Race, slavery, and liberalism in nineteenth-century American literature

Race, Slavery, and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century American Literature

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-238

  Riss, Arthur ^a  

^a SALEM STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929864164     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511485640     Document Type: Book

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209. Josiah C. Nott and George R. Gliddon, Types of Mankind (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Company, 1854), 49.
210. E. G. Squier, “American Ethnology,” American Whig Review 9 (April 1849): 386.
211. Samuel G. Morton, Crania Americana; or, A Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations of North and South America; to which is Prefixed An Essay on the Varieties of the Human Species (Philadelphia: John Pennington, 1839).
212. David Levin, History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, and Parkman (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959) esp. pp. 74–92
213. Francis Lieber, On Civil Liberty and Self-Government (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1859).
214. Robert Knox, Races of Men: A Fragment (Philadelphia, 1850), p. 7.
215. Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits (1856) in The Library of America, Emerson: Essays and Lectures Joel Porte ed. (New York: Library of America, 1983), p. 791.
216. Philip L. Nicoloff, Emerson on Race and History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961)
217. William Ellery Channing, “Emancipation” (1840) in The Works of William E. Channing, D.D., vol. VI (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1867), p. 88.
218. Philip Fisher, Hard Facts (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
219. Lora Romero, Home Fronts: Domesticity and Its Critics in the Antebellum United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997)
220. Amy Kaplan, “Manifest Domesticity,” American Literature 70:3 (September 1998): 581–606.
221. Elizabeth Barnes, States of Sympathy: Seduction and Democracy in the American Novel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
222. George Sand, “Review of Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” La Presse, 17 Dec. 1852.
223. William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), p. 41.
224. Stephanie McCurry, “The Two Faces of Republicanism: Gender and Proslavery Politics in Antebellum South Carolina,” The Journal of American History 78 (March 1992): 1245–1264;
225. John C. Calhoun, “Speech on the Reception of Abolition Papers (1837)
226. Eric L. McKitrick. Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1963).
227. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond: A Morris Publisher, 1854), p. 46.
228. George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! or Slaves Without Masters (Richmond: A. Morris, 1857)
229. Samuel A. Cartwright, “Canaan Identified with the Ethopian,” Southern Quarterly Review 2 (October 1842): 364–365.
230. Eugene D. Genovese, The World the Slaveholders Made: Two Essays in Interpretation (New York: Random House, 1969), pp. 118–244.
231. Fitzhugh, “Popular Institutions,” De Bow’s Review, 28 (December 1860): 523.
232. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind, 60–68.
233. Fitzhugh, “Southern Thought,” De Bow’s Review 23 (May 1857): 337–384;
234. George Fitzhugh, “Origin of Civilization – What is Property? – Which is the Best Slave Race,” De Bow’s Review, XXV (1858): 653–664.
235. Unlike Severn Duvall, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin: The Sinister Side of Patriarchy” in Images of the Negro in American Literature, Seymour L. Gross and John Edward Hardy eds. (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 163–180
236. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982)
237. M.I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (New York: Penguin Books, 1980)
238. Marc Shell, The End of Kinship (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), esp. pp. 3–25
239. Susan M. Ryan, “Charity Begins at Home: Stowe’s Antislavery Novels and the Forms of Benevolent Citizenship,” American Literature 72:4 (December 2000): 751–782.
240. Milton Friedman, “There’s No Justice in the War on Drugs,” New York Times (January 11, 1998): sec. 4, p. 19.
241. Robert Post, “Prejudicial Appearances: The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law,” 88 California Law Review (January 2000): 1–40
242. Reva Siegel’s response “Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law,” 88 California Law Review (January 2000): 77–93.
243. See Eric Sundquist, “The Literature of Slavery and African American Culture,” The Cambridge History of American Literature, vol. 2 1820–1865, Sacvan Bercovitch ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 292.
244. Susan M. Ryan, “Charity Begins at Home: Stowe’s Antislavery Novels and the Forms of Benevolent Citizenship,” American Literature 72:4 (December 2000): 773.
245. Robert S. Levine, Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), p. 146.
246. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp [1856] (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), pp.328, 306.
247. Cynthia S. Hamilton, “Dred: Intemperate Slavery,” Journal of American Studies 34:2 (2000): 275.
248. Lori Merish, Sentimental Materialism: Gender, Commodity Culture, and Nineteenth- Century American Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), p. 163.
249. Harriet Beecher Stowe, “A Brilliant Success,” Independent 10 (September 30, 1858): 1.
250. Levine, Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, 150–151.
251. Elizabeth Barnes, States of Sympathy: Seduction and Democracy in the American Novel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 4.
252. E. Bruce Kirkham, The Building of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977), p. 130.
253. Stephen A. Hirsch, “Uncle Tomitudes: The Popular Reaction to Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” in Studies in the American Renaissance (1978).
254. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture [1977] (New York: Anchor Press, 1988)
255. Jane Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
256. Herbert Ross Brown, The Sentimental Novel in America 1789–1860 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1940), p. 369
257. Mark Jefferson, “What’s Wrong with Sentimentality?’” Mind 92 (1983): 519–527
258. Mary Midgley, “Brutality and Sentimentality,” Philosophy 54 (1979).
259. Philip Fisher, Hard Facts (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985).
260. Shirley Samuels ed., The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
261. Nancy Armstrong, “The Racial Logic of American Sentimentalism,” in The Yale Journal of Criticism 7:2 (Fall 1994):1–24.
262. Michelle Burnham, Captivity and Sentiment (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1997).
263. Glenn Hendler, “The Limits of Sympathy: Louisa May Alcott and the Sentimental Novel,” American Literary History 3:4 (Winter 1991): 685–706.
264. Glenn Hendler, Public Sentiments: Structures of Feeling in Nineteenth- Century American Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
265. Karen Sanchez-Eppler, Touching Liberty: Abolition, Feminism, and the Politics of the Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)
266. Michael Ryan, Politics and Culture (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); esp. pp. 134–148
267. Laura Wexler, “Tender Violence: Literary Eavesdropping, Domestic Fiction, and Educational Reform,” in The Yale Journal of Criticism 5:1 (Fall 1991): 151–187
268. Dana Nelson, The Word in Black and White: Reading “Race” in American Literature, 1638–1867 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 142
269. Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997)
270. Michael Warner, “The Mass Public and the Mass Subject,” Habermas and the Public Sphere, Craig Calhoun ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), pp. 377–401
271. Russ Castronovo, Necro Citizenship: Death, Eroticism, and the Public Sphere in the Nineteenth-Century United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001).
272. Lauren Berlant, “The Subject of True Feeling” in Cultural Studies and Political Theory, Jodi Dean, ed. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 44, 50.
273. Marianne Noble, “The Ecstasies of Sentimental Wounding in Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Yale Journal of Criticism 10 (Fall 1997): 302.
274. Thomas L. Haskell, “Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility, Parts 1 and 2” reprinted in The Anti- Slavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in Historical Interpretation, Thomas Bender ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 107–160
275. Karen Halttunen, “Humanitarianism and the Pornography of Pain in Anglo-American Culture” The American Historical Review, vol. 100:2 (April, 1995): 303–334.
276. Judith Shklar, Ordinary Vices (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984)
277. P. Tidyman, “Sketch of the most remarkable diseases of the Negroes of the Southern States with an account of the method of treating them, accompanied by physiological observations,” Philadelphia Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences, vol. 12 (1826), p. 315.
278. Henry R. Schoolcraft, The Black Gauntlet: A Tale of Plantation Life in South Carolina [1860] (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), pp. 49, 61.
279. Thomas R. R. Cobb, An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America [1858] rpt. (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1968), p. 39.
280. George S. Sawyer, Southern Institutes; or, an Inquiry into the Origin and Early Prevalence of Slavery and the Slave-Trade (Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1858), 223, 222.
281. Wendell Phillips, “Against Idolatry” [October 4, 1859] in Wendell Phillips on Civil Rights and Freeedom, Louis Filler ed. (New York: Hill and Wang: 1965), p. 82.
282. Douglas, Feminization, 200–226.
283. Thomas Baldwin Thayer, Over the River; or Pleasant Walks into the Valley of Shadows, and Beyond… (Boston: Tompkins and Company, 1864), p. 249.
284. Dolf Sternberger, Panorama of the 19th Century, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Urizen Books, 1977).
285. Anthony Synnott, The Social Body: Symbolism, Self, and Society (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 103–127.
286. Benjamin Rush, “Observations intended to favour a supposition that the Black Color (as it is called) of the Negroes is derived from LEPROSY. Read at a Special Meeting July 14, 1797,” Transactions, American Philosophical Society, IV (1799), 289–297.
287. Peter A. Browne, “A Microscopic Examination and description of some of the Piles of the Head of Albinos,” Proceedings, AAAS, III (1850), 108–114.
288. William Stanton, The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America 1815–1859 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), pp. 149–154.
289. Peter A. Browne, The Classification of Mankind by the Hair and Wool of their Heads, with the Nomenclature of Human Hybirds (Philadelphia: J. H. Jones, 1852).
290. James C. Prichard, Researches into the Physical History of Man (London: John and Arthur Arch, 1813)
291. Peter A. Browne, Trichologia mammalium; or, A treatise on the organization, properties and uses of hair and wool, together with an eassay upon the raising and breeding of Sheep (Philadelphia: J. H. Jones, 1853).
292. Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, V (1851), pp. 145–146.
293. John Haller, Outcasts from Evolution (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1970).
294. Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1963), p. 81.
295. Henry Box Brown, Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown, Written by Himself (Manchester: Lee and Glynn, 1851), p. 6.
296. William Van Amringe, An Investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man (New York, 1848), p. 397.
297. Frederick Douglass, “The Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered: An Address Delivered in Hudson, Ohio, on 12 July 1854,” in The Frederick Douglass Papers Ser.1, Vol.2, Speeches, Debates, and Interviews, 1847–1854, John Blassingame et al., eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 508.
298. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964), p. 54.
299. Spike Lee and L. Jones, Uplift the Race: The Construction of School Daze (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), p. 157.
300. Paulette M. Caldwell, “A Hair Piece: Perspectives on the Intersections of Race and Gender” in Duke Law Journal vol. 1991:2 (1991): 365–398.
301. Kobena Mercer, “Black Hair/Style Politics,” Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, Russell Ferguson, Martha Gever, Trinh T. Minh-ha, Cornel West eds. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 251–252.
302. Kobena Mercer, Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1994).
303. James T. Smith, “Review of Dr. Cartwright’s Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race,” New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal vol. 8 (1851): 230.
304. Walter Johnson, “The Slave Trader, the White Slave, and the Politics of Racial Determination in the 1850s” in The Journal of American History (June 2000): 13–38.
305. Lynn Wardley, “Relic, Fetish, Femmage: The Aesthetics of Sentiment in the Work of Stowe,” Yale Journal of Criticism 5:3 (fall 1992): 165–191.
306. Charles Loring Brace, The Races of the Old World: A Manual of Ethnology (New York: Scribner, 1863), p. 14.
307. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Office of The Scarlet Letter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
308. Bertha Faust, Hawthorne’s Contemporaneous Reputation: A Study of Literary Opinion in America and England, 1828–1864 (New York: Octagon Books, 1977), pp. 67–87.
309. Michael Colacurcio “Footsteps of Anne Hutchinson: The context of The Scarlet Letter,” ELH. 39 (1972): 457–494
310. Amy Schrager Lang, Prophetic Women: Anne Hutchinson and the problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 161–192.
311. Anne Hutchinson, Millicent Bell, Hawthorne’s View of the Artist (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1962).
312. Jay Grossman, “ ‘A’ is for Abolition?: Race, Authorship, The Scarlet Letter,” Textual Practice 7:1 (Spring 1993): 13–30.
313. Charles Feidelson, Symbolism and American Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), p. 15.
314. John Irwin, American Hieroglyphics: The Symbol of Egyptian Hieroglyphics in the American Renaissance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), p. 245.
315. Norman Bryson “Hawthorne’s Illegible Letter,” in Teaching the Text, Susanne Kappeler and Norman Bryson eds. (London: Routledge, 1983)
316. Kenneth Dauber, in Rediscovering Howthorne (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977)
317. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Office of The Scarlet Letter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
318. Frank Kermode, The Classic: Literary Images of Permanence and Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 114.
319. Kermode’s “Hawthorne’s Modernity,” Partisan Review 41 (1974): 428–441
320. Bercovitch, Rites of Assent: Transformation in the Symbolic Construction of America (New York: Routledge, 1993), 212.
321. F. O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance (New York: Oxford, 1941), p. 276.
322. Deborah L. Madsen, “‘A is for Abolition’: Hawthorne’s Bondservant and the Shadow of Slavery,” The Journal of American Studies 25 (1991): 255–259
323. Leland S. Person, “The Dark Labyrinth of Mind: Hawthorne, Hester, and the Ironies of Racial Mothering,” Studies in American Fiction 31:2 (Spring 2003): 33–48.
324. Laura Hanft Korobkin, “The Scarlet Letter of the Law: Hawthorne and Criminal Justice,” Novel 30:2 (Winter 1997): 193–218.
325. Sharon Cameron, The Corporeal Self: Allegories of the Body in Melville and Hawthorne (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 2.
326. Barbara Foley, “From New Criticism to Deconstruction: The Example of Charles Feidelson’s Symbolism in American Literature,” American Quarterly 36 (Spring 1984): 44–64
327. Cleanth Brooks, “The Heresy of Paraphrase” in The Well Wrought Urn (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1947), pp. 192–214
328. John Crowe Ransom, “Criticism as Pure Speculation,” in Critical Theory Since Plato, Hazard Adams, ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovitch, 1971), pp. 881–890.
329. Paul de Man’s “The Dead- End of Formalist Criticism” in Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism, second edn. revised (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 229–245.
330. Cleanth Brooks, “What Does Poetry Communicate” in The Well Wrought Urn, 73.
331. Philip Fisher, Introduction to The New American Studies: Essays from Representations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991) pp. vii–xxii.
332. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
333. Rawls, “Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical” [1985] in John Rawls, Collected Papers, ed. Samuel Freeman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 388.
334. Daniel Walker Howe, “Descendants of Perry Miller” American Quarterly 34 (Spring 1982)
335. David Harlan, “A People Blinded from Birth: American History according to Sacvan Bercovitch” Journal of American History 78:3 (December 1991): 949–971
336. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, George Lawrence trans.; J. P. Mayer ed. (New York: Anchor Books, 1969), p. 12.
337. Marc Shell, who in Children of the Earth: Literature, Politics and Nationhood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
338. Timothy J. McMillan, “Black Magic: Witchcraft, Race, and Resistance in Colonial New England” in Journal of Black Studies 25:1 (September, 1994): 99–117.
339. Bryson, “Hawthorne’s Illegible Letter”, p. 105.
340. Brook Thomas, “The Scarlet Letter as Civic Myth” in American Literary History 13: (2001): 181–211.
341. Brook Thomas, “Stigmas, Badges, and Brands: Discriminating Marks in Legal History” in History, Memory, and the Law, Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns eds. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), pp. 249–282.
342. “Race and Nature: the System of Marks” in Colette Guillaumin, Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 133–152.
343. Jonathan Arac, “Narrative Forms,” in The Cambridge History of American Literature, volume 2, Sacvan Bercovitch ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 605–777.
344. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Marble Faun: or The Romance of Monte Beni ([1860] New York: Penguin, 1990), p. 463.
345. Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Chiefly About War Matters,” in Tales, Sketches, and Other Papers (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1883), p. 318.
346. David Levin, “Shadows of Doubt: Specter Evidence in Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’,” American Literature 34 (1964): 344–352
347. Michael D. Bell, Hawthorne and the Historical Romance of New England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971)
348. Michael J. Colacurcio, The Province of Piety: Moral History in Hawthorne’s Early Tales (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
349. Jonathan Arac, “The Politics of The Scarlet Letter” in Sacvan Bercovitch and Myra Jehlan eds, Ideology and Classic American Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); pp. 247–266.
350. Nancy Bentley, The Ethnography of Manners: Hawthorne, James, Wharton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
351. Evan Carton, The Marble Faun: Hawthorne’s Transformations (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992).
352. Mark A. R. Kemp, “The Marble Faun and American Postcolonial Ambivalence,” in Modern Fiction Studies 43:1 (1997): 209–236.
353. Eric Cheyfitz, “ The Irresistibleness of Great Literature: Reconstructing Hawthorne’s Politics,” American Literary History 6: 4 (Winter 1994): 539–558.
354. Jean Fagan Yellin, “Hawthorne and the Slavery Question” in A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry Reynolds ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 157.
355. Evan Carton, “Practicing Theory, Theorizing Practice: Critical Transformations of The Marble Faun” in Teaching Contemporary Theory to Undergraduates, Dianne F. Sadoff and William E. Cain eds. (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1994), pp. 141–153.
356. Blythe Ann Tellefsen, “The case with my dear native land”: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Vision of America in The Marble Faun,” Nineteenth-Century Literature 54:4 (Mar. 2000): 455–479.
357. Sander Gilman, On Blackness without Blacks: Essays on the Image of the Black in Germany (Boston: G. K. Hall and Co., 1982).
358. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967), esp. pp. 77–99
359. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment [1990] (New York: Routledge, 2000).
360. Hawthorne, The French and Italian Notebooks, ed. Thomas Woodson, vol. 14 Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1980), pp. 173–174
361. Josiah Priest, Bible Defense of Slavery (Glasgow, KY: 1852), pp. iii-iv.
362. John Blair Dabney, “The ‘Whisker’ Order,” Southern Literary Messenger 8:2 (Feb. 1842). 131.
363. William Harper, Memoir on Slavery [1838] in The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South, 1830–1860, Drew Gilpin Faust, ed. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), p. 131.
364. William Frederick Van Amringe, An Investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man (New York: Baker and Scribner, 1848), p. 642.
365. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1981), p. 45.
366. Calvin Colton, The Americans, by an American in London (F. Westley and A. H. Davis, 1833), p. 382.
367. Thomas R. Dew, Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature, 1831–32
368. Thomas F. Gosset, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1965), p. 81.
369. Gary Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
370. Richard Hildreth, The Slave; or Memoirs of Archy Moore (1836; rpt. 1852).
371. Samuel Gridley Howe, The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West: Report to the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1864), p. 86.
372. William Wilson, Frederick Douglass’ Paper, March 11, 1853.
373. Frederick Douglass, The North Star, April 7, 1849.
374. Henry Sussman, “The Marble Faun and the Space of American Letters,” in Demarcating the Disciplines: Glyph Textual Studies 1 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), pp. 129–152
375. Sussman, High Resolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989)
376. Jonathan Auerbach, “Executing the Model: Painting, Sculpture, and Romance-Writing in Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun,” ELH 47: 1 (1980): 103–120
377. John Michaels, “History and Romance, Sympathy and Uncertainty: The Moral of the Stones in Hawthorne’s Marble Faun,” PMLA 103:2 (March 1988): 150–161.
378. Richard Brodhead, The School of Hawthorne (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
379. John P. McWilliams., “The Rationale for ‘The American Romance,’” in Revisionary Interventions into the Americanist Canon, Donald E. Pease ed. (Durham: 1994): 71–82.
380. George Dekker, “Once More: Hawthorne and the Genealogy of American Romance in ESQ 35 1989: 69–83.
381. Lionel Trilling, “Reality in America” in The Liberal Imagination (New York: Anchor Books, 1953), pp. 1– 19.
382. Milton R. Stern, Contexts for Hawthorne: The Marble Faun and the Politics of Openness and Closure in American Literature (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
383. Richard H. Brodhead, The School of Hawthorne, 77.
384. Bernard R. Boxhill, “Radical Implications of Locke’s Moral Theory: The Views of Frederick Douglass” in Subjugation & Bondage: Critical Essays on Slavery and Social Philosophy, Tommy L. Lott (ed.) (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1998), pp. 29–48.
385. Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave [1845] (New York: Penguin, 1986), 107
386. Russell Reising, The Unusable Past: Theory and the Study of American Literature (New York: Methuen, 1986), pp. 256–272.
387. Ronald A. T. Judy, (Dis)Forming the American Canon: African-Arabic Slave Narratives and the Vernacular (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
388. Henry Louis Gates, “Introduction: The Language of Slavery” in The Slave’s Narrative, Charles H. Davis and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), xxiii.
389. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the “Racial” self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
390. Gates, Figures, and Stepto, From Behind the Veil: A Study of Afro- American Narrative (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979)
391. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom [1855], ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: Dover, 1969), p. 247.
392. Houston A. Baker, Jr., “Autobiographical Acts and the Voice of the Southern Slave” in The Slave’s Narrative, Charles H. Davis and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 245
393. David Leverenz, Manhood and the American Renaissance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), pp. 108–134
394. Maurice Wallace, “Constructing the Black Masculine: Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and the Sublimits of African American Autobiography” in Subjects and Citizens: Nation, Race, and Gender from Oroonoko to Anita Hill, Michael Moon and Cathy Davidson eds. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), pp. 245–270
395. David Van Leer, “Reading Slavery: The Anxiety of Ethnicity in Douglass’s Narrative ” in Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays, ed. Eric Sundquist (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 118–140.
396. Peter A. Dorsey, “The Mimesis of Metaphor in Douglass’s My Bondage and My Freedom,” PMLA 111:3 (May 1996): 435–450.
397. Leonard Cassuto, The Inhuman Race: The Racial Grotesque in American Literature and Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), esp. pp. 75–125
398. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), esp. pp. 41–71.
399. Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, p. 431 (original emphasis).
400. Robert Reid-Pharr, Conjugal Union: The Body, the House, and the Black American (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
401. Samira Kawash, Dislocating the Color Line (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
402. John Ernest, Resistance and Reformation in Nineteenth-Century African-American Literature: Brown, Wilson, Jacobs, Delany, Douglass, and Harper (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1995), p. 161.
403. Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom, p. 242.
404. Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 140.
405. William Wells Brown, Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States [1853] (New York: Carol, 1969), p. 34.
406. Todd L. Savitt, “The Use of Blacks for Medical Experimentation and Demonstration in the Old South,” in The Journ al of Southe rn History 48:3 (August 1982): 331 –348.
407. Samuel Cartwright, “The Prognathous Species of Mankind” [ 1857 ] excerpted in Slaver y Defended: the View s of the Old South, Eric L. McKitrick (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1963), p. 143.
408. F. Nash Boney, “Doctor Thomas Hamilton: Two Views of a Gentleman of the Old South,” in Phylon, XXVIII (Fall 1967): 288–292.
409. Jean Paul Sartre, “Is Existentialism a Humanism,” Essays in Existentiali sm (New York: Citadel, 1993), p. 47.
410. Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), xliii
411. Richard Rorty, “Hilary Putnam and the Relativist Menace” in Richard Rorty, Truth and Progress, Philosophical Papers, volume 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 53.
412. Gina Kolata, “In Rush to Patent Genes, The Claims Get Smaller,” New York Times September 24, 1992, p. 1
413. Nicholas Wade “Comparing Mouse Genes to Man’s and Finding a World of Similarity,” New York Times December 5, 2002, p. 1
414. Sloterdijk, “Operable Man: On the Ethical State of Gene Technology” delivered at Goethe Institute May 21, 2000, accessed at http://www.goethe.de/uk/bos/enpslot 2.m.