Kenya at war: Al-shabaab and its enemies in Eastern Africa

African Affairs

Volumn 114, Issue 454, 2015, Pages 1-27

  Anderson, David M ^a   McKnight, Jacob ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNIC CONFLICT; ETHNOPOLITICS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; WAR;

KENYA; SOMALIA;

EID: 84929168120     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: 14682621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adu082     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Critical Threats, 'Linda Nchi - Timeline', 6 March 2012, http://critical threats.org> (24 August 2014).
2. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Henry Appel, 'Al-Shabaab's insurgency in Somalia: a databased snapshot', Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 3 April 2014, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2014/04/03/al-shabaabs-insurgency-in-somalia-a-data-based-snapshot-bydaveed-gartenstein-ross-henry-appel/> (22 August 2014).
3. Dennis Okari, 'Mpeketoni attacks: four possibilities', BBC News Online, 17 June 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27890084> (1 July 2014).
4. Harun Maruf and Dan Joseph, 'Sources on final days of Al-Shabaab's Godane', Voice of America News, 3 October 2014, http://www.voanews.com/content/al-shaba-ahmed-abdigodane-lower-shabelle-somalia/2463394.html> (3 October 2014).
5. Bronwyn Bruton and Paul D. Williams, Counter-insurgency in Somalia: Lessons learned from the African Union Mission in Somalia 2007-2013 (US Joint Special Operations University, Tampa, FL, 2014).
6. Fredrick Nzes, 'Al-Hijra: Al-Shabab's affiliate in Kenya', CTC Sentinel 7, 5 (2014), pp. 24-6.
7. Roland Marchal, 'A tentative assessment of the Somali Harakat Al-Shabaab', Journal of Eastern African Studies 3, 3 (2009), pp. 381-404.
8. Roland Marchal, 'The rise of a jihadi movement in a country at war: Harakat al Shabaab al Mujahiddin in Somalia' (CERI Research Paper, Sciences Po, Paris, 2011), http://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_RM2.pdf> (10 June 2014).
9. Stig Jarle Hansen, Al-Shabaab in Somalia: History and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005-2012 (Hurst, London, 2013).
10. Kadara Swaleh, 'The radicalization of Sheikh Aboud Rogo and the formation of a jihadist ideology in coastal Kenya' (Paper at the conference on 'Pirates and Preachers', Roskilde University, May 2014).
11. Juma Ndzovu, '"The politicisation of Muslim organisations and the future of Islamic-oriented politics in Kenya', Islamic Africa 3, 1 (2012), pp. 25-53.
12. International Crisis Group (ICG), 'Kenya: Al-Shabaab - closer to home' (Africa Briefing 102, Nairobi, 2014).
13. Justin Willis and Hassan Mwakimako, 'Islam, politics and violence on the Kenya coast', Observatoire de la Corne d'afrique, 2014, http://www.lam.sciencespobordeaux.fr/sites/lam/files/note4_observatoire.pdf> (2 October 2014).
14. David S. Cloud and Ken Dilanian, 'Kenya asks US for help with Somalia offensive', Los Angeles Times, 17 November 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/lafg-us-somalia-20111118,0,7985129.story?page=2> (21 August 2014).
15. Jean-Phillippe Remy, 'Kenya develops plan for satellite region of Jubaland', Guardian, 13 November 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/08/somali-fears-in-kenyaconflicts> (6December 2011).
16. William Reno, 'Rethinking counterinsurgency in Somalia', CTC Sentinel 6, 4 (2013), p. 16.
17. WaamoNews, 'Kenya to use US- and UK-trained special forces', 3 July 2012, http://waamonews.com/?p=18563> (20 August 2012).
18. Hiiraan On-line, 'Government forces capture Dhobley', 3 April 2011, http://hiiraan.com/news2/2011/Apr/government_forces_capture_dhobley_town.aspx> (4 June 2011).
19. Belete Belachew Yihun, 'Ethiopian foreign policy and the Ogaden War: from containment to destabilization, 1977-91', Journal of Eastern African Studies 8, 4 (2014), pp. 686-701.
20. Tobias Hagmann, Talking Peace in the Ogaden: Search for an end to conflict in the Somali regional state, Ethiopia (Rift Valley Institute, Nairobi, 2014).
21. Tobias Hagmann, 'Punishing the periphery: legacies of state repression in the Ethiopian Ogaden', Journal of Eastern African Studies 8, 4 (2014), p. 739.
22. Clar Ni Chonghaile, 'Somalia, Kenya and Uganda pledge to defeat Al Shabaab', Guardian, 17 November 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/17/somaliakenya-al-shabaab-uganda> (21 November 2011).
23. BBC News Online, 'Kenya offers to boost AU forces', 17 November 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15770901> (17 November 2011).
24. Kenya News24, 'Kenya, Ethiopia meet for Somalia talks', 17 November 2011, http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Kenya-Ethiopia-meet-for-Somali-talks-20111117> (18 November 2011).
25. Jeffrey Gettelman, 'Ethiopian troops set to enter Somalia', New York Times, 20 November 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/world/africa/ethiopian-troops-entersomalia-witnesses-say.html> (21 November 2011).
26. Claire McEvoy, Shifting priorities: Kenya's changing approach to peacebuilding (NOREF Report, Oslo, May 2013), p. 2.
27. Paul D. Williams, 'Fighting for peace in Somalia: AMISOM's seven strategic challenges', Journal of International Peacekeeping 17, 3-4 (2013), pp. 222-47.
28. Los Angeles Times, 'Kenya military chief suggests Somalia incursion could be long', 30 October 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-kenya-somalia-20111030,0,4326630.story> (31 October 2011).
29. The primary document is Government of Kenya, 'Flagship projects: Lamu port and new transport corridor development to southern Sudan and Ethiopia', 20 March 2013, http://www.vision2030.gop.ke/index/php/pillars/project/Enablers%20and%20Macro/181> (20 August 2014).
30. Tuesday Reitano and Mark Shaw, 'Peace, politics and petroleum in Somalia', African Affairs 112, 449 (2013), pp. 666-75.
31. David M. Anderson and Adrian Browne, 'The politics of oil in eastern Africa', Journal of Eastern African Studies 5, 2 (2011), pp. 369-412.
32. Katherine Zimmerman, 'Al Shabaab after Kismayo', Critical Threats, 3 October 2012, http://wwwcriticalthreats.org> (14 August 2014).
33. Hussein Solomon and Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, 'Factors responsible for Al-Shabab's losses in Somalia', CTC Sentinel 5, 9 (2012), pp. 7-9.
34. AFP, 'Ex-Islamist Somali warlord elected "president"', KismaayoNews, 15 May 2013, http://kismaayonews.com/2013/05/15/ex-islamist-somali-warlord-elected-president-of-keyregion-afp/> (24 August 2014).
35. United Nations (UN), Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1853 (2008): Somalia, 2010, UN doc. S/2010/91, 10 March 2010, pp. 16-17.
36. Paul D. Williams, 'Stabilising Somalia: The African Union Mission and the next stage in the war against Al-Shabaab', RUSI Journal 159, 2 (2014), pp. 57-8.
37. Matt Bryden, Somalia redux? Assessing the new Somali Federal Government (CSIS Report, Washington, DC, August 2013), p. 22.
38. Abera Wendoson, 'Somalia gives recognition to Jubaland', Ethiopia Herald, 28 August 2013, http://www.ethpress.gov.et/herald/index.php/herald/news/3845-somalia-gives-recognitionto-jubaland-interim-administration?tmpl=component&print=1&page=> (24 August 2014).
39. AMISOM, 'AMISOM resumes military operations against al-Shabaab', press release, 31 October 2013, http://amisom-au.org/2013/10/amisom-resumes-military-operationsagainst-al-shabaab/> (24 August 2014).
40. Christopher Anzalone, 'Al-Shabaab's tactical and media strategies in the wake of its battlefield setbacks', CTC Sentinel 6, 3 (March 2013), pp. 12-16.
41. Raffaello Pantucci, 'Bilal al-Berjawi and the shifting fortunes of foreign fighters in Somalia', CTC Sentinel 6, 9 (September 2013), pp. 14-17.
42. Stig Jarle Hansen, 'An in-depth look at Al-Shabaab's internal divisions', CTC Sentinel 7, 2 (2014), pp. 9-12.
43. Duncan Miriri, 'Britain warns of militant attacks on Kenya', Reuters, 9 January 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/09/uk-kenya-somalia-warning-idUSLNE80800M20120109> (12 January 2012).
44. The best narrative is Guardian, 'Westgate mall attacks', 21 September 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/westgate-mall-attacks> (10 October 2013).
45. Paul Ilado and Kamore Maina, 'Westgate operation was bungled - Uhuru', The Star (Nairobi), 10 October 2013, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-138924/westgateoperation-was-bungled-uhuru> (24 August 2014).
46. AFP, 'Somalia's al-Shabaab chief says war shifting to Kenya', 22 May 2014, http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/somalia-s-Al-Shabaab-chief-say-war-shifting-to-kenya/-/2558/2323312/-/ict24e/-/index.html> (25 May 2014).
47. Open Society Foundations, Counterterrorism and human rights in Kenya and Uganda: The World Cup bombings and beyond (Open Society Foundations, New York, NY, 2012).
48. Human Rights Watch (HRW), 'Kenya: Killings, disappearances by anti-terror police', press release, 18 August 2014, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/18/kenya-killings-disappearances-by-anti-terror-police> (23 August 2014).
49. IRIN, 'Kenya: Gunned down in Mombasa', IRIN, 28 July 2014, http://www.irinnews.org/report/100412/gunned-down-in-mombasa-the-clerics-that-have-died> (24 August 2014).
50. Sara Thordsen, 'New Muslim activism in Kenya' (Aarhus University, MA thesis in Political Science, 2009), http://www.specialer.sam.au.dk/stat/2009/19990725/19990725.1pdf> (20 August 2014).
51. Gregory Deacon and Gabrielle Lynch, 'Allowing Satan in? Toward a political economy of Pentecostalism in Kenya', Journal of Religion in Africa 43, 2 (2013), pp. 108-30.
52. HRW, 'Kenya: Halt crackdown on Somalis', press release, 11 April 2014, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/11/kenya-halt-crackdown-somalis> (23 August 2014).
53. HRW, 'Joint letter to UN High Commissioner for Human Rights - violations in Kenyan counterterrorism operations', 29 May 2014, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/29/joint-letter-un-high-commissioner-humanrights-navanethem-pillay-regarding-violation> (23 August 2014).
54. Neil Carrier and Emma Lochery, 'Missing states? Somali trade networks and the Eastleigh transformation', Journal of Eastern African Studies 7, 2 (2013), pp. 334-52.
55. Mutuma Mathiu, 'Are we just going to sit around and wait to be blown to bits by terrorists?', Daily Nation, 20 March 2014, http://mobile.nation.co.ke/blogs/Are-we-just-going-tosit-around-and-wait-to-be-blown-to-bits/-/1949942/2252048/-/format/xhtml/-/uw6jti/-/index.html> (24 August 2014).
56. Gaidi Mtaani is available from http://jihadology.net/> (24 August 2014).
57. Gaidi Mtaani, 1 'Operation Linda Uislamu', http://jihadology.net/2012/04/05/issue-1-of-a-new-swahili-magazine-gaidi-mtaani/> (24 August 2014), p. 4.
58. Gaidi Mtaani, 3, 'Sheikh Aboud Rogo - Chanzo cha Mabadiliko', http://jihadology.net/2013/03/03/new-issue-of-the-magazine-gaidi-mtaani-issue-3/> (24 August 2014).
59. Gaidi Mtaani, 2, 'The long road to Kismayo', http://jihadology.net/2012/06/30/new-issue-of-the-magazine-gaidi-mtaani-issue-2/> (24 August 2014).
60. Especially Gaidi Mtaani, 4, 'Special Edition - Westgate', http://jihadology.net/2013/11/12/new-issue-of-the-magazine-gaidi-mtaani-issue-4/> (24 August 2014).
61. Staffwriters, 'Mpeketoni attacks death toll rises to 48', Daily Nation, 16 June 2014, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/mpeketoni-Lamu-gunfire-al-shabaab-terrorism/-/1056/2349860/-/yf5qvgz/-/> (18 June 2014).
62. Abdullahi Boru Halakhe, 'To prevent more Mpeketonis Kenya must define Somalia exit plan', African Arguments, 19 June 2014, http://africanarguments.org/2014/06/19/toprevent-more-mpeketonis-kenya-must-define-somalia-exit-plan-by-abdullahi-boru-halakhe/> (20 June 2014).
63. Mazera Ndurya, 'How squatters became landowners in Lamu', Daily Nation, 29 June 2014, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/How-squatters-became-land-owners-in-Lamu/-/1056/2366012/-/36lcde/-/index.html> (30 June 2014).
64. Denzil Musumba, 'Uhuru blames massacre on tribalism, hate politics', Daily Nation, 17 June 2014, http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Uhuru-blames-massacre-on-tribalism-hatepolitics/-/1056/2352306/-/wyy1laz/-/index.html> (18 June 2014).
65. Elkana Jacob, 'Westgate, Mpeketoni killings suspects held', The Star, 29 July 2014, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-180630/westgate-mpeketoni-killings-suspects-held> (4 August 2014).
66. Staffwriters, 'Elders accuse county chief of presiding over land-grabbing', Daily Nation, 16 October 2013, http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/Elders-accuse-county-chief-of-pesidingover-land-grabbing-/-/1107872/2033896/-/3vh7wj/-/index.html> (20 October 2013).
67. Jerome Starkey, 'Militants' firebomb campaign sows fear in Kenyan resorts', Guardian, 17 July 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/militants-firebomb-campaign-sows-fear-in-kenyan-resorts> (17 July 2014).
68. Paul Hidalgo, 'Kenya's worst enemy: Nairobi's losing battle against militant Islam', Foreign Affairs, 23 April 2014, http://foreignaffairs.com/articles/141357/paul-hidalgo/kenyasworst-enemy> (12 May 2014).