New England's crises and cultural memory: Literature, politics, history, religion, 1620-1860

New England's Crises and Cultural Memory: Literature, Politics, History, Religion, 1620-1860

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-366

  McWilliams, John ^a  

^a MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84929732369     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511485602     Document Type: Book

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171. A. Alvarez, Lowell: Interviews and Memoirs, p. 126.
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174. David D. Hall, ed., The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), p. 371.
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176. Emory Battis, Saints and Sectaries: Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Company (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. 51.
177. William K. B. Stoever, A Faire and Easie Way to Heaven: Covenant Theology and Antinomianism in Early Massachusetts (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1978).
178. Janice Knight, Orthodoxies in Massachusetts: Rereading American Puritanism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), especially chapter 1.
179. Darren Staloff, The Making of an American Thinking Class: Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in Puritan Massachusetts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
180. Louise A. Breen, Transgressing the Bounds: Subversive Enterprises among the Puritan Elite in Massachusetts, 1630-1692 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
181. The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630-1649, ed. R. S. Dunn and L. Yeandle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 105.
182. George Bancroft, History of the United States, 9th edn (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1841) i, 363.
183. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill and Ford Lewis Battles (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960), i, 745, 786.
184. A Theological Word Book of the Bible (New York: Macmillan Co., 1951).
185. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 115.
186. T. S. Eliot, "Burnt Norton," Four Quartets, in The Complete Poems and Plays 1909-1950 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1952), p. 121.
187. Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind from the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 239.
188. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1892), i, 514, 515.
189. Sargent Bush, ed., The Letters of John Cotton (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p. 303.
190. Philip Gura AGlimpse of Sion'sGlory: Puritan Radicalism inNew England, 1620-1660 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1983).
191. Stephen Foster The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping ofNew England Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
192. Edward Johnson,Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour inNew England: 1628-1651, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), p. 203.
193. Thomas Shepard, "Memoir" of 1644, in Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony ofMassachusetts Bay, ed. A. Young (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846), pp. 550-551.
194. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Founding of Harvard College (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1935), p. 179.
195. Hall, Antinomian Controversy, p. 325.
196. Nathaniel Ward, The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (1647), ed. P. M. Zall (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969), pp. 6, 7.
197. Louise Breen, Transgressing the Bounds: Subversive Enterprises among the Puritan Elite in Massachusetts, 1630- 1692 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
198. "A Coppie of the Liberties of the Massachusets Colonie in New England," in Puritan Political Ideas 1558-1794, ed. Edmund S. Morgan (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), p. 193.
199. Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity," in Journal of Winthrop, ed. Dunn and Yeandle, p. 8.
200. John Winthrop, speech to the General Court at Hingham, in Puritan Political Ideas, ed. Morgan, pp. 138, 139.
201. Amy Schrager Lang Prophetic Woman: Anne Hutchinson and the Problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
202. Edward Johnson,Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour inNew England, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), p. 124.
203. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana Or, The Ecclesiastical History of New-England (1702 Hartford, Conn.: Silas Andrus, 1820), ii, 440.
204. The Mathers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 235, 243.
205. Charles Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England (Boston: Rogers and Fowle, 1743).
206. Joseph Bellamy, A Blow at the Root of the Refined Antinomianism of the Present Age (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1763), p. 45.
207. George Bancroft, History of the United States of America, 9th edn (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1841), i, 387.
208. The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Adrienne Koch and William Peden (New York: Random House, 1944), p. 558.
209. John Gorham Palfrey, The History of New England (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1859), i, 509.
210. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Three Episodes ofMassachusetts History (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton, Mifflin, 1892), i, 396.
211. Michael Colacurcio, "The Footsteps of Anne Hutchinson," ELH, 39 (1972), 459-494.
212. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Office of the Scarlet Letter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
213. Lang, Prophetic Woman, chapter 7.
214. John Winthrop, A Short Story of the Rise, Reign and Ruine of the Antinomians, Familists and Libertines (1644).
215. Hall, Antinomians Controversy, p. 319.
216. Jedediah Morse, A Compendious History ofNew England (Charlestown: Samuel Etheridge, 1804), p. 135.
217. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Mrs. Hutchinson" (1830), in Selected Tales and Sketches, ed. Michael Colacurcio (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 15.
218. Harriet Vaughan Cheney, A Peep at the Pilgrims in Sixteeen Hundred Thirty- Six (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, & Co., 1850), p. 330.
219. Eliza Buckminster Lee, Naomi: Or, Boston, Two Hundred Years Ago (Boston: W. M. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1848), p. 43.
220. Michael Bell, Hawthorne and the Historical Romance of New England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 96-97.
221. Lang, Prophetic Woman, pp. 155-160.
222. Andrew Delbanco, The Puritan Ordeal (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 138.
223. Urian Oakes, New England Pleaded With (Cambridge: Samuel Greene, 1673), pp. 18, 19, 32, 25.
224. Urian Oakes,ASeasonable Discourse (Cambridge: Samuel Greene, 1682), n.p.
225. Oakes, A Seasonable Discourse, pp. 19, 20.
226. Robert Lowell, "The Park Street Cemetery," Land of Unlikeness (Cummington, Mass.: Cummington Press, 1944), n.p.
227. Robert Lowell, "At the Indian Killer's Grave," Lord Weary's Castle (New York: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, 1974), pp. 60-63.
228. Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 219.
229. Benjamin Trumbull A Complete History of Connecticut (New Haven: Maltby, Goldsmith & Co., 1818).
230. Michael Pugliosi Puritan Besieged: The Legacies of King Philip's War in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1991), p. 66.
231. E. B. Schultz and M. J.Tougias, King Philip'sWar(Woodstock, Vt: Countryman Press, 1999), p. 4.
232. Richard Slotkin, "Introduction" to So Dreadfull a Judgment: Puritan Responses to King Philip's War, 1676-1677, ed. Richard Slotkin and James K. Folsom (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1978), p. 3.
233. Lepore, Name of War, pp. 5-8, 26.
234. King Philip's War: Civil War in New England (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p. 14.
235. William S. Simmons, Spirit of the New England Tribes: Indian History and Folklore 1620-1984 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England).
236. Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (New York: Norton, 1976), p. 298.
237. So Dreadfull a Judgment, ed. Slotkin and Folsom, p. 174.
238. Michael G. Hall, The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1988).
239. Increase Mather, "Earnest Exhortation," p. 179.
240. Jennings, Invasion of America, p. 181.
241. Douglas Edward Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk:New England in King Philip's War (New York: Macmillan, 1958), p. 250.
242. Alden Vaughan, New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620-1675 (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1965), pp. 55, 123.
243. Increase Mather, "A Brief History of the Warr with the Indians in New-England" (1676), in So Dreadfull a Judgment, ed. Slotkin and Folsom, p. 115.
244. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (1702 Hartford, Conn.: Silas Andrus, 1820), ii, 480.
245. Increase Mather, "Brief History of the Warr," p. 141.
246. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, ii, 501, 502.
247. Samuel Nowell, "Abraham in Arms" (1678), in So Dreadfull a Judgment, ed. Slotkin and Folsom, p. 287.
248. Increase Mather, "An Earnest Exhortation to the Inhabitants ofNew England" (Boston: John Foster, 1676), p. 26.
249. Samuel Willard, "The Heart Garrisoned," sermon delivered before the Artillery Company of Boston, June 5, 1676 (Cambridge: Samuel Green, 1676), pp. 16, 17.
250. William Hubbard, "The Happiness of a People in theWisdom of their Rulers" (Boston: John Foster, 1676), pp. 48, 49.
251. Urian Oakes, "The Sovereign Efficacy of Divine Providence" (Boston: printed for Samuel Sewall, 1682), p. 10.
252. Samuel Willard, "A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of the Much Honored John Leveret Esq." (Boston: John Foster).
253. John Easton, "A Relacion of the Indyan Warre" (1675), in Charles Lincoln, ed., Narratives of the Indian Wars: 1675-1699 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913), p. 17.
254. Wait Still Winthrop, "Some Meditations Councerning our Honourable Gentlemen and Fellow-Souldiers, in Pursuit of those Barbarous Natives in the Narragansit-Country" (1675), reprinted New London, Conn., April 4, 1721.
255. Nathaniel Saltonstall, "The Present State of New England" (1675), in Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars, p. 46.
256. Benjamin Tompson, "Prologue" to "New England's Crisis" (1676) in Benjamin Tompson, Colonial Bard: A Critical Edition, ed. Peter White (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980), p. 85.
257. Increase Mather, "The Day ofTrouble isNear," sermon preached onDecember 11, 1673 (Cambridge, Mass.: Marmaduke Johnson, 1674), p. 26.
258. Increase Mather, "An Earnest Exhortation," in So Dreadfull a Judgment, p. 187.
259. Increase Mather, "Brief History of the Warr," p. 125.
260. Richard Hutchinson, "The Warr in New England Visibly Ended" (1677), in Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars, p. 106.
261. William Hubbard, "Epistle Dedicatory" to The Present State of New-England, Being aNarrative of the Troubles with the Indians (1677), facsimile reproduction, ed. Cecelia Tichi (Bainbridge, N.Y.: Mail-Print, 1972), p. 11.
262. Anne Nelson, "King Philip's War and the Hubbard-Mather Rivalry," William and Mary Quarterly, 27 (1970), 615-629.
263. Dennis R. Perry, "'Novelties and Stile which all out-do': William Hubbard's Historiography Reconsidered," Early American Literature, 29 (1994), 166-182.
264. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, ii, 494.
265. Thomas Wheeler, "A Thankefull Remembrance ofGods Mercy," in So Dreadfull a Judgment, p. 247.
266. Hubbard, Present State of New-England, p. 33.
267. Increase Mather, "Brief History of theWarr," p. 92.
268. Saltonstall, "Present State ofNew-England," p. 36.
269. Hubbard, Present State of New-England, p. 32.
270. Bharati Mukerjee, The Holder of the World (New York: Knopf, 1993), p. 29.
271. James Drake, "Restraining Atrocity: The Conduct of King Philip's War," New England Quarterly, 70 (1997), 33-56.
272. Hubbard, Present State of New-England, p. 19.
273. Nathaniel Saltonstall, "A New and Further Narrative of the State of New- England," dated July 22, 1676, in Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars, p. 91.
274. Benjamin Tompson, "New Englands Tears for her Present Miseries" (1676), in Tompson: Colonial Bard, ed. White, pp. 113-114.
275. Increase Mather, "Brief History of the Warr," p. 142.
276. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, ii, 498-499.
277. Simmons, Spirit of the New England Tribes, pp. 141-142.
278. Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 19-20.
279. Jennings, Invasion of America, pp. 325-326.
280. Stephen Saunders Webb, 1676: The End of American Independence (New York: Knopf, 1984), pp. 221-222.
281. Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum (1699).
282. Mary Rowlandson, The Soveraignty and Goodness of.
283. Together with the Faithfulness of his Promises Displayed: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682).
284. Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars, p. 118.
285. Michelle Burnham, Captivity and Sentiment: Cultural Exchange in American Literature, 1682-1861 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1997).
286. Kathryn Zabelle Derounian, "The Publication, Promotion and Distribution of Mary Rowlandson's Indian Captivity Narrative in the Seventeenth Century," Early American Literature 23 (1988), 239-261.
287. "Praying Indian" who probably set type for both John Eliot's Indian Library and Mary Rowlandson's Narrative (Lepore, Name of War, pp. 137-159).
288. Plutarch, "Life of Demosthenes," "Life of Phocion," translation by Ian Scott-Kilvert in The Age of Alexander (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973).
289. John Easton, "A Relacion of the Indian Warre," in Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars, pp. 9, 11.
290. Benjamin Tompson, "New England's Crisis," in Tompson: Colonial Bard, ed. White, p. 84.
291. Hubbard, Present State of New-England, p. 103.
292. Hannah Adams, A Summary History of New-England (Dedham: H.Mann and J. H. Adams, 1799), p. 127.
293. Washington Irving, "Philip of Pokanoket," in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, ed. Haskell Springer (Boston: Twayne, 1978), p. 235.
294. Lydia Maria Child, The First Settlers ofNew England or, Conquest of the Pequods, Narragansetts & Pokanokets (Boston: Munroe & Francis, 1829), p. vi.
295. Deborah Pickman Clifford, Crusader for Freedom: A Life of Lydia Maria Child (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991).
296. Carolyn L. Karcher, The First Woman of the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
297. On our own Ground: The Complete Writings of William Apess, A Pequot (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992).
298. Revd.William Apes, Eulogy on King Philip as Pronounced at theOdeon (Boston: published by the author, 1836), pp. 6, 5.
299. O'Connell's "Introduction" to On our own Ground, p. xiv, n. 2.
300. Dee Brown, "Introduction" to Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1970), p. xvi.
301. Apess, Eulogy on King Philip, pp. 49, 30, 16.
302. Edward Everett, "Oration at Bloody Brook, September 30, 1835," in Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions (Boston: American Stationers Co., 1836), pp. 611, 595.
303. Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1959, 1979), chapter 7.
304. Nathaniel Byfield "An Account of the Late Revolution in New-England" (1689), in Narratives of the Insurrections, ed. Charles M. Andrews (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915), p. 178.
305. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, ed. K. B. Murdock with E. W. Miller (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 294.
306. Samuel Sewall and Edward Rawson, "The Revolution in New England Justified" (1691), in The Andros Tracts, ed.W. H. Whitmore (Boston: Prince Society, 1868), i, 87.
307. "By the Governour and General Court of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay inNew-England," printed at the end of Cotton Mather's The Present State of New England (Boston: Samuel Green, 1690), pp. 47-52.
308. Narratives of the Insurrections, ed. Andrews, p. 292.
309. The Wall and the Garden: Selected Massachusetts Election Sermons 1670-1775, ed. A. W. Plumstead (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968), pp. 130-131.
310. Cotton Mather, The Present State of New England (Boston: Samuel Green, 1690).
311. Richard L. Bushman, King and People in Provincial Massachusetts, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), especially chapter 1. The Provincial Chapter, approved in England in 1691, did not take effect in New England until 1692.
312. John Gorham Palfrey, The History of New England (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1859), iii, 598.
313. Increase Mather, Several of the Agents of New-England, p. 283.
314. Stephen Carl Arch Authorizing the Past: The Rhetoric ofHistory in Seventeenth- Century New England (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1994).
315. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, p. 288.
316. George Allan Cook, John Wise: Early American Democrat (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952), p. 48.
317. Samuell Sewall and Edward Rawson, "The Revolution in New England Justified" (1691), in Andros Tracts, i, 85.
318. Samuel Cooke, "A Sermon Preached at Cambridge in the Audience of His Honor Thomas Hutchinson" (1770), in The Wall and the Garden, ed. A. W. Plumstead (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968), p. 326.
319. Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay, ed. Lawrence Shaw Mayo (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936), i, 305.
320. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Edward Randolph's Portrait," in Twice-Told Tales, ed. Crowley, ix, 257, 262.
321. Hutchinson, History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, iii, 146-162 and iii, 221-225.
322. Gustav Niebuhr, "Witches Cast as theNeo-Pagans Next Door," New York Times, October 31, 1999.
323. Bernard D. Rosenthal's Salem Story: Reading theWitch Trials of 1692 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 204-28.
324. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692 (New York: Knopf, 2002).
325. Salem Possessed: The Social Origins ofWitchcraft (Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1974).
326. Russell Bourne The Red King's Rebellion Racial Politics in New England, 1675-1678 (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1990).
327. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, The Salem Witchcraft Papers (New York: Da Capo, 1977), i, 248.
328. Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases 1648-1706, ed. George Lincoln Burr (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons).
329. John Putnam Demos, Entertaining Satan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 93-94.
330. Carol F. Karlsen The Devil in the Shape of aWoman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York: Random House, 1987), pp. 39- 40, 51, 65-66, 116-118.
331. Samuel G.Drake, The Witchcraft Delusion in New England (Roxbury, Mass.: W. Elliot Woodward, 1866).
332. CharlesW. Upham, Salem Witchcraft (Boston:Wiggin&Lunt, 1867).
333. James F. Kences, "Some Unexplored Relationships of Essex County Witchcraft to the Indian Wars of 1675 and 1689," Essex Institute Historical Collections, 120 (1984), 179-212.
334. Cotton Mather's Decennium Luctuosum (1699).
335. Jeremy Belknap's The History of New-Hampshire (1812).
336. William D. Williamson's History of the State of Maine (1832).
337. Francis Parkman's Comte Frontenac and New France (1877).
338. Charles E. Clark's The Eastern Frontier: The Settlement ofNorthern New England: 1610-1763 (1970).
339. William Stoughton, "New-Englands True Interest not to Lie," election day sermon preached April 29, 1668 (Cambridge, Mass.: Samuel Greene, 1670), p. 20.
340. Chadwick Hansen, "The Metamorphosis of Tituba, or Why American Intellectuals Can't Tell an Indian Witch from a Negro," New England Quarterly, 47 (March 1974), 3-12.
341. "The Salem Witch from Barbados: In Search of Tituba's Roots," Essex Institute Historical Collections, 128 (1992), 217-238.
342. Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 9.
343. Salem Witchcraft Papers, iii, 745.
344. Selected Letters of Cotton Mather, ed. Kenneth Silverman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), p. 38.
345. Salem Witchcraft Papers, ii, 611, 610.
346. Salem Witchcraft Papers, ii, 405.
347. "Ergotism: The Satan Loosed in Salem?," Science, 192 (April 1976), 21-26.
348. Norton, in the Devil's Snare, pp. 122-123, 130.
349. Salem Witchcraft Papers, i, 164.
350. John Emerson, "A Faithful Account of manyWonderful and Surprising Things which happened in the Town of Glocester, in the Year 1692" (1693).
351. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1861), iii, 85.
352. Riding the Nightmare: Women and Witchcraft from the Old World to Colonial Salem (New York: Harper Collins, 1978), pp. 125, 200.
353. David Levin, in Defense of Historical Literature (New York: Hill &Wang, 1967).
354. Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) (London: John Russell Smith, 1862), p. 4.
355. Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum, p. 242.
356. Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860 (Middletown, Conn.:Wesleyan University Press, 1973), pp. 117-128.
357. Cotton Mather, "A Brand Plucked out of the Burning," in Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, ed. Burr, p. 261.
358. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), p. 191.
359. Circular letter of Thomas Brattle dated October 8, 1692 in Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, ed. Burr, p. 169.
360. Daniel Neal, The History of New England (London: J. Clark, 1720), ii, 497.
361. Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay (1767).
362. Bancroft, History of the United States, iii, 97.
363. Stephen Krensky's Witch Hunt: It Happened in Salem Village.
364. John Gorham Palfrey, History of New England (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1877), iii, 131.
365. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Whole History ofGrandfather's Chair, inTrue Stories from History and Biography, Centenary Edition, ed. William Charvat, Roy Harvey Pearce, and Claude L. Simpson (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1972), vi, 77.
366. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Alice Doane's Appeal," in The Snow-Image and Uncollected Tales, ed. J. D. Crowley, Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), xi, 278.
367. Herman Melville, "Hawthorne and his Mosses," Herman Melville: Representative Selections, ed. Willard Thorp (New York: American Book Co., 1938), p. 339.
368. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Young Goodman Brown" inMosses fromanOld Manse, Centenary Edition, ed. W. Charvat, R. H. Pearce, C. M. Simpson, J. D. Crowley (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), x, 74.
369. I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, translated by Richard Philcox, foreword by Angela Y. Davis, afterword by Ann Armstrong Scarboro (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), p. 202.
370. I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, p. 71.
371. Armstrong Scarboro, I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, pp. 200-201.
372. Josiah Quincy, Jr., Observations on the Act of Parliament Commonly Called the Boston Port-Bill (Philadelphia: John Sparhawk, 1774), pp. 52, 56, 58, 60.
373. The Suffolk Resolves, broadside, September 6, 1774.
374. Joseph Galloway, Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American Revolution (London, 1780), p. 67.
375. Daniel Webster, "A Discourse Delivered at Plymouth, December 22, 1820" in The Works of Daniel Webster (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1853), i, 33.
376. The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), ii, 522.
377. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 76-77.
378. John C. Miller's Origins of the American Revolution (1943 reprinted Stanford University Press, 1959).
379. Miller states "One of the principal reasons why Massachusetts took a position of leadership in the struggle against Great Britain was that the Bay Colony had achieved a high degree of unity" (63). Edmund Morgan's The Birth of the Republic (1956 3rd edn, University of Chicago Press, 1992).
380. Robert Middlekauff The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789 (1982).
381. John C. Miller, Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1936), p. 343.
382. Adams, Works, x.
383. Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and "The Crisis of Popular Leadership in Revolutionary Massachusetts, 1775-1790," in The Transforming Hand of Revolution, eds. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert (Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press, 1996).
384. The Snare Broken (Boston: R. and S. Draper, 1766), pp. 7, 19, 31.
385. Boston Gazette, October 5, 1772, in The Writings of Samuel Adams, ed. Harry Alonzo Cushing (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), ii, 336.
386. Works of John Adams, ed. Adams, x, 263-264.
387. Peter Shaw, American Patriots and the Rituals of Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 15-18.
388. Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Scepter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962).
389. John Adams, "Governor Winthrop to Governor Bradford," Boston Gazette, February 9, 1767, in Works of John Adams, ed. Adams, iii, 489.
390. Judah Champion, A Brief View of the Distresses… Our Ancestors Encountered in Settling New England (1770), pp. 10, 29-32.
391. Charles Chauncy, Trust ingod (1770), pp. 13, 25.
392. Charles Turner, A Sermon Preached Before His Excellency Governor Hutchinson (1773), p. 42.
393. Gad Hitchcock, A Sermon Preached Before His Excellency Thomas Gage (1774), pp. 48-51.
394. Nathaniel Niles, Two Discourses on Liberty (1774), pp. 24, 59, 60.
395. Judah Champion, A Sermon Delivered Before the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut (1776), pp. 16, 17, 28, 31.
396. Samuel West, A Sermon Preached Before theHonorable Council… of the Colony ofMassachusetts- Bay (1776), pp. 51, 56, 57, 67.
397. Sylvanus Conant, An Anniversary Sermon Preached at Plymouth, December 23, 1776 (1777), p. 22.
398. Harry Stout, The New England Soul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), chapters 13-14.
399. John C.Miller, Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda (Boston: Little, Brown, &Co., 1936), p. 294.
400. Joseph Warren, An Oration Delivered March 5, 1772 Commemorating the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770 (Boston: Edes & Gill, 1772), pp. 16.
401. "The body of the people became identified with the orator's body, their voice with his voice." Eloquence is Power: Oratory and Performance in Early America (Chapel Hill:University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2000), pp. 199, 187.
402. Charles Turner, A Sermon Preached Before His Excellency Governor Hutchinson (Boston: Richard Draper, 1773), pp. 6, 16, 31.
403. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1867), vi, 431-441.
404. Charles W. Akers, The Divine Politician: Samuel Cooper and the American Revolution in Boston (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1982).
405. Paul Staits, "Accounting for Copley," in John Singleton Copley in America (New York: Harry N. Abrams for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995), pp. 43- 45, 275-278.
406. "Valerius Poplicola," Boston Gazette, October 5, 1772, in Writings of Samuel Adams, ed. Cushing, ii, 336.
407. Writings of Samuel Adams, ed. Cushing, ii, 372.
408. John Adams, "A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law"(1765), in The Political Writings of John Adams, ed. George A. Peek, Jr. (Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill, 1954), pp. 4-5.
409. Richard L. Bushman, King and People in Provincial Massachusetts, 2nd edn (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), pp. 176-210.
410. Maier, From Resistance to Revolution, pp. 22-26.
411. John Adams, Autobiography, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, eds L. H. Butterfield,W. D. Garrett, and M. Friedlaender (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966), iii, 311.
412. Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay (1767).
413. Peter Oliver The Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion (completed 1781 but unpublished in Oliver's lifetime), ed. Douglass Adair and John A. Schutz (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961), p. 84.
414. Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, ed. Lester H. Cohen (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1988), i, 60, 59.
415. Mercy Otis Warren, The Adulateur: A Tragedy (Boston: New Printing Office, 1773), pp. 5-6.
416. The Revolutionary Histories (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), pp. 63-65ff.
417. Lydia Maria Child, The Rebels or, Boston Before the Revolution (Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, & Co., 1825), p. 57.
418. Catharine Maria Sedgwick, The Linwoods or, Sixty Years Since in America (New York: Harper & Bros., 1835), i, 42.
419. James Fenimore Cooper, Lionel Lincoln or, The Leaguer of Boston, ed. A.Donald and Lucy B. Ringe (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984), p. 53.
420. "John Adams," in Hawthorne as Editor, ed. Arlin Turner (1941 rpt. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1972), p. 43.
421. "The Fiction of the Real American Revolution," in Lewis Simpson, The Brazen Face of History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), pp. 47-65.
422. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Edward Randolph's Portrait," in Twice-Told Tales, ed. J. D. Crowley, Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), ix, 265.
423. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Old News," in The Snow-Image and Uncollected Tales, ed. J. D. Crowley (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), xi, 153.
424. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Grandfather's Chair, in True Stories from History and Biography, ed. R. H. Pearce, Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1972), vi, 5.
425. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "My Kinsman, Major Molineux," in Snow-Image, xi, 229.
426. Russell B. Nye, George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel (New York: Knopf, 1944).
427. Lilian Handlin, George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), chapters 7 and 8.
428. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1868), iv, 12, 13. The fourth volume was first published in 1852.
429. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1869), v, 194. The fifth volume was first published in 1852.
430. Bancroft, History of the United States, vi, 408.
431. Richard Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown,&Co., 1865), pp. 355, 483.
432. Akers, Divine Politician, pp. 185-186.
433. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1869), vii, 287.
434. David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 321.
435. Ruth R. Wheeler, Concord: Climate for Freedom (Concord: Concord Antiquarian Society, 1967), p. 129.
436. Robert Gross, "Commemorating Concord: The Story of How a New England Town Invented Itself," Common-Place, 4.1 (October 2003), http://www.common-place.org/.
437. Henry James, The American Scene, ed. Leon Edel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968), p. 260.
438. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Historical Discourse at Concord" (1835), in The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. E. E. Emerson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), xi, 75.
439. Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), ed. Isaac Kramnick (New York: Viking Penguin, 1982), p. 82.
440. Mercy Otis Warren,History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution (1805), ed. Lester H. Cohen (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1988), i, 103.
441. Edward Everett, An Oration Delivered at Concord, April the 19th 1825 (Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, & Co., 1825), p. 35.
442. George Bancroft, History of the United States, 9th edn (Boston: Little, Brown, &Co., 1869), vii, 291. The seventh volume was first published in 1858.
443. Lester H. Cohen, The Revolutionary Histories: Contemporary Narratives of the American Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), p. 52.
444. Dorothy M. Ross, "Historical Consciousness in Nineteenth-Century America," American Historical Review, 89 (1984), 904- 928.
445. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Rites of Assent (New York and London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 168-193.
446. "The American Enlightenment, 1750-1820," in The Cambridge History of American Literature, ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 368-389.
447. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Concord Hymn" (1837), in Complete Works of Emerson, ed. Emerson, ix, 158.
448. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Historical Discourse at Concord" (1835), in Complete Works of Emerson, xi, 75.
449. Robert A. Gross, The Minutemen and their World (New York: Hill & Wang, 1976), p. 107.
450. George Dekker and John P. McWilliams, ed., James Fenimore Cooper: The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 244.
451. Arthur B. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord: The Beginning of the War of the American Revolution (New York: Norton, 1959), p. 131.
452. Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride, pp. 188-192.
453. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 164.
454. Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride, pp. 209, 212.
455. "The Declaration of Independence," in The Portable Thomas Jefferson, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (New York: Viking Penguin, 1977), p. 235.
456. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Old Manse," inMosses from an Old Manse, ed.W. Charvat, R. H. Pearce, C. M. Simpson, and J. D. Crowley, Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), x, 10.
457. Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride, p. 406, n. 49.
458. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Septimius Felton, in The Elixir of Life Manuscripts, ed. E. H. Davidson, C. M. Simpson, and L. N. Smith, Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977), xiii, 16.
459. Sarah J. Hale, "The Soldier of the Revolution," in Sketches of American Character (Boston: Putnam & Hunt, 1829), p. 49.
460. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, "Paul Revere's Ride," in Tales of a Wayside Inn: The Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1886), iv, 25.
461. Jonas Clarke, "Narrative of the Events of April 19" appended to The Fate of Blood-Thirsty Oppressors (Boston: Powars & Willis, 1776), p. 2.
462. "General Gage had commenced hostilities, so that retaliation appeared more than warrantable, even an act of self-defense." The History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America (New York: Hodge, Allen, & Campbell, 1789), i, 344.
463. Allen Narrative compiled by John Pell in Ethan Allen (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1929), pp. 276-277.
464. Michael A. Bellesiles, Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993).
465. John McWilliams, "The Faces of Ethan Allen," New England Quarterly 49 (1976), 257-282.
466. Ethan Allen, A Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity, ed. Stephen Carl Arch (Acton, Mass.: Copley Publishing, 2000), p. 5.
467. Robert Ferguson, "The American Enlightenment," in Cambridge History of American Literature, ed. S. Bercovitch, p. 348.
468. History of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1867), vi, 432-433.
469. Charles Jellison, Ethan Allen: Frontier Rebel (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), p. 118.
470. William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress and Establishment of the Independence of theUnited States of America (New York:Hodge, Allen,&Campbell, 1789), i, 346.
471. David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution (Dublin: William Jones, 1795 originally published 1789).
472. Samuel Williams, The Natural and Civil History of Vermont (Burlington: Samuel Mills, 1809 originally published 1794), ii, 37-38.
473. Ira Allen, The Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont (London: J. W. Myers, 1798).
474. Bancroft,History of the United States, vii, 340.
475. Zadock Thompson, History of Vermont (Burlington: Chauncey Goodrich, 1842), p. 34.
476. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Old Ticonderoga," in The Snow-Image and Uncollected Tales, ed. J. D. Crowley, Centenary Edition (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974), xi, 190.
477. Kenneth Davies, "In the Name of the Great Jehovah," American Heritage, 14 (1963), 74.
478. Bellesisles, Revolutionary Outlaws, p. 118.
479. Willard Sterne Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor (New York: Morrow, 1990), p. 96.
480. "putatively offered his famous reply." Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Warrior (New York: New York University Press, 1997), p. 71.
481. Henry Hall, Ethan Allen: The Robin Hood of Vermont (New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1892).
482. Eliza Pollard, The Green Mountain Boys (New York: Dodd,Mead, 1895).
483. John De Morgan, The Hero of Ticonderoga (Philadelphia: D. McKay, 1896). 38.
484. Herman Melville, Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile, ed. Harrison Hayford, Hershel Parker, and G. Thomas Tanselle (Evanston: Northwestern University Press and the Newberry Library, 1982) p. 149.
485. Herman Melville, "Hawthorne and his Mosses," in Herman Melville: Representative Selections, ed.Willard Thorp (New York: American Book Co., 1938), p. 339.
486. Bellesiles, Revolutionary Outlaws, p. 370.
487. Howard Frank Mosher, Where the Rivers Flow North (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978), pp. 108, 140.
488. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Old Ticonderoga," in The Snow-Image andUncollected Tales, ed. Crowley, xi, 186, 187.
489. Documents of the American Revolution 1770-1783: Colonial Office Series, ed. K. G. Davies (Dublin: Irish University Press, 1975), ix, 144-147.
490. The Wall and the Garden: Selected Massachusetts Election Sermons, 1670-1775, ed. A. William Plumstead (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968), p. 367.
491. Richard M. Kechum,Decisive Day The Battle forBunker Hill (New York:Doubleday, 1974).
492. Victor Brooks, The Boston Campaign (Conshohocken, Penn.: Combined Publishing, 1999).
493. David Humphrey An Essay on the Life of the Honourable Major-General Israel Putnam (1788).
494. Warren, "An Oration Delivered March 6, 1775… to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770" (Boston: Edes&Gill, 1775), p. 21.
495. Bancroft, History of the United States, vii, 435.
496. "History of theBunker Hill Monument," in Siege of Boston, pp. 337-359.
497. Robert Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and his Time (New York: Norton, 1997), pp. 347-52.
498. E. P. Whipple, The Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1880), pp. 136-137.
499. Daniel Webster, "An Address Delivered at the Laying of the Corner Stone of the Bunker Hill Monument" (Boston:Cummings,Hilliard,&Co., 1825), p. 4.
500. Daniel Webster, "An Address Delivered on Bunker Hill, on the 17th of June, 1843 on Occasion of the Completion of the Bunker Hill Monument," Great Speeches and Orations of Webster, ed. Whipple, p. 140.
501. Bancroft, History of the United States, vii, 421.
502. Deborah Pickman Clifford, Crusader for Freedom: A Life of Lydia Maria Child (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992).
503. Henry Steele Commager, Theodore Parker, Yankee Crusader (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1936).
504. Dean Grodzins, American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
505. Carolyn L. Karcher, First Woman of the Republic: A Biography of Lydia Maria Child (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998).
506. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998).
507. James Brewer Stewart, Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986).
508. Lydia Maria Child, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans (1833), ed. Carolyn L. Karcher (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), p. 30.
509. Catharine Beecher, An Essay on Slavery and Abolition with Reference to the Duty of American Females (Philadelphia and Boston: Henry Perkins, 1837), p. 127.
510. Lewis P. Simpson, Mind and the American Civil War: A Meditation on Lost Causes (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), pp. 33, 35.
511. James H. Banner, To the Hartford Convention (New York: Knopf, 1970), p. 108.
512. Wendell Phillips, "Public Opinion" (1852), in Speeches, Lectures and Letters by Wendell Phillips (Boston: James Redpath, 1863), p. 51.
513. William Lloyd Garrison, Thoughts on African Colonization (1832), facsimile reprint (New York: Arno Press, 1968), p. 16.
514. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Antislavery Speech atDedham, 4 July 1846," in Emerson's Antislavery Writings, ed. Len Gougeon and Joel Myerson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 41.
515. David Donald, "Toward a Reconsideration of Abolitionists," in Lincoln Reconsidered (New York: Knopf, 1959), pp. 35, 36.
516. Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution (New York: Random House, 1955), chapter 9 and p. 67.
517. Samuel J. May, Some Recollections of our Antislavery Conflict (Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co., 1869), p. 17.
518. John Greenleaf Whittier, Justice and Expediency or, Slavery Considered with a View to its Rightful and Effectual Remedy, Abolition (1833), in The Abolitionists, ed. Louis Ruchames (New York: Capricorn Books, 1964), p. 54.
519. Wendell Phillips, "Philosophy of the Abolition Movement" (1853) in Speeches, Lectures and Letters, p. 108.
520. Stewart's Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero, pp. 191-192.
521. Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England 1780-1860 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), pp. 1-10.
522. Patricia Bradley, Slavery, Propaganda, and the American Revolution (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998).
523. Henry Adams, John Randolph (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1882) pp. 281, 282.
524. Russell Kirk, John Randolph of Roanoke: A Study in American Politics, 4th edn (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1997), pp. 102, 156-189.
525. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Address to the Citizens of Concord on the Fugitive Slave Law, 3 May 1851," in Emerson's Antislavery Writings, ed. Gougeon and Myerson, p. 64.
526. Samuel Hopkins, A Dialogue Concerning the Slavery of the Africans (Norwich: Judah P. Spooner, 1776), p. 6.
527. Samuel Hopkins, A Discourse Upon the Slave Trade and the Slavery of Africans (Providence: J. Carter, 1793), appendix, n.p.
528. William Lloyd Garrison, "Address to the American Colonization Society," July 4, 1829, printed in William Lloyd Garrison: The Story of his Life Told by his Children (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1894), i, 136, 134.
529. Child, An Appeal, ed. Karcher, p. 187.
530. Robert C. Albrecht, Theodore Parker (New York: Twayne, 1971).
531. Henry Steele Commager, Theodore Parker (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1936).
532. John Weiss, Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1864), 2 vols.
533. Dean Grodzins, American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
534. Theodore Parker, "Theodore Parker's Experience as a Minister" (1859), in Weiss, Life and Correspondence, ii, 493.
535. Grodzins, American eretic, p. 415.
536. Millard Fillmore, Weiss, Life and Correspondence, ii, 100.
537. Theodore Parker, "A Sermon on Merchants," delivered in the Melodeon, November 22, 1846, in Collected Works of Theodore Parker (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1910), v, 10, 11, 22, 29.
538. Theodore Parker, "A Sermon on War," delivered in the Melodeon, June 7, 1846, in Collected Works, ix, 318.
539. Theodore Parker, "Discourse onWebster," delivered in theMelodeon,October 31, 1852, in Collected Works, vii, 337.
540. Life and Correspondence, ii, 130.
541. Thomas H. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968), pp. 32-33.
542. Theodore Parker, "Spiritual Conditions," delivered in the Melodeon, February 18, 1849, in Collected Works, v, 299.
543. Theodore Parker, "The Slave Power," address to theNew England Anti-Slavery Association, Boston, May 29, 1850, in Collected Works, xi, 281.
544. Theodore Parker, "The Mexican War," delivered in Faneuil Hall, February 4 1847, in Collected Works, xi, pp. 20, 26, 28, 29, 31.
545. Parker, "Slave Power," in Collected Works, xi, 268.
546. John Greenleaf Whittier, "The Prophecy of Samuel Sewall," in The Complete Poetical Works of Whittier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1894), pp. 67-69.
547. Emerson, "Antislavery Speech atDedham, 4 July 1846," in Emerson's Antislavery Writings, ed. Gougeon and Myerson, p. 44.
548. Garrison, "Triumph of Mobocracy in Boston," Liberator, November 7, 1835, in Selections from The Liberator, pp. 374, 380, 381.
549. Wendell Phillips, "The Murder of Lovejoy," in Speeches, Lectures and Letters, p. 3.
550. James Russell Lowell, "The French Revolution of 1848," essay of April 1848 published in the National Anti-Slavery Standard, The Anti-Slavery Papers of James Russell Lowell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1902), i, 47-48.
551. James Russell Lowell, "Daniel Webster," July 1846, in Anti-Slavery Papers of Lowell, i, 43.
552. Theodore Parker, "A Letter on Slavery,"December 22, 1847, in Collected Works, xi, 109.
553. James Russell Lowell, The Biglow Papers [First Series] A Critical Edition, ed. Thomas Wortham (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977), 51.
554. Lawrence Lader, The Bold Brahmins: New England's War Against Slavery, 1831-1863 (New York: Dutton, 1961), pp. 173-180.
555. David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1960), pp. 197.
556. Thoreau, "Slavery in Massachusetts," p. 132.
557. Wendell Phillips, "Sims Anniversary," delivered in the Melodeon, April 12, 1852, in Speeches, Lectures and Letters, p. 73.
558. Wendell Phillips, "Surrender of Sims," delivered in Faneuil Hall, January 30, 1852, in Speeches, Lectures and Letters, p. 71.
559. Theodore Parker, "The Boston Kidnapping," delivered in the Melodeon, April 12, 1852, in Collected Works, xi, 322.
560. Lader, Bold Brahmins, p. 200.
561. Garrison, "The Tragedy at Harper's Ferry," Liberator, October 28, 1859.
562. Cain, Garrison and the Fight against Slavery, pp. 154, 168.
563. Wendell Phillips,"Harper's Ferry," speech inBrooklyn,New York,November 1, 1859, inSpeeches, Lectures and Letters, p. 291.
564. Emerson, "John Brown," delivered January 6, 1860 in Salem, Massachusetts, in Emerson's Antislavery Writings, ed. Gougeon and Myerson, p. 122.
565. James Redpath, The Public Life of Captain John Brown (1860) (Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), pp. 7, 10.
566. Thoreau, "A Plea for Captain John Brown," delivered in Concord Town Hall, October 30, 1859, in Thoreau, Major Essays, ed. Duncan, p. 148.
567. Thoreau, "The Last Days of John Brown" (1860), in Thoreau, Major Essays, ed. Duncan, p. 172.
568. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Chiefly aboutWar Matters," in The Complete Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, ed.George P. Lathrop (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1883), xii, 327.
569. Stephen B. Oates, To Purge this Land with Blood (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).
570. George Bancroft, History of the United States of America, 9th edn (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1841), i, 159, 171.
571. North American Review, 39 (1834), 433, 435.
572. Drew Gilpin Faust, ed., The Pro-Slavery Argument (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1981).
573. Bancroft, "Slavery in Rome," 424.
574. Bancroft, Literary andHistorical Miscellanies (New York:Harper, 1855), pp. 437, 515.
575. Russell B. Nye, George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel (New York: Knopf, 1944), pp. 176-177.
576. George Bancroft: The Intellectual asDemocrat (New York:Harper & Row, 1984), p. 270.
577. Garrison, Liberator, June 14, 1844.
578. James Russell Lowell, "Texas" (1845), in Anti-Slavery Papers of Lowell, i, 9.
579. Nye, Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel, p. 153.
580. Theodore Parker, "The Chief Sins of the People," delivered in the Melodeon, April 10, 1851, in Collected Works, x, 28.
581. George Bancroft, Memorial Address on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1866), p. 3.
582. John Seeley, Memory's Nation: The Place of Plymouth Rock (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 2.
583. Picturing Old New England: Image and Memory (Yale University Press, 1999).
584. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982).
585. Joseph Conforti Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
586. Dona Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in theNineteenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1995), especially chapters 2 and 3.
587. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1885) in The Complete Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Fireside Edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909), viii, 53, 20.
588. James Russell Lowell, "New England Two Centuries Ago" (1865), in Among my Books (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), ii, 3.
589. Josephine Donovan New England Local Color Literature: AWoman's Tradition (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983).
590. "New England as Region and Nation," in All Over the Map: Rethinking American Regions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 59.
591. History of the United States, North American Review, 40 (1835), 99.
592. Bancroft History, North American Review, 52 (1841), 75-103.
593. Bancroft History, North American Review, 120 (1875), 434.
594. Edith Wharton, Summer, with introduction by Cynthia Griffin Wolff (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), p. 37.
595. Joseph A. Conforti, Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), chapters 1, 2, 4, 5.
596. Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Minister's Wooing, ed. Susan K. Harris (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999), p. 54.
597. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Oldtown Folks, ed. Henry F. May (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966), pp. 49, 71.
598. Oliver Wendell Holmes, "Jonathan Edwards," in Pages from an Old Volume of Life: A Collection of Essays 1857-1881 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892), vii, 368.
599. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892), i, 608.
600. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1907, 1918), ed. Ernest Samuels (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 7, 33.
601. Henry Adams,History of theUnited States of America During the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909), i, 19.
602. Brooks Adams, The Emancipation ofMassachusetts: The Dream and The Reality, with introduction by Perry Miller (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), p. 348.