Factors associated with mortality in HIV-infected people in rural and urban South Africa

Global Health Action

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Otwombe, Kennedy N ^a,b   Petzold, Max ^c   Modisenyane, Tebogo ^a   Martinson, Neil A ^a,d   Chirwa, Tobias ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Frailty; HAART; HIV; Mortality; Rural; Urban

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; BODY MASS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; FEMALE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; RURAL POPULATION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOUTH AFRICA; URBAN POPULATION;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; BODY MASS INDEX; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; RURAL POPULATION; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOUTH AFRICA; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 84929509061     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16549880     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25488     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. UNAIDS (2010). Outlook. Available from http://www.unaids. org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2010/july/20100713 outloklaunch/[cited 27 February 2014].
2. UN (2013). The millenium development goals report. Available from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdgreport-2013-english.pdf [cited 27 February 2014].
3. Oliveira I, Andersen A, Furtado A, Medina C, da Silva D, da Silva ZJ, et al. Assessment of simple risk markers for early mortality among HIV-infected patients in Guinea-Bissau a cohort study. BMJ Open 2012; 2. 1-10.
4. Otwombe KN, Laher F, Tutu-Gxashe T, Gray G, Mohapi L. The effect of a maturing antiretroviral program on early mortality for patients with advanced immune-suppression in Soweto, South Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81538.
5. Masiira B, Baisley K, Mayanja BN, Kazooba P, Maher D, Kaleebu P. Mortality and its predictors among antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-infected individuals with CD4 cell count (350 cells/mm3 compared to the general population data from a population-based prospective HIV cohort in Uganda. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:21843.
6. Fetzer BC, Hosseinipour MC, Kamthuzi P, Hyde L, Bramson B, Jobarteh K, et al. Predictors for mortality and loss to followup among children receiving anti-retroviral therapy in Lilongwe, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14 862-9.
7. Badri M, Lawn SD, Wood R. Short-term risk of AIDS or death in people infected with HIV-1 before antiretroviral therapy in South Africa a longitudinal study. Lancet 2006; 368 1254-9.
8. Erikstrup C, Kallestrup P, Zinyama R, Gomo E, Mudenge B, Gerstoft J, et al. Predictors of mortality in a cohort of HIV-1-infected adults in rural Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44 478-83.
9. Jerene D, Endale A, Hailu Y, Lindtjorn B. Predictors of early death in a cohort of Ethiopian patients treated with HAART. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:136.
10. Johannessen A, Naman E, Ngowi BJ, Sandvik L, Matee MI, Aglen HE, et al. Predictors of mortality in HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in a rural hospital in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:52.
11. Kouanda S, Meda IB, Nikiema L, Tiendrebeogo S, Doulougou B, Kabore I, et al. Determinants and causes of mortality in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Burkina Faso a five-year retrospective cohort study. AIDS Care 2012; 24:478-90.
12. Otwombe KN, Petzold M, Martinson N, Chirwa T. A review of the study designs and statistical methods used in the determination of predictors of all-cause mortality in HIV-infected cohorts 2002-2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87356.
13. Cox D. Regression models and life-tables. J Roy Stat Soc B 1972; 43 187-220.
14. Chuang SK, Cai T, Douglass CW, Wei LJ, Dodson TB. Frailty approach for the analysis of clustered failure time observations in dental research. J Dent Res 2005; 84 54-8.
15. Wienke A. Frailty models in survival analysis. Florida, USA:Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2011.
16. Vaupel JW, Manton KG, Stallard E. The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality. Demography 1979; 16 439-54.
17. Dias SS, Andreozzi V, Martins MO, Torgal J. Predictors of mortality in HIV-associated hospitalizations in Portugal a hierarchical survival model. BMC Health Serv Res 2009; 9:125.
18. City of Johannesburg (2012). 2012/16 Integrated Development Plan. Available from http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2012/pdfs/idp/idp201216.pdf [cited 6 August 2014].
19. Bushbuckridge Municipality (2010). Bushbuckridge local municipality local development strategy. Available from http://bush buckridge.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Bushbuckridge-LED-Strategy-2010-20142.pdf [cited 11 June 2014].
20. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society antiretroviral therapy in adults. South Afr J HIV Med 2008; 9 18-31.
21. Hanrahan CF, Golub JE, Mohapi L, Tshabangu N, Modisenyane T, Chaisson RE, et al. Body mass index and risk of tuberculosis and death. AIDS 2010; 24 1501-8.
22. Venkatesh KK, de Bruyn G, Lurie MN, Mohapi L, Pronyk P, Moshabela M, et al. Decreased sexual risk behavior in the era of HAART among HIV-infected urban and rural South Africans attending primary care clinics. AIDS 2010; 24 2687-96.
23. Martino S, Akerkar R, Rue H. Approximate Bayesian inference for survival models. Scand J Stat 2010; 38 514-28.
24. Rue H, Martino S, Chopin N. Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations. J Roy Stat Soc B 2009; 71 319-92.
25. Fairley L, Forman D, West R, Manda S. Spatial variation in prostate cancer survival in the Northern and Yorkshire region of England using Bayesian relative survival smoothing. Br J Canc 2008; 99 1786-93.
26. Little RJA. Regression with missing X's a review. J Am Stat Assoc 1992; 87 1227-37.
27. Rubin DB. Multiple imputation after 18+ years. J Am Stat Assoc 1996; 91 473-89.
28. Rubin DB, Schenker N. Multiple imputation in health-care databases an overview and some applications. Stat Med 1991; 10 585-98.
29. Koethe JR, Blevins M, Nyirenda CK, Kabagambe EK, Chiasera JM, Shepherd BE, et al. Serum phosphate predicts early mortality among underweight adults starting ART in Zambia a novel context for refeeding syndrome? J Nutr Metabol 2013; 2013:545439.
30. Poka-Mayap V, Pefura-Yone EW, Kengne AP, Kuaban C. Mortality and its determinants among patients infected with HIV-1 on antiretroviral therapy in a referral centre in Yaounde, Cameroon a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 3. 1-7.
31. Tadesse K, Haile F, Hiruy N. Predictors of mortality among patients enrolled on antiretroviral therapy in Aksum Hospital, Northern Ethiopia a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87392.
32. Barth RE, Tempelman HA, Moraba R, Hoepelman AIM. Long-term outcome of an HIV-treatment programme in rural Africa viral suppression despite early mortality. AIDS Res Treat 2011; 2011:434375.
33. Mageda K, Leyna GH, Mmbaga EJ. High initial HIV/AIDSrelated mortality and -its predictors among patients on antiretroviral therapy in the Kagera Region of Tanzania a five-year retrospective cohort study. AIDS Res Treat 2012; 2012:843598.
34. Schmaltz CA, Santoro-Lopes G, Lourenco MC, Morgado MG, Velasque Lde S, Rolla VC. Factors impacting early mortality in tuberculosis/HIV patients differences between subjects naive to and previously started on HAART. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45704.
35. Wubshet M, Berhane Y, Worku A, Kebede Y, Diro E. High loss to followup and early mortality create substantial reduction in patient retention at antiretroviral treatment program in northwest Ethiopia. ISRN AIDS 2012; 2012:721720.
36. Ojikutu BO, Zheng H, Walensky RP, Lu Z, Losina E, Giddy J, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2008; 98 204-8.
37. Russell EC, Charalambous S, Pemba L, Churchyard GJ, Grant AD, Fielding KL. Low haemoglobin predicts early mortality among adults starting antiretroviral therapy in an HIV care programme in South Africa a cohort study. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:433.
38. Burkey MD, Weiser SD, Fehmie D, Alamo-Talisuna S, Sunday P, Nannyunja J, et al. Socioeconomic determinants of mortality in HIV evidence from a clinical cohort in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66. 41-47.
39. Delpierre C, Cuzin L, Lauwers-Cances V, Datta GD, Berkman L, Lang T. Unemployment as a risk factor for AIDS and death for HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84 183-6.
40. DeSilva MB, Merry SP, Fischer PR, Rohrer JE, Isichei CO, Cha SS. Youth, unemployment, and male gender predict mortality in AIDS patients started on HAART in Nigeria. AIDS Care 2009; 21 70-7.
41. Sartorius B, Kahn K, Collinson MA, Sartorius K, Tollman S. Dying in their prime determinants and space-time risk of adult mortality in rural South Africa. Geospat Health 2013; 7:237-49.
42. MacPherson P, Moshabela M, Martinson N, Pronyk P. Mortality and loss to follow-up among HAART initiators in rural South Africa. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:588-93.