Paradoxes of political ethics

Paradoxes of Political Ethics

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-283

  Parrish, John M ^a  

^a LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929742236     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511487439     Document Type: Book

References (468)

1. Michael Walzer, “Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1973): 160-180.
2. Thomas Nagel, “War and Massacre,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (1972): 123-144
3. “Ruthlessness in Public Life,” in Mortal Thoughts (Cambridge University Press, 1979)
4. Bernard Williams, “Ethical Consistency,” in Christopher Gowans, ed., Moral Dilemmas (Oxford University Press, 1987)
5. “Conflicts of Values,” in Williams's Moral Luck (Cambridge University Press, 1982), respectively.
6. Arthur Applbaum, Ethics for Adversaries (Princeton University Press, 1999).
7. Alan Dershowitz, Why Terrorism Works (Yale University Press, 2002)
8. Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press, 2004)
9. Charles Krauthammer, “The Truth about Torture,” Weekly Standard (Dec. 5, 2005)
10. Andrew Sullivan, “The Abolition of Torture,” New Republic (Dec. 19, 2005).
11. Nagel, “War and Massacre.”
12. Williams, “Ethical Consistency,” as well as Williams's further reflections in his “Conflicts of Values.”
13. Williams, “Ethical Consistency.”
14. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 1
15. Mill, On Liberty and Other Essays, ed. John Gray (Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 137.
16. R. B. Brandt, “Utilitarianism and the rules of war,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (Winter 1972): 145-165.
17. Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 5, esp. at pp. 194-196.
18. Kai Nielsen, “There is no dilemma of dirty hands,” in Paul Rynard and David P. Shugarman, eds., Cruelty and Deception: The Controversy over Dirty Hands in Public Life (Broadview/Pluto, 2000).
19. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, bk. 6, ch. 12, section 7 (Longmans, Green, 1911).
20. Robert Goodin, Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1995), esp. chs. 1-4.
21. Sterling Harwood, “Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism,” collected in Louis Pojman, ed., Moral Philosophy: A Reader, 3rd edn (Hackett, 2003).
22. Amartya Sen, “Plural utility,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 1980-1981.
23. Bernard Williams, “A critique of consequentialism,” in J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
24. Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals,” in Allen Wood, ed., Basic Writings of Kant (Modern Library, 2001), p. 158.
25. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, 1971), esp. pp. 130-136 and 446-452
26. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge University Press, 1982)
27. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (Columbia University Press, 1993), Lecture V
28. Charles Larmore, The Morals of Modernity (Cambridge University Press, 1996), ch. 1.
29. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Mary Gregor (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
30. “Introduction,” section 3, pp. 16-17.
31. Roger J. Sullivan, Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 170-177.
32. Alan Donagan, “Consistency in Rationalist Moral Systems,” in Gowans, Moral Dilemmas, esp. at pp. 287-288
33. Alan Donagan, The Theory of Morality (University of Chicago Press, 1977), ch. 6.
34. Nagel, “War and Massacre,” p. 126.
35. Charles Fried, Right and Wrong (Harvard University Press, 1978), ch. 1, p. 7.
36. Christine Korsgaard, Creating the Kingdom of Ends (Cambridge University Press, 1996), ch. 5.
37. “Taking the Law into our Own Hands: Kant on the Right to Revolution,” in Andrews Reath, Barbara Herman, and Christine Korsgaard, eds., Reclaiming the History of Ethics: Essays for John Rawls (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
38. Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams previously cited, plus: Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in The Proper Study of Mankind (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997)
39. William Galston, The Practice of Liberal Pluralism (Cambridge University Press, 2005), esp. chs. 2 and 5-6
40. John Gray, Isaiah Berlin (Princeton University Press, 1996), ch. 2
41. Thomas Nagel, “The fragmentation of value,” in Gowans, Moral Dilemmas
42. Joseph Raz, The Practice of Value (Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, 2003)
43. John Skorupski, Ethical Explorations (Oxford University Press, 2000), ch. 4
44. Michael Stocker, Plural and Conflicting Values (Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, 1990)
45. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (Harvard University Press, 1989), esp. chs. 4-25.
46. Elizabeth Anderson, Value in Ethics and Economics (Harvard University Press, 1995)
47. Ruth Chang, ed., Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason (Harvard University Press, 1998)
48. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 2nd edn (Notre Dame University Press, 1984)
49. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, 1986)
50. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (Basic Books, 1983).
51. Max Weber, “Science as a Vocation,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 147.
52. Max Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” in Gerth and Mills, From Max Weber, p. 121.
53. Weber, “Science as a Vocation,” p. 501.
54. The point is made most famously by Weber in “Politics as a Vocation,” p. 119.
55. Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. and ed. Harvey Mansfield, 2nd edn (University of Chicago Press, 1998), ch. 15, pp. 60-61
56. Thomas Nagel, The View From Nowhere (Oxford University Press, 1986)
57. Equality and Partiality (Oxford University Press, 1991)
58. Ross Harrison's “The equality of mercy,” in Hyman Gross and Ross Harrison, eds., Jurisprudence: Cambridge Essays (Clarendon Press, 1992).
59. Michael Hardimon, “Role Obligations,” Journal of Philosophy 91 (1994): 333-363
60. David Luban, Lawyers and Justice (Princeton University Press, 1988), chs. 6-7.
61. David Shugarman, “Democratic Dirty Hands?,” in Rynard and Shugarman, Cruelty and Deception.
62. Judith Shklar, Ordinary Vices (Harvard University Press, 1984), particularly at pp. 243-246.
63. Ronald Beiner, “Missionaries and Mercenaries” (in Rynard and Shugarman, Cruelty and Deception) and Stocker, Plural and Conflicting Values.
64. Thompson, Political Ethics and Public Office, ch. 1, p. 18.
65. Shklar, Ordinary Vices.
66. J. B. Schneewind (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
67. Philippa Foot, “Utilitarianism and the Virtues,” in Samuel Scheffler, ed., Consequentialism and Its Critics (Oxford University Press, 1988).
68. Bernard Williams, “Politics and Moral Character,” in Moral Luck.
69. Quentin Skinner and John Pocock. Among many writings, see in particular Skinner, Visions of Politics, vol. I (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
70. Pocock, Politics, Language, and Time (University of Chicago Press, 1989).
71. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government 1572-1651 (Cambridge University Press, 1993)
72. Harro Höpfl, Jesuit Political Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
73. kinner, Visions of Politics, vol. I, chs. 8-9.
74. Tom Griffith, ed. G. R. F. Ferrari (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Throughout I substitute the more literal term “guard” for the more traditional translation “guardian.”
75. Jane S. Zembarty, “Plato's Republic and Greek Morality on Lying,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 26 (1988): 517–545.
76. J. M. Cooper, ed., Plato: Complete Works (Hackett, 1997), pp. 42–43
77. Plato, Apology, p. 29
78. Allan Silverman, “Ascent and Descent: The Philosopher's Regret,” Social Philosophy and Policy 24 (2007): 40–69.
79. Allan Bloom, The Republic, 2nd edn (Basic Books, 1968), p. 219.
80. Myles Burnyeat, “Culture and Society in Plato's Republic,” Tanner Lectures on Human Values (University of Utah Press, 1980), vol. 18.
81. Plato, Laws 742–743, trans. Trevor J. Saunders (Penguin, 1972).
82. Terence Irwin, Plato's Ethics (Oxford University Press, 1995), ch. 12.
83. Seneca, De otio, in Seneca, Moral Essays, vol. 3, trans. John W. Basore, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press, 1932), p. 200.
84. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1.5; 10+7–8;
85. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton University Press, 1984).
86. Diogenes Laertius, “Life of Epicurus,” in Lives of Eminent Philosophers, vol. 2, trans. R. D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press, 1925), p. 446.
87. Diogenes Laertius, “Life of Zeno,” in Lives of Eminent Philosophers, vol. 2, trans. R. D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press, 1925), p. 224.
88. Seneca, De otio, p. 186.
89. Allan Bloom's “Interpretive Essay,” in Bloom's edition of The Republic of Plato
90. Bernard Williams, “The Analogy of City and Soul in Plato's Republic,” in E. N. Lee, A. P. D. Mourelatos and R. M. Rorty, eds., Exegesis and Argument, Phronesis supplementary vol. 1 (1973): 196–206.
91. John M. Parrish, “A New Source for More's ‘Utopia’,” Historical Journal 40 (1997): 493–498.
92. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, ed. T. E. Wick (Random House, 1982), p. 39.
93. Cicero, De Officiis (hereafter DO), ed. and trans. Walter Miller, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press, 1913), 3.101, p. 378.
94. Max Weber, “Science as a Vocation,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 148–149.
95. E. J. Hundert, “Augustine and the Sources of the Divided Self,” Political Theory 20 (1992): 86–104;
96. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (Harvard University Press, 1989) esp. Part One and Conclusion, and Michael Walzer, Thick and Thin, ch. 5. (Notre Dame University Press, 1994).
97. Ruth Chang, “Introduction” to Ruth Chang, ed., Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason (Harvard University Press, 1998).
98. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 1(Cambridge University Press, 1978)
99. Richard Tuck, “Humanism and Political Thought,” in Anthony Goodman and Angus MacKay, eds., The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe (Longman, 1990).
100. Sallust, The Jugurthine War and the Conspiracy of Catiline (Penguin, 1963), p. 179.
101. Richard Tuck “Humanism and Political Thought.” 46 DO I.154, p. 158.
102. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, 1971);
103. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
104. Martha Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire (Princeton University Press, 1996).
105. A. Long, Epictetus (Clarendon Press, 2002), p. 243.
106. Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 153–161.
107. Julia Annas, “Cicero on Stoic Moral Philosophy and Private Property,” in Miriam Griffin and Jonathan Barnes, eds., Philosophia Togata (Oxford University Press, 1989)
108. Neal Wood, Cicero's Social and Political Thought (University of California Press, 1988), ch. 6.
109. Tertullian, “The Military Chaplet,” in Oliver O’Donovan and Joan Lockwood O’Donovan, eds., From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought, 100–1625 (Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 27–28.
110. Oliver Nicholson, “Civitas Quae Adhuc Sustentat Omnia: Lactantius and the City of Rome,” in William E. Klingshirn and Mark Vessey, eds., The Limits of Ancient Christianity: Essays on Late Antique Thought and Culture in Honor of R. A. Markus (University of Michigan Press, 1999).
111. L.J. Swift, The Early Fathers on War and Military Service (Michael Glazier, 1983).
112. Tertullian, “The Military Chaplet,” p. 27.
113. Tertullian, “Apology,” in O’Donovan and O’Donovan, From Irenaeus to Grotius, p. 26.
114. Tertullian, “The Military Chaplet,” p. 27.
115. Lactantius, Divine Institutes (hereafter DI) VI.c, trans. William Fletcher, The Works of Lactantius, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 375.
116. Charles Norris Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture (Oxford University Press, 1944), pp. 196–197.
117. John Chrysostom, 11th Homily, s. 3, in O’Donovan and O’Donovan, From Irenaeus to Grotius, p. 100.
118. John Chrysostom, 12th Homily on 1 Timothy, in O’ Donovan and O’Donovan, From Irenaeus to Grotius, p. 103.
119. “On Riches” (anonymous Pelagian writer), 17.1, in B. R. Rees, ed., The Letters of Pelagius and His Followers (Boydell, 1991), p. 199.
120. “On Riches” 1.3, p. 175.
121. Ambrose of Milan, “Story of Naboth,” s. 4, in O’Donovan and O’Donovan, From Irenaeus to Grotius, p. 76
122. “On Riches” 5.2, pp. 175–178.
123. “On Riches” 17.4, p. 200.
124. “On Riches” 14.2, p. 196.
125. Ambrose of Milan, “Story of Naboth,” p. 77, s. 11.
126. Lactantius, Divine Institutes, in O’Donovan and O’Donovan, From Irenaeus to Grotius, p. 49.
127. “On Riches” 17.3, p. 199.
128. CF. Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture, p. 194.
129. Augustine, Concerning the City of God against the Pagans (hereafter CG), trans. Henry Bettensen (Penguin, 1972), XIV.4, p. 553.
130. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (Harvard University Press, 1989).
131. Oliver O’Donovan, The Problem of Self-Love in St. Augustine (Yale University Press, 1980).
132. R. P. Green as On Christian Teaching (Oxford University Press, 1997), III.36-37, p. 76.
133. Hannah Arendt, Love and Saint Augustine (University of Chicago Press, 1996), Pt. I, ch. 3
134. Michael W. Tkacz and Douglas Kries (Hackett, 1994), XXII.73–79, 226.
135. Augustine, Against Faustus XXII.73–79,229.
136. Thomas Williams (Hackett, 1993), pp. 5–6.
137. O’Donovan, The Problem of Self-Love, ch. 4;
138. D. J. MacQueen, “Contemptus Dei: St. Augustine on the Disorder of Pride in Society and its Remedies,” Recherches Augustiniennes 9 (1973): 227–293;
139. R. A. Markus, “De Civitate Dei: Pride and the common good,” in Joseph C. Schnaubelt and Friederich Van Fleteren, eds., Augustine: Second Founder of the Faith (P. Lang, 1990).
140. Oliver O’Donovan, “Augustine's City of God XIX and Western Political Thought,” Dionysius 11 (1987): 89–110, esp. p. 109.
141. Augustine, Confessions (hereafter C), trans. and ed. Henry Chadwick (Oxford University Press, 1991), II.vi.13, p. 31.
142. Augustine, Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of St. John (hereafter H1J), in Augustine: Later Works, ed. John Burnaby (Westminster Press, 1955), 8.9, p. 322.
143. E. M. Adkins and R. J. Dodaro (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 53;
144. Augustine, Against Faustus XXII.73–79,227.
145. Markus, De Civitate Dei, pp. 250–251.
146. R. A. Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine (Cambridge University Press, 1970), ch. 3
147. J. M. Rist, Augustine: Ancient Thought Baptized (Cambridge University Press, 1994), ch. 6.
148. Rex Martin, “The Two Cities in Augustine's Political Philosophy,” Journal of the History of Ideas 33 (1972): 195–216.
149. Richard Tuck's suggestion about Augustine in The Rights of War and Peace (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 55.
150. Augustine, CG V.17, pp. 206–207.
151. Charles Norris Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture (Oxford University Press, 1944), Paul Weithman, “Augustine's Political Philosophy,” in Elanore Stump and Norman Kretzmann, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Augustine (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
152. Michael J. Wilks, “Roman Empire and Christian State in the De Civitate Dei,” Augustinus 12 (1967), pp. 489–510.
153. Augustine, Letter 138, Augustine to Marcellinus, pp. 40-41.
154. Wilks, “Roman Empire and Christian State,” pp. 529–530.
155. O’Donovan, “Augustine's City of God XIX.”
156. Augustine, Letter 220, Augustine to Boniface, in Political Writings, ed. Adkins and Dodaro, p. 222;
157. Augustine, Against Faustus XXII.73–79, p. 227.
158. Augustine adds: “It might be supposed that ‘tyrants’ here is used not in the sense of ‘wicked and irresponsible rulers,’ but in the ancient meaning of ‘men of power’ … This suggestion is precluded by an unambiguous statement in another place, that God ‘makes a hypocrite to reign, because of the perversity of the people.”’
159. Augustine, Letter 229, Augustine to Darius, in Political Writings, ed. Adkins and Dodaro, p. 224.
160. Augustine, Letter 87, Augustine to Emeritus, in Political Writings, ed. Adkins and Dodaro, pp. 137–138.
161. Augustine, Letter 189, Augustine to Boniface, s. 12, in Oliver O’Donovan and Joan Lockwood O’Donovan, eds., From Irenaeus to Grotius: A Sourcebook in Christian Political Thought, 100–1625 (Eerdmans, 1999), p. 133.
162. Augustine, Letter 189, Augustine to Boniface, in Political Writings, ed. Adkins and Dodaro, p. 217.
163. Augustine, Sermon 302, s. 17, in Political Writings, ed. Adkins and Dodaro, p. 116.
164. Augustine, Letter 185, Augustine to Boniface, in Political Writings, ed. Adkins and Dodaro, p. 185.
165. Luther, “The Sermon on the Mount,” in O’Donovan and O’Donovan, From Irenaeus to Grotius, p. 596.
166. Bernard Williams, Moral Luck (Cambridge University Press, 1981), ch. 2.
167. O’Donovan, “Augustine's City of God XIX,” p. 107.
168. Max Weber echoes this language of the “calling for politics,” though with quite a different moral in mind, in his famous essay “Politics as a Vocation,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Oxford University Press, 1946).
169. Weithman, “Augustine's Political Philosophy.”
170. R. A. Markus, “Saint Augustine's Views on the ‘Just War,”’ The Church and War: Studies in Church History 20 (1983): 1–13
171. Paul Ramsey, “The Just War According to St. Augustine,” in War and the Christian Conscience (Duke University Press, 1961).
172. Augustine, Against Faustus XXII.73–79, p. 222.
173. Augustine, Letter 189, Augustine to Boniface, p. 217.
174. Faustus XXII.73–79; CG IV.15, p. 154.
175. Augustine, Letter 138, Augustine to Marcellinus, pp. 38–39.
176. Augustine, Against Faustus XXII.73–79, p. 221.
177. Peter Burnell, “The Problem of Service to Unjust Regimes in Augustine's City of God,” Journal of the History of Ideas 54 (1993): 177-188.
178. Francesco Guicciardini, Dialogue on the Government of Florence, ed. Alison Brown, Bk. II, (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 159.
179. Niccolo Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans. and ed. Harvey Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov (University of Chicago Press, 1996), 1.18, p. 51.
180. Hanna Pitkin, Fortune is a Woman (University of Chicago Press, 1999).
181. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. and ed. Harvey Mansfield, 2nd edn (University of Chicago Press, 1998), ch. 15, p. 61.
182. Harvey Mansfield, Machiavelli's Virtue (University of Chicago Press, 1996), ch. 1
183. Russell Price, “The Senses of Virtu` in Machiavelli,” European Studies Review 3 (1973): 315–345.
184. Machiavelli, Discourses II.13, p. 155.
185. J. J. Barlow, “The Lion and the Fox: Machiavelli Replies to Cicero,” History of Political Thought 20 (1999): 627–645, esp. p. 637.
186. Machiavelli “The Originality of Machiavelli,” in Isaiah Berlin, The Proper Study of Mankind (Farrar Straus Giroux, 2000).
187. John Rawls in, for example, The Law of Peoples (Harvard University Press, 2001)
188. Christine Korsgaard in “The Right to Lie: Kant on dealing with evil,” in her book Creating the Kingdom of Ends (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
189. Quentin Skinner Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2000)
190. Viroli, Machiavelli, among many related commentaries that emphasize the limits which the desire for glory supposedly places on Machiavelli's new political ethic.
191. Guicciardini, Dialogue, Bk. 2, pp. 157-163.
192. Guicciardini apparently agreed. He asserts that “if someone stood up in a senate and argued” solely on the basis of claims of conscience “against undertaking some entirely feasible and useful enterprise,” that “he would be repudiated” or “made fun of” by everyone.
193. Guicciardini, Dialogue, BK. II, p. 158.
194. George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams, revised edition (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 13.
195. “School philosophy.” In either case, the clear reference is to the sort of impractical speculation of medieval scholastic philosophy the Renaissance humanists detested.
196. Utopia, p. 34.
197. R. S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding, eds., Two Early Tudor Lives (Yale University Press, 1967), p. 198.
198. A. M. Harmon, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard University Press, 1925), pp. 97–99.
199. Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, in Collected Works of Erasmus, trans. R. A. B. Mynors and D. F. S. Thompson (hereafter CWE) (Toronto, 1974), vol. 27, p. 103.
200. Utopia, p. 35.
201. David M. Bevington, “The Dialogue in Utopia: Two Sides to the Question,” Studies in Philology 58: 496–509
202. R. J. Schoeck, “A Nursery of Correct and Useful Institutions,” Moreana 22 (1969): 19–32.
203. George M. Logan, The Meaning of More's Utopia (Princeton University Press, 1983).
204. Eric Nelson, The Greek Tradition in Republican Thought (Cambridge University Press, 2004), ch. 1.
205. Utopia, p. 108.
206. Utopia, p. 108.
207. Quentin Skinner, “Thomas More's Utopia and the Virtue of True Nobility,” in Visions of Politics, vol. 2 (Cambridge University Press, 2002), ch. 8.
208. Diogenes Laertius, “Life of Zeno,” in Lives of Eminent Philosophers, trans. R. D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 2 (Harvard University Press, 1925), p. 228.
209. Erasmus, Adagia, CWE vol. 31, 1, p. 29.
210. A. Kent Hieatt and Maristella Lorch (Abaris Books, 1977).
211. Utopia, pp. 48–49.
212. Thomas More, Confutation of Tyndale's Answer, CWM vol. 8, 664/11–13.
213. Thomas More, Responsio Ad Lutherum, CWM vol. 5, 276/21–25.
214. Thomas More, A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation, CWM vol. 12, 179/30–180/13.
215. Thomas I. White, “The Key to Nowhere: Pride and Utopia,” in John C. Olin, ed., Interpreting Thomas More's Utopia, (Fordham University Press, 1989)
216. Athanasios Moulakis, “Pride and the Meaning of Utopia,” History of Political Thought 11 (1990): 241–256.
217. Utopia, p. 106.
218. Utopia, p. 106.
219. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan ch. 42, p. 344. I cite from Richard Tuck's edition (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
220. Leviathan ch. 16, pp. 111–115.
221. Deborah Baumgold, Hobbes's Political Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1988)
222. A P. Martinich, Thomas Hobbes (Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), pp. 46–47.
223. Leviathan ch. 14, p. 91.
224. Leviathan ch. 14, pp. 110–111.
225. Leviathan ch. 14, p. 110.
226. Leviathan ch. 13, pp. 89–90.
227. Thomas Hobbes, Elements of Law ch. 14, p. 79 (I cite from J. C. A. Gaskin's edition (Oxford University Press, 1994))
228. Leviathan ch. 14, p. 91.
229. Leviathan ch. 13, p. 88.
230. Leviathan ch. 13, p. 89.
231. Leviathan ch. 13, p. 90.
232. Leviathan ch. 15, p. 110.
233. Leviathan ch. 13, p. 90.
234. Leviathan ch. 17, p. 120.
235. A. P. Martinich, The Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
236. Paul D. Cooke, Hobbes and Christianity: Reassessing the Bible in Leviathan (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996.)
237. Leviathan ch. 28, p. 221.
238. Leviathan ch. 15, pp. 109–110.
239. Elements ch. 25, p. 143.
240. Richard Tuck, “The ‘Christian Atheism’ of Thomas Hobbes,” in Michael Hunter and David Wootton, eds., Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment (Oxford University Press, 1992).
241. Gregory S. Kavka, Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory (Princeton University Press, 1986)
242. A. John Simmons, Moral Principles and Political Obligations (Princeton University Press, 1979).
243. Kinch Hoekstra, “Hobbes and the Foole,” Political Theory 25 (1997): 620–654.
244. Mary G. Dietz, “Hobbes's Subjects as Citizens,” in Mary G. Dietz, ed., Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory (University Press of Kansas, 1990)
245. Margaret Sampson, “Will You Hear What a Casuist He Is? Thomas Hobbes as Director of Conscience,” History of Political Thought 11 (1990): 721–736.
246. Elements ch. 25, p. 141.
247. Elements ch. 25, p. 141.
248. Thomas Hobbes, De Cive ch. 18, p. 234.
249. Leviathan ch. 21, pp. 151–154.
250. Elements ch. 25, p. 142.
251. Elements ch. 6, p. 42
252. Leviathan ch. 29, p. 223.
253. Elements ch. 29, pp. 180–181.
254. Elements ch. 25, p. 153.
255. Leviathan ch. 29. p. 223.
256. Leviathan ch. 7, p. 48.
257. Leviathan ch. 15, p. 111.
258. Elements ch. 25, pp. 143–144.
259. Richard Tuck, “The Civil Religion of Thomas Hobbes,” in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner, eds., Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge University Press, 1993)
260. Lodi Nauta, “Hobbes on Religion and the Church between The Elements of Law and Leviathan: A Dramatic Change of Direction?,” Journal of the History of Ideas 63 (2002): 577–598.
261. Elements ch. 25, pp. 151+153.
262. A. E. Taylor, “The Ethical Doctrine of Hobbes,” Philosophy 13 (1938): 406–424
263. Howard Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation (Oxford University Press, 1957)
264. Leviathan ch. 43, p. 404.
265. Leviathan ch. 43, p. 414.
266. Leviathan ch. 42, p. 343.
267. Leviathan ch. 42, p. 344.
268. Elements ch. 25, p. 142.
269. Leviathan ch. 42, p. 344.
270. Deborah Baumgold, in “The Composition of Hobbes's Elements of Law,” History of Political Thought 25 (2004): 16–43
271. Jean Hampton, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (Cambridge University Press, 1986)
272. David Gauthier, The Logic of Leviathan (Oxford University Press, 1969)
273. Kavka, Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory, ch. 10.
274. Leviathan ch. 16, p. 112.
275. Baumgold, Hobbes's Political Theory, ch. 3.
276. Leviathan ch. 16, p. 114.
277. Leviathan ch. 15, pp. 104–105.
278. Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
279. Leviathan ch. 16, p. 115;
280. Leviathan ch. 16, p. 112.
281. De Homine ch. 15, p. 84.
282. Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories (Cambridge University Press, 1979).
283. De Cive ch. 2, p. 34.
284. Leviathan ch. 14, p. 92.
285. Leviathan ch. 28, p. 214.
286. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace (Oxford University Press, 1999).
287. Leviathan ch. 13, p. 90.
288. Richard Tuck, “Hobbes and Descartes,” in G. A. Rogers and Alan Ryan, eds., Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes (Oxford University Press, 1991)
289. Baumgold, “The Composition of Hobbes's Elements of Law.”
290. Elements ch. 28, p. 172
291. De Cive ch. 13, p. 143
292. Leviathan ch. 30, p. 231.
293. Elements ch. 28, p. 172
294. Leviathan ch. 30, p. 231.
295. John Plamenatz, Man and Society (McGraw-Hill, 1963) vol. I, pp. 138–148
296. Hampton, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, ch. 5, that Hobbes's account is “aberrant” or “confused” in this respect.
297. Baumgold, Hobbes's Political Theory, ch. 5.
298. De Homine ch. 15, p. 84.
299. Leviathan ch. 30, p. 231.
300. Leviathan ch. 11, p. 70.
301. Leviathan ch. 24, p. 173.
302. Elements ch. 28, p. 172.
303. Dale Van Kley, “Pierre Nicole, Jansenism, and the Morality of Enlightened Self-Interest,” in Alan C. Kors and Paul Korshin, eds., Anticipations of the Enlightenment (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987)
304. E. J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable (Cambridge University Press, 1994).
305. Leszek Kolakowski, God Owes Us Nothing: A Brief Remark on Pascal's Religion and on the Spirit of Jansenism (University of Chicago Press, 1995).
306. E. D. James, Pierre Nicole, Jansenist and Humanist (Martinus Nijhoff, 1972).
307. Nannerl Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: From Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Princeton University Press, 1980)
308. J. B. Schneewind, The Invention of Autonomy (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 276–279.
309. Pierre Nicole, “Of Conversation,” in Moral Essayes, trans. Anonymous (London, 1696), p. 151.
310. Pierre Nicole, “On Charity and Self-Love” (hereafter CSL), ch. 1, in J. B. Schneewind, ed., Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant: An Anthology, vol. II (Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 371.
311. Pierre Nicole, “Of the Education of a Prince,” in Moral Essayes II, p. 42.
312. Pierre Nicole, “Of the Weaknesse of Man,” in Jean S. Yolton, ed., John Locke as Translator: Three of the Essais of Pierre Nicole (Voltaire Foundation, 2000), pp. 97–99+52–53.
313. CSL, ch. 1, p. 371.
314. Pierre Nicole and Antoine Arnauld, Logic or the Art of Thinking, ed. Jill Vance Buroker (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 204.
315. Pierre Nicole, “Of Grandeur,” in Moral Essayes I, p. 83, s. 1.
316. CSL ch. 2, p. 372.
317. “Of Grandeur,” p. 97,+29.
318. Pierre Nicole, “On the Ways of Preserving Peace,” in Yolton, John Locke as Translator, Part I, p. 191+ 90.
319. Pierre Nicole, “Of Christian Civility,” in Moral Essayes, p. 139.
320. Pierre Nicole, “Of Profiting by Bad Sermons,” in Moral Essayes, p. 232.
321. Logic or the Art of Thinking IV, pp. 218–219
322. “On the Ways of Preserving Peace” I, pp. 127–129.
323. Pierre Nicole, “Of Knowledge of Self,” in Moral Essayes I, p. 32.
324. “Of Conversation,” p. 159+25.
325. CSL ch. 12, p. 384+385.
326. Pierre Nicole, “Of Submission to God's Will,” in Moral Essayes, p. 41.
327. CSL ch. 12, p. 384.
328. CSL ch. 2, p. 372
329. Logic I, p. 216.
330. “Weaknesse of Man,” p. 7.
331. Peace I I, p. 231, s. 41.
332. Logic I, p. 214.
333. “Of Conversation,” p. 161, s. 28.
334. Pierre Nicole, “Of Rash Judgments,” in Moral Essayes, p. 191
335. Pierre Nicole, “Of the Fear of God,” in Moral Essayes, p. 95
336. Peace I I, p. 253
337. “Submission to God's Will,” p. 44.
338. “Submission to God's Will,” p. 71.
339. Pierre Nicole, “Of the True Idea of Things,” in Moral Essayes, p. 171
340. “Not to be Scandalized,” p. 206.
341. “Not to be Scandalized,” pp. 206–207
342. “Knowledge of Self” II, p. 75.
343. CSL ch. 13, p. 386.
344. CSL ch. 2, p. 372.
345. CSL ch. 11, p. 383.
346. “Of Grandeur” I, pp. 97–98.
347. “Of Grandeur” II, p. 121, s. 34; p. 110, s. 13
348. “Of Conversation, p. 161, s. 29.
349. Albert Hirschmann, The Passions and the Interests (Princeton University Press, 1977).
350. Hector Monro, The Ambivalence of Bernard Mandeville (Clarendon Press, 1975)
351. Philip Pinkus, in “Mandeville's Paradox,” in Irwin Primer, ed., Mandeville Studies (Martinus Nijhoff, 1975)
352. Henry W. Spiegel, in “Adam Smith's Heavenly City,” History of Political Economy 8 (1976): 478–493
353. FB I, Enquiry Concerning Virtue (hereafter Enquiry/Virtue), p. 41.
354. FB I, Remark M, p. 124
355. FB I, Enquiry/Virtue, pp. 44–45
356. Bernard Mandeville, Free Thoughts on Religion, The Church, and National Religion, intro
357. Stephen H. Good (Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, 1981), ch. 10, p. 306.
358. Bernard Mandeville, An Enquiry into the Origin of Honour, and the Usefulness of Christianity in War, intro. M. M. Goldsmith (Cass Reprint, 1971)
359. Enquiry/Honour, 1st Dialogue, pp. 3, 6–7
360. FB II, 3rd Dialogue, p. 136.
361. FB I, Enquiry/Virtue, p. 42.
362. Enquiry/Honour, 1st Dialogue, pp. 40–41.
363. FB I, Enquiry/Virtue, p. 43.
364. FB I, Remark C, p. 68.
365. FB I, Enquiry/Virtue, pp. 51–52.
366. Free Thoughts, pp. 283–284.
367. FB I, Enquiry/Virtue, p. 45.
368. Enquiry/Honour, pp. 200–202
369. Free Thoughts ch. 10, p. 314; ch. 2, p. 36.
370. FB I, Enquiry/Virtue, p. 46.
371. FB I, p. 348.
372. FB I, Remark R, pp. 205–207
373. FB I, pp. 348–349.
374. Free Thoughts ch. 1, p. 11.
375. FB I, Remark G, p. 87.
376. Enquiry/Honour, 1st Dialogue, p. 12.
377. Free Thoughts ch. 1, p. 12.
378. FB I, pp. 18–20.
379. Free Thoughts ch. 10, p. 292.
380. FB I, Remark B, p. 61.
381. FB I, Remark D, pp. 80–81.
382. FB I, Remark M, p. 130.
383. FB I, Remark Q, p. 183.
384. FB I, p. 26.
385. FB I, Remark P, p. 169.
386. FB I, Remark L, p. 108.
387. FB I, Remark Y, pp. 247–248.
388. Enquiry/Honour, 2nd Dialogue, pp. 104–105
389. Herbert A. Deane, The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine (Columbia University Press, 1963)
390. Hannah Arendt in Love and Saint Augustine (University of Chicago Press, 1996)
391. Eichmann in Jerusalem (Penguin, 1963).
392. FB I, Vindication, pp. 402–403.
393. FB I, Remark Q, p. 184.
394. Free Thoughts, On reciprocal duties, p. 283.
395. FB II, 6th Dialogue, pp. 348–349.
396. FB I, p. 32.
397. FB I, Remark G, p. 86.
398. Dickey, “Pride, Hypocrisy and Civility”
399. FB I, Essay on Charity-Schools.
400. FB I, Remark Q, p. 197.
401. FB I, Essay on Charity-Schools.
402. Monro in The Ambivalence of Bernard Mandeville, ch. 4.
403. FB I, Essay on Charity-Schools, p. 287
404. W. A. Speck, “Mandeville and the Eutopia Seated in the Brain,” in Primer, Mandeville Studies, pp. 70–71.
405. FB I, Essay on Charity-Schools, pp. 287–288.
406. FB II, 6th Dialogue, p. 351.
407. Bernard Mandeville, A Letter to Dion, intro. Jacob Viner (Augustan Reprint Society Publication 41, 1953), pp. 36–37.
408. Letter to Dion, pp. 42–43, 45;
409. FB I, Remark L.
410. FB II, 6th Dialogue.
411. M. M. Goldsmith, Private Vices, Public Benefits (Cambridge University Press, 1985)
412. FB II, 6th Dialogue, pp. 320–321.
413. Enquiry/Honour, p. 28.
414. FB I, p. 24.
415. FB I, Remark N, p. 145.
416. Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, ch. 4 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).
417. FB I, Remark F, p. 85.
418. FB I, Remark I, pp. 24–25.
419. FB I, Remark K, p. 103.
420. An increase in desire (in the form of commercial demand)
421. FB I, Remark X, p. 245
422. Remark Q, pp. 183–185
423. FB II, 6th Dialogue, p. 350.
424. FB I, Remark R, p. 208.
425. FB I, Preface, p. 6.
426. Monro, The Ambivalence of Bernard Mandeville, ch. 4.
427. Bernard Mandeville, A Modest Defence of Publick Stews, reprint of 1st edition, intro. Richard I. Cooke (Augustan Reprint Society Publication 162, 1973), p. 6.
428. Free Thoughts ch. 1, pp. 14–15.
429. FB II, 6th Dialogue, p. 212.
430. FB II, 6th Dialogue, p. 323.
431. Free Thoughts ch. 11, p. 332.
432. FB I, Remark Q, p. 190
433. Free Thoughts, p. 384.
434. FB I, Remark G, p. 91.
435. Letter to Dion, p. 54.
436. Publick Stews, p. 67.
437. Letter to Dion, p. 45.
438. Publick Stews, p. 66.
439. Letter to Dion, p. 20.
440. FB I, Remark M, p. 124.
441. Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments (hereafter TMS), ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (Liberty Fund, 1984), VII.ii.4.14, p. 313.
442. E. J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable (Cambridge University Press, 1994), ch. 5.
443. Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty, Wealth, and Virtue (Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 137–139.
444. Charles L. Griswold, Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
445. Bert Kerkhof, “A Fatal Attraction?: Smith's ‘Theory of Moral Sentiments’ and Mandeville's ‘Fable,”’ History of Political Thought 16 (1995): 217–233.
446. Samuel Fleishacker, “Philosophy inMoral Practice: Kant and AdamSmith,” Kant-Studien 82 (1991): 249–269;
447. J. B. Schneewind, The Invention of Autonomy (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
448. Samuel Fleishacker, On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (Princeton University Press, 2004)
449. Hiroshi Mizuta, “Moral Philosophy and Civil Society,” in Andrew Skinner and T. Wilson, eds., Essays on Adam Smith (Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 114–131.
450. Griswold, Adam Smith, ch. 5.
451. William J. Bouwsma, “The Two Faces of Humanism: Stoicism and Augustinianism in Renaissance Thought,” in Heiko A. Oberman and Thomas A. Brady, Jr., eds., Itinerarium Italicum: the Profile of the Italian Renassiance in the Mirror of its European Transformation (E. J. Brill, 1975), pp. 3–60;
452. Christopher Brooke, “Rousseau's Political Philosophy: Stoic and Augustinian origins,” in Patrick Riley, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 94–123.
453. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (hereafter WN), ed. R. H. Campbell, 2 vols. (Liberty Fund, 1994), Introduction, s. 4, p. 10.
454. Smith, will be familiar from Locke's rendition of it in his Second Treatise, in Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge University Press, 1960), ch. 5.
455. Gloria Vivenza, Adam Smith and the Classics (Oxford University Press, 2001), ch. 4.
456. Michael Rosen, On Voluntary Servitude: False Consciousness and the Theory of Ideology (Harvard University Press, 1996).
457. Pierre Force, Self-Interest Before Adam Smith (Cambridge University Press, 2003), ch. 6;
458. Fleischacker, On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, esp. ch. 11;
459. Jerry Evensky, Adam Smith's Moral Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2005), ch. 9.
460. Force, Self-Interest Before Adam Smith.
461. Stephen Holmes, “The Secret History of Self-Interest,” in Passions and Constraints (Univerity of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 44–45.
462. Sen's article “Poor, Relatively Speaking,” Oxford Economic Papers 35 (1983): 153–169.
463. S. Hollander, “The Role of Utility and Demand in The Wealth of Nations,” in Skinner and Wilson, Essays on Adam Smith, pp. 313–323.
464. Vivienne Brown's characterization of that work as a “basically amoral discourse.” Vivienne Brown, Adam Smith's Discourse (Routledge, 1994), p. 218.
465. Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed. D. D. Raphael and R. L. Meek (Liberty Fund, 1995), s. 210–213, pp. 489–490.
466. Fleischacker, On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, esp. ch. 11;
467. Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments (Harvard University Press, 2001), esp. ch. 5.
468. Samuel Fleishacker, On Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, ch. 11.