Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 2, 2015, Pages

  Larun, Lillebeth ^a   Brurberg, Kjetil G ^a   Odgaard Jensen, Jan ^a   Price, Jonathan R ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN KNOWLEDGE CENTRE FOR THE HEALTH SERVICES   (Norway)

^b WARNEFORD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADAPTIVE PACING; ADVERSE EVENT; AEROBIC EXERCISE; ANAEROBIC EXERCISE; ANXIETY; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CYCLING; DANCING; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; META ANALYSIS; OXFORD CRITERIA; PAIN; PATIENT DROPOUT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF CONCEPT; SLEEP; STATISTICAL BIAS; SUPPORTIVE THERAPY; SWIMMING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WALKING; ADULT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; HEALTH STATUS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; SLEEP DISORDERS; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS;

ADULT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; EXERCISE THERAPY; FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SLEEP DISORDERS; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS;

EID: 84929486960     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Fulcher KY, White PD. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a description of graded exercise treatment. Physiotherapy 1998;84(9):223-6.
2. Fulcher KY, White PD. Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 1997;314(7095):1647-52.
3. White PD, Fulcher KY. A randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with a chronic fatigue. Royal College of Psychiatrists Winter Meeting, Cardiff. 1997.
4. Hlavaty LE, Brown MM, Jason LA. The effect of homework compliance on treatment outcomes for participants with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Rehabilitation Psychology 2011;56(3):212-8.
5. Jason L, Torres-Harding S, Friedberg F, Corradi K, Njoku M Donalek J, et al. Non-pharmacologic interventions for CFS: a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2007;172:485-90.
6. Moss-Morriss R, Sharon C, Tobin R, Baldi JC. A randomized controlled graded exercise trial for chronic fatigue syndrome: outcomes and mechanisms of change. Journal of Health Psychology 2005;10(2):245-59.
7. Powell P, Bentall ROP, Nye FJ, Edwards RHT. Patient education to encourage graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome: 2-year follow-up of randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2004;184:142-6.
8. Powell P, Bentall RP, Nye FJ, Edwards RH. Randomised controlled trial of patient education to encourage graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 2001;322(7283):387-90.
9. Wallman KE, Morton AR, Goodman C, Grove R. Exercise prescription for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia 2005;183(3):142-3.
10. Wallman KE, Morton AR, Goodman C, Grove R, Guilfoyle AM. Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia 2004;180(9):444-8.
11. Appleby L. Aerobic exercise and fluoxetine in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. National Research Register 1995.
12. Morriss R, Wearden A, Mullis R, Strickland P, Appleby L, Campbell I, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled treatment trial of fluoxetine and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). 8th Congress of the Association of European Psychiatrists, London. 1996.
13. Wearden AJ, Morriss RK, Mullis R, Strickland PL, Pearson DJ, Appleby L, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial of fluoxetine and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;178:485-92.
14. Wearden AJ. Randomised controlled trial of nurse-led self-help treatment for patients in primary care with chronic fatigue syndrome. The FINE trial (Fatigue Intervention by Nurses Evaluation) ISRCTN74156610, 2001. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN74156610/ISRCTN74156610 (accessed 2 September 2014).
15. Wearden AJ, Dowrick C, Chew-Graham C, Bentall RP, Morriss RK, Peters S, et al. Nurse led, home based self help treatment for patients in primary care with chronic fatigue syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340(1777):1-12. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c1777]
16. Wearden AJ, Dowrick C, Chew-Graham C, Bentall RP, Morriss RK, Peters S, et al. Nurse led, home based self help treatment for patients in primary care with chronic fatigue syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, rapid response 27 May 2010.
17. Wearden AJ, Riste L, Dowrick C, Chew-Graham C, Bentall RP, Morriss RK, et al. Fatigue interventions by nurses evaluation - The FINE Trial. A randomised controlled trial of nurse led self-help treatment for patients in primary care with chronic fatigue syndrome: study protocol (ISRCTN74156610). BMC Medicine 2006;4(9):1-12.
18. McCrone P, Sharpe M, Chalder T, Knapp M, Johnson AL, Goldsmith KA, et al. Adaptive pacing, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS ONE 2012;7(7):e40808. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040808]
19. White P, Chalder T, McCrone P, Sharpe M. Non-pharmacological management of chronic fatigue syndrome: efficacy, cost effectiveness and economic outcomes in the PACE trial [conference abstract]. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, EACLPP and 29th European Conference on Psychosomatic Research, ECPR; 2012 Jun 27-30; Aarhus Denmark. 2012; Vol. 72, issue 6:509.
20. White PD. A randomised controlled trial of adaptive pacing, cognitive behaviour therapy, and graded exercise, as supplements to standardised specialist medical care versus standardised specialist medical care alone for patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis or encephalopathy [PACE], 2014. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN54285094 (accessed 1 September 2014).
21. White PD, Goldsmith KA, Johnson AL, Potts L, Walwyn R, DeCesare JC, et al. Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. The Lancet 2011;377:611-90.
22. White PD, Goldsmith KA, Johnson AL, et al. on behalf of the PACE Trial Management Group. Supplementary web appendix. Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. The Lancet 2011;377:832-6. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60096-2]
23. White PD, Sharpe MC, Chalder T, DeCesare JC, Walwyn R, the PACE Trial Group. Protocol for the PACE trial. A randomised controlled trial of adaptive pacing, cognitive behaviour therapy, and graded exercise as supplements to standardised specialist medical care versus standardised specialist medical care alone for patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis or encephalopathy. BMC Neurology 2007;7(6):1-20. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-7-6]
24. Evering RMH. Ambulatory feedback at daily physical activity patterns. A treatment for the chronic fatigue syndrome in the home environment?. Universitet Twente, Netherlands 2013:1-223.
25. Evering RMH. Optimalization of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for CFS patients in rehabilitation by means of ambulatory activity-based feedback (ABF). trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1513 (accessed 7 May 2013).
26. Gordon BA, Knapman LM, Lubitz L. Graduated exercise training and progressive resistance training in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010;24:1072-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215510371429]
27. Guarino P, Peduzzi P, Donta ST, Engel CC Jr, Clauw DJ, Williams DA, et al. A multicenter two by two factorial trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and aerobic exercise for gulf war veterans' illnesses: design of a Veterans Affairs cooperative study (CSP #470). Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22:31032.
28. Nunez M, Fernandez Soles J, Nunez E, Fernandez Huerta JM, Godas Sieso T, Gomez Gil E. Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: group cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise versus usual treatment. A randomised controlled trial with 1 year of follow-up. Clinical Rheumatology 2011;30(3):381-9.
29. Risdale L, Darbishire L, Seed T. Is graded exercise better than cognitive behaviour therapy for fatigue? A UK randomized trial in primary care. Psychological Medicine 2003;34:37-49.
30. Ridsdale L, Hurley M, King M, McCrone P, Dobalson N. The effect of counselling, graded exercise and usual care for people with chronic fatigue in primary care: a randomized trial. Psychological Medicine 2012;42:2217-24. [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291712000256]
31. Sabes-Figuera R, McCrone P, Hurley M, King M, Donaldson AN, Risdale L. Cost-effectiveness of counselling, graded-exercise and usual care for chronic fatigue: evidence from a randomised trial in primary care. BMC Health Services Reserach 2012;12:264.
32. Russel V, Gaston AM, Lewin RJP. Atkinson CM, Champion PD. Group rehabilitation for adult chronic fatigue syndrome. Unpublished article 2001.
33. Stevens MW. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Chronobiologically Oriented Controlled Treatment Outcome Study. San Diego: California School of Professional Psychology, 1999. [: UMI 9928180]
34. Taylor RR. Quality of life and symptom severity for individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome: findings from a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2004;58:35-43.
35. Taylor RR, Jason LA, Shiraishi Y, Schoeny ME, Keller J. Conservation of resources theory, perceived stress, and chronic fatigue syndrome: outcomes of a consumer-driven rehabilitation program. Rehabilitation Psychology 2006;51:157-65.
36. Taylor RR, Thanawala SG, Shiraishi Y, Schoeny ME. Long-term outcomes of an integrative rehabilitation program on quality of life: a follow-up study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006;61:835-9.
37. Thomas M, Sadlier M, Smith A. A multiconvergent approach to the rehabilitation of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparative study. Physiotherapy 2008;94(1):35-42.
38. Thomas MA, Sadlier MJ, Smith AP. The effect of multi convergent therapy on the psychopathology, mood and performance of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: a preliminary study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 2006;6:91-9.
39. Tummers M, Knoop H, van Dam A, Bleijenberg G. Implementing a minimal intervention for chronic fatigue syndrome in a mental health centre: a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 2012;42:2205-15. [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291712000232]
40. Viner R, Gregorowski A, Wine C, Bladen M, Fisher D, Miller M, et al. Outpatient rehabilitative treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS/ME). Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89(7):615-9. [DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.035154]
41. Wright B, Ashby B, Beverley D, Calvert E, Jordan J, Miles J, et al. A feasibility study comparing two treatment approaches for chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2005;90(4):369-72. [DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.046649]
42. Hatcher S. A randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial of dothiepin and graded activity in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Personal communication, 1998.
43. Liu CZ, Lei B. Effect of Tuina on oxygen free radicals metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome [Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhenjiu 2010;11:946-8.
44. Zhuo J-X, Gu L-Y. Relative research on treating chronic fatigue syndrome with gradual exercise. Journal of Beijing Sport University 2007;30(6):801-3.
45. Broadbent S, Coutts R. The protocol for a randomised controlled trial comparing intermittent and graded exercise to usual care for chronic fatigue syndrome patients. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation 2013;5(1):1-6.
46. Broadbent, S . A pilot study on the effects of intermittent and graded exercise compared to no exercise for optimising health and reducing symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12612001241820 (accessed 7 May 2013).
47. Kos D, Nijs J. Pacing activity self-management for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: randomized controlled clinical trial, 2012. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01512342 (accessed 7 May 2013).
48. Marques M, De Gucht V, Maes S, Leal I. Protocol for the "four steps to control your fatigue (4-STEPS)" randomised controlled trial: a self-regulation based physical activity intervention for patients with unexplained chronic fatigue. BMC Public Health 2012;12:202. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-202]
49. Vos-Vromans D. Is a multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment more effective than mono disciplinary cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome? A multi centre randomised controlled trial [FatiGo, ISRCTN77567702]. http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/pf/77567702 (accessed 7 May 2013). [: ISRCTN77567702 ]
50. Vos-Vromans DCWM, Smeets RJEM, Rijnders LJM, Gorrissen RRM, Pont M, Köke AJA, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy versus multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (FatiGo). Trials [electronic resource] 2012;13:71.
51. White PD. Therapy guided self-help treatment (GETSET) for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a randomised controlled trial in secondary care. ISRCTN22975026, 2012. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN22975026/GETSET (accessed 30 Octrober 2014).
52. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSMs Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 4th Edition. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
53. Adams D, Wu T, Yang X, Tai S, Vohra S. Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for the treatment of idiopathic chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009;4:1-16. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006348.pub2]
54. Alderson P, Green S, Higgins JP, editors. Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.2.2 [updated December 2003]. The Cochrane Library, Issue 1. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004.
55. Bagnall AM, Whiting P, Richardson R, Sowden AJ. Interventions for the treatment and management of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2001;11(3):284-8.
56. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Cooperation, 1996.
57. Blair SN, Morris JN. Healthy hearts - and the universal benefits of being physically active: physical activity and health. Annals of Epidemiology 2009;19(4):253-6.
58. Bland JM, Kerry SM. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1997;315:600.
59. Burckhardt CS, Anderson KL. The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS): reliability, validity and utilization. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003;1:60.
60. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psyciatric Research 1989;28:193-213.
61. Carruthers BM, an de Sande MI, Meirleir KL, Klimas NG, Broderick G, Mitchell T, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: international consensus criteria. Journal of Internal Medicine 2011;270(4):327-38.
62. Castell BD, Kazantzis N, Moss-Morris RE. Cognitive behavioral therapy and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2011;18:311-24.
63. Chalder T, Berelowitz G, Pawlikowska T, Watts L, Wessely S, Wright D, et al. Development of a fatigue scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1993;37(6):147-53.
64. Clark LV, White PD. The role of deconditioning and therapeutic exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Journal of Mental Health 2005;14(3):237-52.
65. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: the global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 1994;23:123-38.
66. Edmonds M, McGuire H, Price J. Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004;3(3):1-28. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub2]
67. Egger M, Davey-Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal 1997;315:629-34.
68. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:140-9.
69. The Europien Parliament and the Councel of the European Union. DIRECTIVE 2001/20/EC Europien Parliament and the Councel of the European Union of 4 April 2001. Official Journal of the European Communities 2001; Vol. L 121/34. [: http://www.eortc.be/services/doc/clinical-eu-directive-04-april-01.pdf]
70. Fønhus MS, Larun L, Brurberg KG. Diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome [Diagnosekriterier for kronisk utmattelsessyndrom. Notat fra Kunnskapssenteret 2011]. Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services 2011.
71. Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;121(12):953-9.
72. Fulcher KY, White PD. Strength and physiological response to exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2000;69:302-7.
73. Gulliford MC, Ukoumunne OC, Chinn S. Components of variance and intraclass correlations for the design of community-based surveys and intervention studies: data from the Health Survey for England 1994. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149:924-6.
74. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, 1976:218-222.
75. Hard K, Rickards HE, Haque MS, Ward C. Pharmacological treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006788.pub2]
76. Hewitt PL, Norton GR. The Beck Anxiety Inventory: a psychometric analysis. Psychological Assessment 1993;5:408-12.
77. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
78. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated February 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration.
79. Jenkins D, Stanton B, Niemcryk S, Rose R. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988;41:313-21.
80. Johnston S, Brenu EW, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis: a meta-analysis. Clinical Epidemiology 2013;5:105-10.
81. Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The fatigue severity scale: application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Archives of Neurology 1989;46:1121-3.
82. Larun L, Malterud K. Exercise therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome [Treningsbehandling ved kronisk utmattelsessyndom]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2011;138(8):231-6.
83. Larun L, Odgaard-Jensen J, Brurberg KG, Chalder T, Dybwad M, Moss-Morris RE, et al. Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (individual patient data). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011040]
84. Moncrieff J, Churchill R, Drummond C, McGuire H. Development of a quality assessment instrument for trials of treatments for depression and neurosis. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2001;10(3):126-33.
85. Mosby . Mosby's Medical Dictionary. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2009.
86. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy): diagnosis and management of CFS/ME in adults and children, 2007. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG53/guidance/pdf/English (last accessed November 2009). London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
87. Nijs J, Meeus M, Van Oosterwijck J, Ickmans K, Moorkens G, Hans G, et al. In the mind or the brain? Scientific evidence for central sensitisation in chronic fatigue syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2011;42:203-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02575.x]
88. OED Online. December 2014. Oxford University Press. "therapy, n.". http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/200468?redirectedFrom=therapy (accessed January 21, 2015).
89. Paul LM, Wood L, Maclaren W. The effect of exercise on gait and balance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Gait and Posture 2001;14:19-27.
90. Price JR, Mitchell E, Tidy E, Hunot V. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001027.pub2]
91. Prins JB, van den Meer JW, Bleijenberg G. Chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 2006;367:346-55.
92. Reeves WC, Lloyd A, Vernon SD, Klimas N, Jason LA, Bleijenberg G, and the International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Identification of ambiguities in the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and recommendations for resolution. BMC Health Services Research 2003;3(25):1-9.
93. Reeves WC, Jones JF, Heim C, Hoaglin DC, Boneva RS, Mirrissey M, et al. Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome in metropolitan, urban, and rural Georgia. Population Health Metrics 2007;5:1-10.
94. Reyes M, Nisenbaum R, Hoaglin DC, Unger ER, Emmons C, Randall B, et al. Prevalence and incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome in Wichita, Kansas. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003;163(13):1530-6.
95. Sharpe M, Archard L, Banatvala J, Borysiewicz LK, Clare AW, David A, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1991;84(2):118-21.
96. The National Task Force on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Report from the National Task Force on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome (PVFS), Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). Appendix B. Bristol: Westcare, 1994.
97. Wallman K. Confirmation of ages (means and SDs) of groups in trial. Personal correspondence (email to Lillebeth Larun), 2009 2 November.
98. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Medical Care 1992;30:473-83.
99. Wearden AJ. Raw data to facilitate calculations for meta-analysis. Personal communication (email), 2009 March.
100. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983;67(6):361-70.