Five-year incidence of chronic kidney disease (stage 3-5) and associated risk factors in a Spanish cohort: The Madiabetes study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Salinero Fort, Miguel A ^a   San Andrés Rebollo, Francisco J ^b   De Burgos Lunar, Carmen ^a   Gómez Campelo, Paloma ^a   Chico Moraleja, Rosa M ^c   De Andrés, Ana López ^d   Jiménez García, Rodrigo ^d   Abanades Herranz J C ^e   Alayeto Sanchez A M ^e   Alonso Menendez A ^e   Alvarez Embarba B ^e   Alvarez Navarro E ^e   Arias Salgado Robsy, A M ^e   Arnaiz Kompanietz, A ^e   Arnalte Barrera, M ^e   Arrieta Blanco, F J ^e   Artiach Geiser, G ^e   Artola Menendez S ^e   Barrios Martos, E ^e   Barutell Rubio, L ^e   Beamud Victoria, D ^e   Bedoya Frutos, M J ^e   Bello Gonzalez C ^e   Benitez Arroyo A ^e   Blanco Urzaiz, F ^e   Caballero Sanchez M ^e   Calonge Garcia M E ^e   Calvo Arregui, R ^e   Calvo Garcia E ^e   Camarero Shelly, M ^e   Canals Aracil, M ^e   Cano Espin A ^e   Carreno Freire, P P ^e   Carrillo De Santa Pau, E ^e   Casado Gonzalez S ^e   Casado Perez P ^e   Casella Barban, C ^e   Castellanos Redondo, S ^e   Castillo Lizarraga, M J ^e   Castro Martin J ^e   Cava Rosado, M A ^e   Cerrada Somolinos, I ^e   Chamorro Escobar, C ^e   De Felipe Medina, R ^e   De Hoyos Alonso, M C ^e   De La Fuente de La Fuente, G ^e   De La Iglesia Moreno, S ^e   De La Pena Gutierrez, O ^e   De Llama Arauz, B ^e   De Miguel Ballano, A ^e   De Santiago De Hernando, M L ^e   De Vicente Aymat, L ^e   De Vicente Martinez M ^e   Diaz Crespo M A ^e   Dominguez Paniagua M ^e   Donaire Jimenez, E M ^e   Endrino Gomez F ^e   Escobar Moreno, J ^e   Fernandez Fernandez R ^e   Fernandez Ferrero M I ^e   Fernandez Garcia J ^e   Fernandez Garcia M R ^e   Ferreras Eleta, M R ^e   Fonseca Capdevilla, E ^e   Gallego Gomez P ^e   Garcia Alonso M A ^e   Garcia Carmona S ^e   Garcia Cubero M C ^e   Garcia Garcia F ^e   Garcia Garcia M I ^e   Garcia Pascual J N ^e   Garcia Serrano B ^e   Garcia Virosta E ^e   Gil Diaz P ^e   Gil Diaz M ^e   Gomara Martinez M J ^e   Gomez Criado M S ^e   Gomez Navarro, E ^e   Gonzalez Benito C ^e   Gonzalez Fernandez C ^e   Gonzalez Garcia M I ^e   Gonzalez Gonzalez A ^e   Gonzalez Romero E ^e   Gonzalo Hernandez C ^e   Herreros Hernanz, I ^e   Huelin Martin P ^e   Iglesias Gonzalez R ^e   Iglesias Iglesias, M J ^e   Innerarity Martinez J ^e   Jaime Siso, A ^e   Jimenez Moreno A ^e   Leon Morales B E ^e   Lopez Burillo E ^e   Lopez Gutierrez M C ^e   Lopez Noguero I ^e   Lopez Parra E ^e   Lopez Rodriguez C ^e   Lopez Sabater M B ^e   Lopez Sediles L ^e   Maestro Martin A ^e   Mansilla Bermejo, M J ^e   Martin Bun M ^e   Martin Calvo P ^e   Martin Cano M R ^e   Martinez Garcia M ^e   Martinez Irazusta J ^e   Martin Madrazo C ^e   Mata Benjumea, F ^e   Menendez Fernandez A I ^e   Merino Martin, S ^e   Mesonero Grandes, T ^e   Miguel Garzon M ^e   Montejo Martinez C ^e   Montero Garcia M C ^e   Montero Lizana, C ^e   Montilla Bernabe A ^e   Moran Escudero, A ^e   Munoz Cildoz A ^e   Munoz Quiros Aliaga S ^e   Murchante, M A ^e   Muro Diaz E ^e   Nogales Aguado, P ^e   Nunez Palomo S ^e   Olmos Carrasco, O ^e   Ortega Huerta, M C ^e   Parra Alvarez I ^e   Pejenaute Labari, M E ^e   Pellus Pardines, M A ^e   Pena Rodriguez E ^e   Pena Sainz I ^e   Perez de La Campa C ^e   Perez Sanchez F C ^e   Pertierra Galindo, N ^e   Pinilla Carrasco, A ^e   Pinera Tames M ^e   Pozo Teruel, A ^e   Puebla Sanz, M P ^e   Pulido Fernandez S ^e   Ramirez Puerta A B ^e   Reviriego Jaen G ^e   Revuelto Garcia C ^e   Reyes Madridejos, C ^e   Rius Fortea P ^e   Rodriguez Castro G ^e   Rodriguez Gallego C ^e   Rodriguez Posada M A ^e   Roldan San Juan, J ^e   Rollan Landeras M T ^e   Rosillo Gonzalez A ^e   Ruiz Tunon C ^e   Sagredo Perez J ^e   Salamanca Sanchez Escalonilla M T ^e   San Vicente Rodriguez J M ^e   Santana Alonso, R ^e   Sanz de La Fuente, M T ^e   Sanz Pascual, M M ^e   Sartre De La Fuente, R ^e   Serrano Gonzalez L ^e   Serrano Martin R ^e   Serrano Ortiz A M ^e   Serrano Serrano, M E ^e   Serrano Simarro, P ^e   Serrano Tomat, D ^e   Siguero Angui A ^e   Sobrado de Vicente Tutor, A M ^e   Soto Diaz S ^e   Suarez Baraza M ^e   Suero Palancar, J ^e   Torices Rasines, T ^e   Tovar Garcia P ^e   Tutor Pellicer Palacin E ^e   Usero Martin M A ^e   Vaquero Lucas, E ^e   Vazquez Burgos I ^e   Vazquez Rodriguez B ^e   Vich Perez M P ^e   Yehuda Salama, R ^e   Zamora Gomez M M ^e   Zazo Lazaro M P ^e   Zuniga Bartolome C ^e   more..

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ IDIPAZ   (Spain)

^b Serv Madrileño de Salud Inst de Invest Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario la Paz IdiPaz   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL CENTRAL DE LA DEFENSA GÓMEZ ULLA   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS   (Spain)

^e Unidad de Medicina Interna Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla Servicio Madrileño de Salud ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ALBUMINURIA; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETIC PATIENT; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE DURATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTPATIENT; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SPAIN; SPANIARD; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; AGE; COMPLICATION; MIDDLE AGED; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PROCEDURES; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; TIME FACTOR;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; ALBUMINURIA; COHORT STUDIES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SPAIN; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84929484775     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122030     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Parving HH, Mauer M, Ritz E. Diabetic nephropaty. In: Brenner BM, editor. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 7th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2004. p. 1777-818.
2. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266. PMID: 11904577
3. Drury PL, Ting R, Zannino D, Ehnholm C, Flack J, et al. Estimated glomerular rate and albuminuria are independent predictors of cardiovascular events and death in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetologia 2011; 54(1):32-43. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1854-1 PMID: 20668832
4. So WY, Kong AP, Ma RC, Ozaki R, Szeto CC, Chan NN, et al. Glomerular filtration rate, cardiorenal end points, and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(9):2046-52. PMID: 16936151
5. Zoppini G, Tahger G, Chonchol M, Ortalda V, Negri C, Stoico V, et al. Predictors of estimated GFR decline in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7(3):401-8. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07650711 PMID: 22282481
6. ESRD Incidence Study Group, Stewart JH, McCredie MR, Williams SM. Divergent trends in the incidence of end-stage renal disease due to Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in Europe, Canada and Australia during 1998-2002. Diabet Med 2006; 23(12):1364-69. PMID: 17116189
7. Salinero-Fort MÁ, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, de Burgos-Lunar C, Arrieta-Blanco FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, MADIABETES Group. Four-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy in a Spanish cohort: the MADIABETES study. Plos One 2013; 8(10):e76417. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076417 PMID: 24146865
8. De Burgos-Lunar C, Salinero-Fort MA, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Soto-Díaz S, Fuentes-Rodriguez CY, Abánades-Herranz JC, et al. Validation of diabetes mellitus and hypertension diagnosis in computerized medical records in primary health care. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011; 11:146. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-146 PMID: 22035202
9. Arauz-Pacheco C, Parrott MA, Raskin P, American Diabetes Association. Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 Suppl 1:S80-S82. PMID: 12502624
10. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130(6):461-70. PMID: 10075613
11. Wassink AM, van der Graaf Y, Olijhoek JK, Visseren FL, SMART Study Group. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of new vascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 2008; 29(2):213-23. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm582 PMID: 18199567
12. Selvin E, Coresh J, Zhu H, Folsom A, Steffes MW. Measurement of HbA1c from stored whole blood samples in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. J Diabetes 2010; 2(2):118-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00070.x PMID: 20923494
13. Marrugat J, Solanas P, D'Agostino R, Sullivan L, Ordovas J, Cordón F, et al. Coronary risk estimation in Spain using a calibrated Framingham function. Rev Esp Cardiol 2003; 56(3):253-61. PMID: 12622955
14. Bosomworth NJ. Practical use of Framingham risk score in primary prevention: Canadian perspective. Can Fam Physician 2011; 57(4):417-23. PMID: 21626897
15. Kshirsagar AV, Bang H, Bomback AS, Vupputuri S, Shoham DA, Kem LM, et al. A simple algorithm to predict incident kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168(22):2466-73. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.22.2466 PMID: 19064831
16. Tangri N, Stevens LA, Griffith J, Tighiouart H, Djurdjev O, Naimark D, et al. A predictive model for progression of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure. JAMA 2011; 305(15):1553-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.451 PMID: 21482743
17. Harrel FE, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med 1996; 15(4):361-87. PMID: 8668867
18. Domenech JM, Navarro JB. Análisis de la supervivencia y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Barcelona:Signo;2008.
19. Humphrey LL, Ballard DJ, Frohnert PP, Chu CP, O'Fallon WM, Palumbo PJ. Chronic renal failure in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111(10):788-96. PMID: 2817626
20. Brancati FL, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Stamier J, Klag MJ. Risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study of men screened for MRFIT. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 1997; 278(23):2069-74. PMID: 9403420
21. De Boer IH, Rue TC, Hall YN, Heagerty PJ, Weiss NS, Himmelfarb J. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 2011; 305(24):2532-39. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.861 PMID: 21693741
22. Rossing P. Diabetic nephropathy: worldwide epidemic and effects of current treatment and natural history. Curr Diab Rep 2006; 6(6):479-83. PMID: 17118233
23. DCCT/EDIC Research Group, de Boer IH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Molitch M, et al. Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 365(25):2366-76. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1111732 PMID: 22077236
24. Afghari H, Cederholm J, Eliasson B, Zethelius B, Gudbjömsdottir S, Hadimeri H, et al. Risk factors for the development of albuminria and renal impairment in type 2 diabetes-the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26(4):1236-43. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq535 PMID: 20817668
25. Zoppini G, Targher G, Choncol M, Ortalda V, Abaterusso C, Pichiri I, et al. Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(1):99-104. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1346 PMID: 22028277
26. Retnakaran R, Cull CA, Thorne KI, Adler AI, Holman RR, UKPDS Study Group. Risk factors for renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 74. Diabetes 2006; 55(6):1832-39. PMID: 16731850
27. Gunzler D, Bleyer AJ, Thomas RL, O'Brien A, Russel GB, Sattar A, et al. Diabetic nephropathy in a sibling and albuminuria predict early GFR decline: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:124. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-124 PMID: 23773264
28. Newman DJ, Mattock MB, Dawnay AB, Kerry S, McGuire A, Yaqoob M, et al. Systematic review on urine albumin testing for early detection of diabetic complications. Health Technol Asses 2005; 9(30): iii-vi,xiii-163. PMID: 16095545
29. Kramer HJ, Nguyen QD, Curhan G, Hsu CY. Renal insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2003; 289(24):3273-7. PMID: 12824208
30. Maclsaac RJ, Tsalamandris C, Panagiotopoulos S, Smith TJ, McNeil KJ, et al. Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(1):195-200. PMID: 14693989
31. Gansevoort RT, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, et al. Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int 2011; 80(1):93-104. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.531 PMID: 21289597
32. Jerums G, Panagiotopoulos S, Premaratne E, Power DA, Maclsaac RJ. Lowering of proteinria in response to antihypertensive therapy predicts improved renal function in late but not in early diabetic nephropaty: a pooled analysis. Am J Nephrol 2008; 28(4):614-27. doi: 10.1159/000117461 PMID: 18285683
33. Lane PH, Steffes MW, Mauer SM. Glomerular structure in IDDM women with low glomerular filtration rate and normal urinary albumin excretion. Diabetes 1992; 41(5):581-6. PMID: 1568527
34. Tsalamandris C, Allen TJ, Gilbert RE, Sinha A, Panagiotopoulos S, Cooper ME, et al. Progressive decline in renal function in diabetic patients with and without albuminuria. Diabetes 1994; 43(5):649-55. PMID: 8168641
35. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, Elliot WJ, Epstein M, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36(3):646-61. PMID: 10977801
36. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of ambulatory blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006; 69(7):1175-80. PMID: 16467785
37. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317(7160):703-13. PMID: 9732337
38. O 'Seaghdha CM, Lyass A, Massaro JM, Meigs JB, Coresh J, D' Agostino RB, et al. A risk score for chronic kidney disease in the general population. Am J Med 2012; 125(3):270-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.09.009 PMID: 22340925
39. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Predicting the risk of chronic Kidney Disease in men and women in England and Wales: prospective derivation and external validation of the QKidney Scores. BMC Fam Pract 2010; 11:49. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-11-49 PMID: 20565929
40. Yamagata K, Ishida K, Sairenchi T, Takahashi H, Ohba S, Shiigai T, et al. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in a community-based population: a 10-year follow-up study. Kidney Int 2007; 71(2):159-66. PMID: 17136030
41. Herget-Rosenthal S, Dehnen D, Kribben A, Quellmann T. Progressive chronic kidney disease in primary care: modifiable risk factors and predictive model. Prev Med 2013; 57(4):357-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.010 PMID: 23783072
42. Gall MA, Hougard P, Borch-Johnsen K, Parving HH. Risk factors for development of incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: prospective, observational study. BMJ 1997; 314(7083):738-8.
43. Rutledge JC, Ng KF, Aung HH, Wilson DW. Role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6(6):361-70. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.59 PMID: 20440276
44. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Zheng D, Otvos JD, Lackland DT, McGee D, et al. Lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003; 64(3):817-28. PMID: 12911531
45. Muntner P, Coresh J, Smith JC, Eckfeldt J, Klag MJ. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Kidney Int 2000; 58(1):293-301. PMID: 10886574
46. Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, Oshiro S, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Triglyceride, but not total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, predict development of proteinuria. Kidney Int 2002; 62(5):1743-9. PMID: 12371975
47. Zoppini G, Targher G, Chonchol M, Perrone F, Lippi G, Muggeo M. Higher HDL cholesterol levels are associated with a lower incidence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab ardiovasc Dis 2009; 19(8):580-6. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.11.003 PMID: 19196499
48. Rodriguez-Poncelas A, Garre-Olmo J, Franch-Nadal J, Diez-Espino J, Mundet-Tuduri X, Barrot-De la Puente J, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes in Spain: PERCEDIME2 study. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:46. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-46 PMID: 23433046
49. Hillege HL, van Gilst WH, van Veldhuisen DJ, Navis G, Grobbee DE, de Graeff PA, et al. Accelerated decline and prognostic impact of renal function after myocardial infarction and the benefits of ACE inhibition: the CATS randomizef trial. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(5):412-20. PMID: 12633543
50. Lee ET, Lee VS, Lu M, Lee JS, Russell D, Yeh J. Incidence of renl failure in NIDDM. The Oklahoma Indian Diabetes Study. Diabetes 1994; 43(4):572-9. PMID: 8138063
51. Thakar CV, Christianson A, Himmelfarb J, Leonard AC. Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6(11):2567-72. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01120211 PMID: 21903988
52. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu C. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(13):1296-305. PMID: 15385656
53. Nitsch D, Grams M, Sang Y, Black C, Cirillo M, Djurdjev O, et al. Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with mortality and renal failure by sex: a meta-analysis. BMJ 2013; 346: f324. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f324 PMID: 23360717
54. Fox CS, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Bilo HJ, Chalmers J, Heerspink HJ, et al. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 380(9854):1662-73. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61350-6 PMID: 23013602
55. Chronic Kidney Disease Pognosis Consortium, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375(9731):2073-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5 PMID: 20483451
56. Hallan SI, Matsushita K, Sang Y, Mahmoodi BK, Black C, Ishani A, et al. Age and association of kidney measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease. JAMA 2012; 308(22):2349-60. PMID: 23111824
57. Thomas G, Sehgal AR, Kashyap SR, Srinivas TR, Kirwan JP, Navaneethan SD, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6(10):2364-73. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02180311 PMID: 21852664
58. Dunkler D, Deghan M, Teo KK, Heinze G, Gao P, Kohl M, et al. Diet and kidney disease in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173(18):1682-92. PMID: 23939297
59. Díaz-López A, Bulló M, Martínez-González MÁ, Guasch-Ferré M, Ros E, Basora J, et al. Effects of Mediterranean diets on kidney function: a report from the PREDIMED trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60(3):380-9. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.02.334 PMID: 22541738