Deficit irrigation and sustainable water-resource strategies in agriculture for China's food security

Journal of Experimental Botany

Volumn 66, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 2253-2269

  Du, Taisheng ^a   Kang, Shaozhong ^a   Zhang, Jianhua ^b   Davies, William J ^c  

^a CHINA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Crop production; deficit irrigation; food security; physiological response; water sustainability; water saving agriculture

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; CATERING SERVICE; CHINA; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; IRRIGATION (AGRICULTURE); WATER SUPPLY;

AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION; AGRICULTURE; CHINA; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; FOOD SUPPLY; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 84929660948     PISSN: 00220957     EISSN: 14602431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv034     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Aragüés R, Medina ET, Martínez-Cob A, Faci J. 2014. Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on soil salinization and sodification in a semiarid dripirrigated peach orchard. Agricultural Water Management 142, 1-9.
2. Beer C, Ciais P, Reichstein M, et al. 2009. Temporal and among-site variability of inherent water use efficiency at the ecosystem level. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23, GB2018.
3. Bi YY, Gao DS, Wang XY, Li XL. 2005. Influences of partial root zone irrigation on the growth and development, yield, and quality of nectarine in greenhouse. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 13, 88-90 (in Chinese with English abstract).
4. Biswas AK. 2008. Integrated water resources management: is it working? Water Resources Development 24, 5-22.
5. Blackman PG, Davies WJ. 1985. Root to shoot communication in maize plants of the effect of soil drying. Journal of Experimental Botany 36, 39-48.
6. Blum A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive? Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1159-1168.
7. Blum A. 2009. Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress. Field Crops Research 112, 119-123.
8. Boland AM, Mitchell PD, Jerie PH, Goodwin I. 1993. Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on tree water use and growth of peach. Journal of Horticulture Science 68, 261-274.
9. Bradford KJ, Hsiao TC. 1982. Physiological responses to moderate water stress. In: Lange OD, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H, eds. Encyclopedia of plant physiology , vol. 12. Berlin: Springer, 263-324.
10. Cao CL, Dong LL, Song XD, Si LJ, Bai WB. 2011. Effect on spring sorghum photosynthesis and water use of alternate furrow irrigation. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 27, 96-100 (in Chinese with English abstract).
11. Cao Q, Wang SZ, Gao LH, Ren HZ, Chen QY, Zhao JW, Wang Q, Sui XL, Zhang ZX. 2010. Effects of alternative furrow irrigation on growth and water use efficiency of cucumber in solar greenhouse. Transactions of the CSAE 26, 47-53 (in Chinese with English abstract).
12. Chai Q, Yang CH, Huang GB. 2011. Water use characteristics of alternately irrigated wheat-maize intercropping in oasis region of northwestern China. Acta Agronomica Sinica 37, 1623-1630.
13. Chalmers, DJ, Mitchell PD, van Heek L. 1981. Control of peach tree growth and productivity by regulated water supply, tree density and summer pruning. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 106, 307-12.
14. Chang LF, Zou ZR. 2007. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the growth, yield and quality of greenhouse cucumber. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science 35, 7142-7144 (in Chinese with English abstract).
15. Chen JL, Kang SZ, Du TS, Qiu RJ, Guo P, Chen RQ. 2013. Quantitative response of greenhouse tomato yield and quality to water deficit at different growth stages. Agricultural Water Management 129, 152-162.
16. Cheng FH, Chen JY, Zhao ZJ, Zhang JY. 2008. Effects of irrigation on yields, quality and water use efficiency of apple. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science 36, 11298-11300 (in Chinese with English abstract).
17. Cheng FH, Li SH, Meng ZQ. 2003. Study on the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the vegetative growth, cropping and fruit quality of Yali pear variety. Journal of Fruit Science 18, 72-77 (in Chinese with English abstract).
18. Christmann A, Weiler E W, Steudle E, Grill E. 2007. A hydraulic signal in root-to-shoot signalling of water shortage. The Plant Journal 52, 167-174.
19. Cornic G. 1994. Drought stress and high light effects on leaf photosynthesis. In: Baker NR, Bowyer JR, eds. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis, from molecular mechanisms to the field . Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers, 297-313.
20. Cowan IR. 1988. Stomata behavior and environment. Advance of Botany Research 4, 117-228.
21. Cui NB, Du TS, Kang SZ, Li FS, Zhang JH, Wang MX, Li ZJ. 2008. Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees. Agricultural Water Management 95, 489-497.
22. Cui NB, Du TS, Li FS, Tong L, Kang SZ, Wang MX, Liu XZ, Li ZJ. 2009. Response of vegetative growth and fruit development to regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages of pear-jujube tree. Agricultural Water Management 96, 1237-1246.
23. Davies WJ, Bacon MA, Thompson DS. 2000. Regulation of leaf and fruit growth in plants growing in drying soil: exploitation of the plants' chemical signalling system and hydraulic architecture to increase the efficiency of water use in agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 1617-1626.
24. Davies WJ, Sally W, Loveys BR. 2002. Stomatal control by chemical signaling and the exploitation of this mechanism to increase water use efficiency in agriculture. New Phytologist 153, 449-460.
25. Davies WJ, Zhang JH, Yang JC, Dodd IC. 2011. Novel crop science to improve yield and resource use efficiency in water-limited agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science 149, 123-131.
26. Davies WJ, Zhang JH. 1991. Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 42, 55-76.
27. Ding L, Cheng ZY, Guo SN, Zhang R, Huang CX. 2007. Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on water use efficiency and yield of broad bean. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University 42, 123-126 (in Chinese with English abstract).
28. Dodd IC. 2007. Soil moisture heterogeneity during deficit irrigation alters root-to-shoot signalling of abscisic acid. Functional Plant Biology 34, 439-448.
29. Dodd IC. 2009. Rhizosphere manipulations to maximize 'crop per drop' during deficit irrigation. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 2454-2459.
30. Dodd IC. 2013. Abscisic acid and stomatal closure: a hydraulic conductance conundrum? New Phytologist 197, 6-8.
31. Dodd IC, Davies WJ, Belimov AA, Safronova VI. 2008a. Manipulation of soil: plant signalling networks to limit water use and sustain plant productivity during deficit irrigation-a review. Acta Horticulturae 792, 233-239.
32. Dodd IC, Gregorio E, Davies WJ. 2008b. Accounting for sap flow from different parts of the root system improves the prediction of xylem ABA concentration in plants grown with heterogeneous soil moisture. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 4083-4093.
33. Dry, PR, Loveys BR. 1998. Factors influencing grapevine vigour and the potential for control with partial root-zone drying. Austalian Journal of Grape Wine Research 4, 140-148.
34. Du SN, Bai GS, Liang YL. 2010a. Effects of irrigation methods on cucumber growth, yield and water use efficiency. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture & Life Sciences) 36, 433-439 (in Chinese with English abstract).
35. Du SN, Liang YL, Zhai S, Xu FL, Chen ZJ, Chen ZH. 2005. Effect of irrigation style on eggplant growth. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 21, 430-432 (in Chinese with English abstract).
36. Du TS, Kang SZ, Sun JS, Zhang XY, Zhang JH. 2010b. An improved water use efficiency of cereals under temporal and spatial deficit irrigation in north China. Agricultural Water Management 97, 66-74.
37. Du TS, Kang SZ, Yan BY, Zhang JH. 2013. Alternate furrow irrigation: a practical way to improve grape quality and water use efficiency in arid Northwest China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 12, 509-519.
38. Du TS, Kang SZ, Zhang JH, Li FS, Yan BY. 2008. Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 95, 659-668.
39. Du TS, Kang SZ, Zhang JH. 2007. Response of cotton growth and water use to different partial root zone irrigation. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 40, 2546-2555 (in Chinese with English abstract).
40. Du TS, Kang SZ, Zhang XY, Zhang JH. 2014. China's food security is threatened by the unsustainable use of water resources in North and Northwest China. Food and Energy Security 3, 7-18.
41. Fang YL, Sun W, Wan L, Xi ZM, Liu X, Zhang ZW. 2013. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on wine grape growth and fruit quality. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 46, 2730-2738 (in Chinese with English abstract).
42. FAO. 2002. The State of Food Insecurity in the World. When people must live with hunger and fear starvation . Rome: FAO.
43. FAO. 2007. Climate change and food security: a framework document . Rome: FAO.
44. FAO. 2012. Statistical Yearbook 2012. World food and agriculture . Rome: FAO.
45. Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick K. 1989. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 503-537.
46. Fereres E, Orgaz F, Gonzalez-Dugo V. 2011. Reflections on food security under water scarcity. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 4079-4086.
47. García LE. 2008. Integrated water resources management, A 'small' step for conceptualists, a giant step for practitioners. Water Resources Development 24, 23-36.
48. Geerts A, Raes D. 2009. Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agricultural Water Management 96, 1275-1284.
49. Ghanem, ME, Albacete A, Smigocki AC, Frebort I, Pospisilova H, Martinez-Andujar C, Acosta M, Sanchez-Bravo J, Lutts S, Dodd IC, Perez-Alfocea F. 2011. Root-synthesized cytokinins improve shoot growth and fruit yield in salinized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 125-140.
50. Ghrab M, Gargouri K, Bentaher H, Chartzoulakis K, Ayadi M, Ben Mimoun M, Moncef M, Ben Mechlia N, Psarras G. 2013. Water relations and yield of olive tree (cv. Chemlali) in response to partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation technique and salinity under arid climate. Agricultural Water Management 123, 1-11.
51. Girona J, Mata M, Goldhamer D, Johnson R, and DeJong T. 1993. Patterns of soil and tree water status and leaf functioning during regulated deficit irrigation scheduling in peach. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 118, 580-586.
52. Gong DZ, Kang SZ, Tong L, Ding RS. 2004. Effects of root divided alternative irrigation on soil moisture distribution and root trunk sap flow dynamics of peach trees. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 35, 112-118 (in Chinese with English abstract).
53. Goodwin I, Jerie P. 1992. Regulated deficit irrigation, from concept to practice. Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 5, 131-133.
54. Gu SL, David Z, Simon G, Greg J. 2000. Effect of partial rootzone drying on vine water relations,vegetative growth,mineral nutrition, yield and fruit quality in field-grown mature sauvignon blanc grapevines. Research Notes, #000702. Fresno, CA: California Agricultural Technology Institute, California State University.
55. Guo HT, Zou ZR, Yang XJ, Zhou HF. 2007. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on physiological indexes, yield, quality and WUE of tomato. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas 25, 133-137 (in Chinese with English abstract).
56. Han ZJ, Yu ZW, Wang D, Wang XZ, Xu ZZ. 2009. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 20, 2671-2677 (in Chinese with English abstract).
57. Hartung W, Slovik S. 1991. Physico-chemical properties of plant growth regulators and plant tissues determine their distribution and redistribution. New Phytologist 119, 361-82.
58. Hsiao IC, Acevedo E, Fereres E, Henderson DW. 1976. Water stress, growth and osmotic adjustment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 273, 479-500.
59. Hsiao TC, Steduto P, Fereres E. 2007. A systematic and quantitative approach to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. Irrigation Science 25, 209-231.
60. Huang XF, Li GY, Wang XW, Zeng DC, Sun NJ. 2001. Water use of micro-sprinkler irrigated apple trees under full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. Transactions of the CSAE 17, 43-47 (in Chinese with English abstract).
61. Huang ZD, Qi XB, Fan XY, Hu C, Zhu DH, Li P, Qiao DM. 2010. Effects of alternate partial root zone subsurface drip irrigation on potato yield and water use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 21, 79-83 (in Chinese with English abstract).
62. Jones HG. 1990. Physiological aspects of the control of water status in horticultural crops. HortScience 25, 19-26.
63. Kaman H, Kirda C, Cetin M, Topcu S. 2006. Salt accumulation in the root zones of tomato and cotton irrigated with partial root-drying technique. Irrigation and Drainage 55, 533-544.
64. Kang SZ, Cai HJ (eds). 2002. Theory and practice of the controlled alternate partial rootzone irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation . Beijing: China Agricultural Press (in Chinese).
65. Kang SZ, Liang ZS, Hu W, Zhang JH. 1998. Water use efficiency of controlled alternate irrigation on root-divided maize plants. Agricultural Water Management 38, 69-76.
66. Kang SZ, Pan YH, Hu XT, Shi PZ, Zhang JH. 2000b. Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas. Irrigation Science 19, 181-190.
67. Kang SZ, Shi WJ, Cao HX, Zhang J. 2002b. Alternate watering in soil vertical profile improved water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays). Field Crops Research 77, 31-41.
68. Kang SZ, Shi WJ, Zhang JH. 2000a. An improved water use efficiency for maize grown under regulated deficit irrigation. Field Crops Research 67, 207-214.
69. Kang SZ, Su XL, Du TS (eds). 2009. Water resource transformation and efficient water-saving pattern in arid Northwest China-a case study in Shiyang River Basin . Beijing, China: Water Resources and Hydro Power Press, 773.
70. Kang SZ, Zhang JH. 2004. Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation, its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 2437-2446.
71. Kang SZ, Zhang L, Hu XT, Li ZJ, Jerie P. 2001. An improved water use efficiency for hot pepper grown under controlled alternate drip irrigation on partial roots. Scientia Horticulturae 89, 257-267.
72. Kang SZ, Zhang L, Liang Y, Cai HJ. 2002a. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management 55, 203-216.
73. Katul GG, Ellsworth DS, Lai C. 2000. Modelling assimilation and intercellular CO2 from measured conductance: a synthesis of approaches. Plant, Cell & Environment 23, 1313-1328.
74. Kirda C, Derici MR, Schepers JS. 2001. Yield response and N-fertiliser recovery of rainfed wheat growing in the Mediterranean region. Field Crops Research 71, 113-122.
75. Kirda C, Kanber R, Tulucu K, Gungor H. 1999. Yield response of cotton, maize, soybean, sugar beet, sunflower and wheat to deficit irrigation. In: Kirda C, Moutonnet P, Hera C, Nielsen DR, eds. Crop yield response to deficit irrigation . Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 21-38.
76. Kirda C, Topcu S, Kaman H, Ulger AC, Yazici A, Cetin M, Derici MR. 2005. Grain yield response and N-fertiliser recovery of maize under deficit irrigation. Field Crops Research 93, 132-141.
77. Lambers H, Chapin IIIF, Pons T. 1998. Plant physiological ecology . Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.
78. Li D, Zhang J. 1994. Effect of upper soil drying on water use efficiency of maize plants (Zea mays). Acta Phytobiologica Sinica 4, 19-25 (in Chinese with English abstract).
79. Li GY, Wang XW, Huang XF, Zhang XM. 2001. Study on water use of drip irrigated peach tree under the conditions of fully irrigated and regulated deficit irrigation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 9, 55-58, 63 (in Chinese with English abstract).
80. Li R, Niu XL, Zhou ZJ, Wang XD, Hu TT. 2013. Effects of water and fertilizers on tomato soluble sugar contents under alternate partial root zone irrigation. Journal of Northwest A&F University 41, 124-132 (in Chinese with English abstract).
81. Li Y, Zhang W, Ma L, Wu L, Shen J, Davies WJ, Oenema O, Zhang F and Dou Z. 2014. An analysis of China's grain production: looking back and looking forward. Food and Energy Security 3, 19-32.
82. Lian CY. 2006. Study on alternative furrow irrigation of spring wheat on raised bed. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology 8, 21-22 (in Chinese with English abstract)..
83. Liang ZS, Kang SZ, Hu W, Zhang J. 1997. Water-saving effects of the controlled alternate partial rootzone irrigation. Transactions of the CSAE 13, 58-63 (in Chinese with English abstract).
84. Liu HG, He XL, Wang YQ, Yang HH. 2010a. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on growing and yield of drip irrigated grape. Journal of Shihezi University (Natural Science) 28, 610-613 (in Chinese with English abstract).
85. Liu SZ, Wei QP, Wang XW, Zhang Q, Liu J, Ding SJ. 2010b. Effects of partial root-zone alternative irrigation with different water volume on growth and water use efficiency in apple trees. Journal of Fruit Science 27, 163-167 (in Chinese with English abstract)..
86. Liu XG, Zhang Y, Zhang FC, Cai HJ, Li ZJ, Yang QL, Yang JR. 2013. Effect of water and nitrogen supply on tomato yield and quality under alternative irrigation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 27, 283-287 (in Chinese with English abstract).
87. Liu XZ, Su Q, Sun HY. 2010c. Effects of different alternate cycling on the growth, yield and quality of apple trees under conditions of alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Acta Ecologica Sinica 30, 4881-4888 (in Chinese with English abstract).
88. Martinez JP, Silva H, Ledent JF, Pinto M. 2007. Effect of drought stress on the osmotic adjustment, cell wall elasticity and cell volume of six cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). European Journal of Agronomy 26, 30-38.
89. Martin-Vertedor AI, Dodd IC. 2011. Root-to-shoot signalling when soil moisture is heterogeneous: increasing the proportion of root biomass in drying soil inhibits leaf growth and increases leaf abscisic acid concentration. Plant, Cell & Environment 34, 1164-1175.
90. McLaughlin JE, Boyer JS. 2004. Sugar-responsive gene expression, invertase activity and senescence in aborting maize ovaries at low water potentials. Annals of Botany 94, 675-689.
91. Mingo DM, Theobald JC, Bacon MA, Davies WJ, Dodd IC. 2004. Biomass allocation in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants grown under partial rootzone drying: enhancement of root growth. Functional Plant Biology 31, 971-978.
92. Molden D. 2007. Water for food, water for life: a comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture . London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
93. Nasr Z, Ben Mechlia N. 2002. Deficit irrigation to reduce salinization in an appleorchard. Acta Horticulturae 573, 283-287.
94. Neales TF, Masia A, Zhang JH, Davies WJ. 1989. The effects of partially drying part of the root system of Helianthus annuus on the abscisic acid content of the roots, xylem sap and leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 40, 1113-1120.
95. Nong ML, Wei GY, Li FS. 2012. Effect of partial root-zone irrigation at different growth stages on dry mass accumulation and water and nitrogen use of maize. Journal of Maize Science 20, 115-120 (in Chinese with English abstract).
96. Raine SR, Meyer WS, Rassam DW, Hutson JL, Cook FJ. 2007. Soilwater and solute movement under precision irrigation: knowledge gaps for managing sustainable root zones. Irrigation Science 26, 91-100.
97. Sauter A, Davis WJ, Hartung W. 2001. The long-distance abscisic acid signal in the droughted plant, the fate of the hormone on its way from root to shoot. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 1991-1997.
98. Schoups G, Hopmans JW, Young CA, Vrugt JA,Wallender WW, Tanji KK, Panday S. 2005. Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102, 15352-15356.
99. Song L, Yue YL, Di FK, Wei QP, Gao ZQ, Zhang JX. 2008. Effects of alternative partial root zone irrigation on peach growth, productivity, and water use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 19, 1631-1636 (in Chinese with English abstract).
100. Songsri P, Jogloy S, Junjittakarn J, Kesmala T, Vorasoot N, Holbrook CC, Patanothai A. 2013. Association of stomatal conductance and root distribution with water use efficiency of peanut under different soil water regimes. Australian Journal of Crop Science 7, 948-955.
101. Stewart DA, Nielsen DR (eds). 1990. Irrigation of agricultural crops. Agronomical Monograph 30 . Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.
102. Tardieu F, Zhang JH, Katerji N, Bethenod O, Palmer S, Davies WJ. 1992. Xylem ABA controls the stomatal conductance of field-grown maize subjected to soil compaction or soil drying. Plant, Cell & Environment 15, 193-197.
103. Toor RK, Savage GP, Heeb A. 2006. Influence of different types of fertilizers on the major antioxidant components of tomatoes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19, 20-27.
104. UNIS. 2000. Secretary General address to Developing Countries 'South Summit', UN Information Service Press Release, 12 April 2000. http://www.un.org/press/en/2000/20000412.sgsm7358.doc.html.
105. Wang CH, Zhu PF, Shu LZ, Zhu JR, Yu HM, Zhan YS, Yuan M. 2014. Effects of alternate partial root-zone irrigation and nitrogen forms on utilization and movement of nitrate in soil. Transactions of the CSCE 30, 92-101 (in Chinese with English abstract).
106. Wang CL, Sun XP, Song GK, Di FK, Zeng F, Wang LX, Zhang JX. 2009. Influence of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of strawberry in greenhouse. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 23, 133-137, 151 (in Chinese with English abstract).
107. Wang Y, Chen X, Xiang CB. 2007. Stomatal density and bio-water saving. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 49, 1435-1444.
108. Wang YC, Liu H, Sun JS, Guo FT, Wang CC. 2012. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on quality and water consumption of solar greenhouse green eggplant. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage 31, 75-79 (in Chinese with English abstract).
109. Wilkinson S, Davies WJ. 2010. Drought, ozone, ABA and ethylene: new insights from cell to plant to community. Plant, Cell & Environment 33, 510-525.
110. Wu Y, Liang YL, Zhu JJ, Chen C, Peng Q. 2009. Effect of irrigation methods on yield and quality of cherry tomato. Journal of Northwest A &F University (Natural Science Edition) 37, 177-181 (in Chinese with English abstract).
111. Wu Y, Wang W, Lei TW, Huang XF, Zhao Z, Ma YJ. 2012. Impact of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and fruit yield of mature fragrant pear trees under trickle irrigation. Transactions of the CSAE 28, 118-124 (in Chinese with English abstract).
112. Xia GM, Tao Y, Zheng LL, Chu FY. 2013. Effects of alternate irrigation on the water infiltration and utilization efficiency of the peanut. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage 33, 113-115, 137 (in Chinese with English abstract).
113. Xie KY, Wang XX, Zhang RF, Gong XF, Zhang SB, Mares R, Gavilan C, Posadas A, Quiroz R. 2012. Effect of partial root-zone drying on potato water utilization on semi-arid conditions in China. Chinese Potato Journal 26, 5-10 (in Chinese with English abstract).
114. Xu LL, He MR, Huang CH, Qiu M, Men HW, Cao Q, Wang CY. 2009. Effects of irrigation methods on water use efficiency of winter wheat and NO3-N accumulation in soil. Shandong Agricultural Sciences 8, 30-33 (in Chinese with English abstract).
115. Xu ZF, Xia GM, Zheng LL, Tao Y. 2011. Effects of characters, yield and quality for soybean under different irrigation method. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage 30, 128-130 (in Chinese with English abstract).
116. Xu ZZ, Zhou GS. 2008. Responses of leaf stomatal density to water status and its relationship with photosynthesis in a grass. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 3317-3325.
117. Xue L, Zhou CJ, Lei YL, Qiu LJ, Li ZJ, Wang LQ. 2008. Effect of water and nitrogen coupling under alternate furrow irrigation and fertilizer placement on summer maize. Transactions of the CSAE 24, 91-94 (in Chinese with English abstract).
118. Zhang JH. 2011. China's success in increasing per capita food production. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 3707-3711.
119. Zhang JH, Davies WJ. 1987. Increased synthesis of ABA in partially dehydrated root tips and ABA transport from roots to leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 38, 2015-2023.
120. Zhang JH, Davies WJ. 1989. Abscisic acid produced in dehydrating roots may enable the plant to measure the water status of the soil. Plant, Cell & Environment 12, 73-81.
121. Zhang JH, Davies WJ. 1990. Changes in the concentration of ABA in the xylem sap as a function of changing soil water status can account for changes in leaf conductance and growth. Plant, Cell & Environment 13, 277-285.
122. Zhang LH, Tan GB, Zhao HX, Yan WP, Meng XM, Fang XQ, Bian SF. 2011. Effect of irrigation method on yield and quality of soybean. Soybean Science 30, 800-803 (in Chinese with English abstract).
123. Zhang XY, Chen SY, Liu MY, Pei D, Sun HY. 2005. Improved water use efficiency associated with cultivars and agronomic management in the North China Plain. Agronomy Journal 97, 783-790.
124. Zhang XY, Wang YZ, Sun HY, Chen SY, Shao LW. 2013. Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply. Irrigation Science 31, 1103-1112.
125. Zhang YP, Wang ZM, Wu YC, Zhang X. 2006. Stomatal characteristics of different green organs in wheat under different irrigation regimes. Acta Agronomica Sinica 32, 70-75.
126. Zhao ZH, Li JM, Zhang DL, Li J, Jia XR, Xu F, Song XX. 2013. Effects of water and fertilizer coupling on growth and yield of greenhouse cantaloup under alternate root partition drip irrigation. Northern Horticulture 6, 35-40 (in Chinese with English abstract).
127. Zhao ZJ, Cheng FH, Gao YK, Tian CY, Song HY, Liang WL. 2007. Effects of different irrigation methods and quantity on yield and water use efficiency in pear. Journal of Fruit Science 24, 98-101 (in Chinese with English abstract).
128. Zhao ZJ, Cheng FH, Wang QJ, Gao YK. 2008. Effects of alternate partial root zone irrigation on growth, fruit set and quality on Huangguan pear. China Fruits 6, 13-16 (in Chinese with English abstract).
129. Zhou J. 2000. Effects of irrigation measures on leaves behavior and fruit quality of grape . Thesis for Masters degree, China Agricultural University, China.
130. Zhou KB, Fu FJ, Chen XL, Hong SY, Wu KM. 2008. The preliminary research on the effects of partial rootzone drying on Litchi. Journal of Mountain Agriculture and Biology 27, 498-502 (in Chinese with English abstract).
131. Zhou Q, Li FS, Huang WJ, Qin DM. 2007. Effect of alternate partial root zone irrigation on physiological change and quality of lily (Lilium spp.) cut flower. Northern Horticulture 3, 33-38 (in Chinese with English abstract).
132. Zhou S, Yu BF, Huang YF, Wang GQ. 2014. The effect of vapor pressure deficit on water use efficiency at the subdaily time scale. Geophysical Research Letters 41, 5005-5013.
133. Zhou ZJ, Niu XL, Chen S, Dai SD, Hu TT. 2013. Effect of waterfertilizer supply on tomato lycopene content under alternate subarea root-zone irrigation. China Vegetables 2, 46-51 (in Chinese with English abstract).
134. Zhu PF, Wu S, Shu LZ, Liu F, Zhu KJ, Guo JX. 2013. Coupling effects of water and nitrogen application with partial root zone irrigation on growth of cucumber and nitrate nitrogen distribution in soil. Bulletin of Soil and water Conservation 33, 6-10, 16 (in Chinese with English abstract).