grube and revised by C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1992).
160. Power, Samantha, “A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Perennial, 2003).
161. Power, Samantha, “War and Never Having To Say You’re Sorry,” New York Times, December 14, 2003.
162. Price, Terry L., “Faultless Mistake of Fact: Justification or Excuse?” Criminal Justice Ethics 12, 2 (1993): 14–28.
163. Price, Terry L., “Explaining Ethical Failures of Leadership,” Leadership and Organization Development Journal: Special Issue on Ethics and Leadership 21 (2000): 177–184.
164. Price, Terry L., “Character, Conscientiousness, and Conformity to Will,” Journal of Value Inquiry 35 (2001): 151–163.
165. Price, Terry L., “The Ethics of Authentic Transformational Leadership,” Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003): 67–81.
166. Price, Terry L., “Ethics,” in George R. Goethals, Georgia Sorenson, and James MacGregor Burns (eds.), Encyclopedia of Leadership (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), pp. 462–470.
167. Radant, Nancy, Richard Blackford, Tamara Porch, Paul Shahbaz, and Richard E. Butman, “From Jerusalem to Jericho Revisited: A Study in Helping Behavior,”Journal of Psychology and Christianity 4 (1985): 48–55.
168. Rand, Ayn, “The ‘Conflicts’ of Men’s Interests,” Objectivist Newsletter 1,8 (1962).
169. Rauch, Charles F., Jr., and Orlando Behling, “Functionalism: Basis for an Alternate Approach to the Study of Leadership,” in James G. Hunt, Dian-Marie Hosking, Chester A. Schriesheim, and Rosemary Stewart (eds.), Leaders and Managers: International Perspectives on Managerial Behavior and Leadership (New York: Pergamon Press, 1984), pp. 45–62.
170. Rawls, John, “Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play,” in Sidney Hook (ed.), Law and Philosophy; A Symposium (New York: New York University Press, 1964), pp. 3–18.
171. Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971).
172. Raz, Joseph, Engaging Reason: On the Theory of Value and Action (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
173. Regan, Tom, The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
174. Regan, Tom, Remember My Lai, PBS Video (Yorkshire Television production for Frontline, 1989).
175. Reuters News Service, “WorldCom CEO pay plan ‘excessive,’” Houston Chronicle, December 11, 2002.
176. Rezendes, Michael, “Swift Defends Aides’ Help in Personal Life,” Boston Globe, January 6, 2000.
177. Richey, Warren, “Detainee cases hit court,” Christian Science Monitor, January 23, 2004.
178. Rosebury, Brian, “Moral Responsibility and ‘Moral Luck,’” Philosophical Review 104 (1995): 499–524.
179. Rosenbaum, David E., “Legal License; Race, Sex and Forbidden Unions,” New York Times, December 14, 2003.
180. Rosener, Judy B., “Ways Women Lead,” Harvard Business Review 68 (November-December 1990): 119–125.
181. Ross, W. D., The Right and the Good (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930).
182. Rost, Joseph C., Leadership for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Praeger, 1991).
183. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, in his The Social Contract and Discourses, translated by G. D. H. Cole, revised and augmented by J. H. Brumfitt and John C. Hall (London: J. M. Dent Ltd., 1973), pp. 31–126. Originally published in 1755.
184. Sachs, Susan, “The Capture of Hussein: Ex-Dictator; Hussein Caught in Makeshift Hide-Out; Bush Says ‘Dark Era’ for Iraqis Is Over,” New York Times, December 15, 2003.
185. Sachs, Susan, “Same-Sex Marriage: Bush’s Remarks on Marriage Amendment,” New York Times, February 25, 2004.
186. Sandel, Michael J., Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
187. Sandel, Michael J., “Morality and the Liberal Ideal,” New Republic, May 7, 1984.
188. Sartre, Jean-Paul, Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, translated by Hazel E. Barnes (New York: Philosophical Library, 1956). Originally published in 1943.
189. Schmidtz, David, The Limits of Government: An Essay on the Public Goods Argument (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).
190. Sears, David O., and Carolyn L. Funk, “Self-Interest in Americans’ Political Opinions,” in Jane J. Mansbridge (ed.), Beyond Self-Interest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1990), pp. 147–170.
191. Shakespeare, William, The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
192. Simmons, A. John, “Tacit Consent and Political Obligation,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 5 (1976): 274–291.
193. Simmons, A. John, “Too Much Patriotism?” Keynote Address, 2002 Meeting of the Virginia Philosophical Association.
194. Simons, Marlise, “Still Defiant, Milosevic Hears the Atrocities Read Out,” New York Times, October 30, 2001.
195. Singer, Peter, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (1972): 229–243.
196. Singer, Peter, Practical Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
197. Smith, Adam, The Theory ofMoral Sentiments, edited by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976).
198. Smith, Holly, “Culpable Ignorance,” Philosophical Review 92 (1983): 543–571.
199. Smith, Taylor C., “The Parable of the Samaritan,” Review and Expositor 47 (1950): 434–441.
200. Solomon, Robert C., “Ethical Leadership, Emotions, and Trust: Beyond ‘Charisma,’” in Joanne B. Ciulla (ed.), Ethics, the Heart of Leadership (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), pp. 87–107.
201. Solomon, Robert C., “Victims of Circumstances? A Defense of Virtue Ethics in Business,” Business Ethics Quarterly 13 (2003): 43–62.
202. Sorkin, Andrew Ross, and Jonathan D. Glater, “Some Tyco Board Members Knew of Pay Packages, Records Show,” New York Times, September 23, 2002.
203. Stogdill, Ralph Melvin, “Personal Factors Associated with Leadership: A Survey of the Literature,” Journal of Psychology 25 (1948): 35–71.
204. Stogdill, Ralph Melvin, Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1974).
205. Storms, Michael D., “Videotape and the Attribution Process: Reversing Actors’ and Observers’ Points of View,” Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 27(1973): 165–175.
206. Strawson, Peter, “Freedom and Resentment,” in John Martin Fischer and Mark Ravizza (eds.), Perspectives on Moral Responsibility (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 45–66.
207. Tajfel, Henri, “Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination,” Scientific American 223 (1970): 96–102.
208. Taylor, Shelley E., and Susan T. Fiske, “Point of View and Perceptions of Causality,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (1975): 439–445.
209. Thomas, Evan, and Andrew Murr, “The Gambler Who Blew It All: The bland smile concealed an epic arrogance. The fall of a preacher’s kid who thought he had it all figured out,” Newsweek, February 4, 2002.
210. Thoreau, Henry David, “A Plea for Captain John Brown,” Thoreau: People, Principles, and Politics, edited by Milton Meltzer (New York: Hill and Wang, 1963), pp. 169–191.
211. Thoreau, Henry David, The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, PBS Home Video (ABC News Productions and Great Projects Film Company, 1997).
212. Trilling, Lionel, “Huckleberry Finn,” in his The Liberal Imagination: Essays in Literature and Society (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1970).
213. Vecsey, George, “At Salad Bar with Knight, Praise Only the Cherry Tomatoes,” New York Times, February 8, 2004.
214. Vroom, Victor Harold, and Philip W. Yetton, Leadership and Decision-Making (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973).
215. Walker, Carson, “Former congressman gets jail time for traffic crash,” Associated Press State and Local Wire, January 22, 2004.
216. Walzer, Michael, “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1973): 160–180.
217. Watson, Gary, “Free Agency,” Journal of Philosophy 72 (1975): 205–220.
218. Weber, Max, “Politics as a Vocation,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 77–128.
219. Werhane, Patricia, “Moral Imagination and the Search for Ethical DecisionMaking in Management,” Business Ethics Quarterly, special issue (1998): 75–98.
220. Werhane, Patricia H., Moral Imagination and Management Decision-Making (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
221. White, Ben, “Stock Options Becoming Pay-Plan Dinosaurs?; Image-Sensitive Firms Get Creative With Perks,” Washington Post, January 31, 2003.
222. Wicklund, Robert A., and Shelley Duval, “Opinion Change and Performance Facilitation as a Result of Objective Self-Awareness,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 7 (1971): 319–342.
223. Wiesel, Elie, public lecture, University of Richmond, December 1999.
224. Williams, Bernard, “Politics and Moral Character,” in his Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973–1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 54–70.
225. Williams, Jack, “Double standard for pols lives,” Boston Herald, May 19, 2000.
226. Winston, Kenneth I., “Necessity and Choice in Political Ethics: Varieties of Dirty Hands,” in Daniel E. Wueste (ed.), Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), pp. 37–66.
227. Wolf, Susan, “Moral Saints,” Journal of Philosophy 79 (1982): 419–439.
228. Wolf, Susan, “Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility,” in Ferdinand Schoeman (ed.), Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 46–62.
229. Wolf, Susan, Freedom Within Reason (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
230. Yukl, Gary, Leadership in Organizations, 5th edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002).
231. Zimmerman, Michael J., “Moral Responsibility and Ignorance,” Ethics 107 (1997): 410–426.