Education law: Unconscious racism and the conversation about the racial achievement gap

Implicit Racial Bias Across the Law

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 113-131

  Lawrence, Charles R ^a  

^a University of Hawaii William S Richardson School of Law   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928860421     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511820595.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (31)

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2. Charles R. Lawrence III, Unconscious Racism Revisited: Reflections on the Impact and Origins of “The Id, the Ego and Equal Protection,” 40 Conn. L. Rev. 931 (2008).
3. Richard J. Herrnstein & Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994).
4. Josiah Clark Nott et al., Types of Mankind: or, Ethnological Researches: Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological and Biblical History (1854).
5. Audrey Smedley, Science and the Idea of Race: A Brief History, in Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth (Jefferson M. Fish ed., 2002).
6. Henry H. Goddard, Psychology of the Normal and Subnormal 246 (1919).
7. Stephen Jay Gould, Racist Arguments and IQ, in Race and IQ (Ashley Montagu ed., 1975, expanded edition 1999).
8. A. R. Jensen, How Much Can We Boost IQand Scholastic Achievement, 39 Harv. Educ. Rev. 1 (1969).
9. The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America (Steven Fraser ed., 1994)
10. Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (1996).
11. Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (1993).
12. Charles R. Lawrence III, Who Is the Child Left Behind? The Racial Meaning of the New School Reform, 39 Suffolk U. L. Rev. 699, 718 n.56 (2006)
13. Paul E. Barton, Parsing the Achievement Gap: Baselines for Tracking Progress (2003), http://www.ets.org/MediaIResearch/pdfIPICPARSlNG.pdf
14. John M. Flora, High Mobility Linked to Low Test Scores, Indianapolis Star, Mar. 4, 1999
15. Marge Christensen Gould & Hennan Gould, A Clear Vision for Equity and Opportunity: Diagnosis and Treatment of Vision Disorders in Poor Children Improves Academic Achievement, 85 Phi Delta Kappan 4, 324 (2003)
16. Senator Barack Obama, Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention (July 27, 2004).
17. Office of Policy Planning and Research, United States Department of Labor, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965), available at http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm.
18. Patricia Cohen, ‘Culture of Poverty’ Makes a Comeback, N.Y. Times, Oct. 17, 2010
19. Diana Slaughter & Edgar Epps, The Home Environment and Academic Achievement of Black American Children and Youth: An Overview, 56 J. Negro Educ. 1 (1987).
20. Endya B. Stewart, Family-and Individual-Level Predictors of Academic Success for African American Students: A Longitudinal Path Analysis Utilizing National Data, 36 J. Black Stud. 597 (2006).
21. John U. Ogbu, Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross Cultural Perspective (1978)
22. Margaret A. Gibson & John U. Ogbu, Minority status and Schooling: A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Involuntary Minorities (1991)
23. John U. Ogbu, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement (2003).
24. Signithia Fordham & John Ogbu, Black Students’ School Success: Coping with the Burden of Acting White (1986).
25. John Ogbu, Minority Education in Comparative Perspective, 59 J. Negro Educ. 1 (1990).
26. Felicia Lee, Why Are Black Students Lagging?, N.Y. Times, Nov. 30, 2002.
27. William Julius Wilson, The Role of the Environment in the Black-White Test Score Gap, in The Black-White Test Score Gap 508 (Christopher Jenks & Meredith Phillips eds., 1998).
28. Ronald F. Ferguson, Teachers’ Perceptions and Expectations and the Black-White Test Score Gap, in The Black-White Test Score Gap 273–317 (Christopher Jenks & Meredith Phillips eds., 1998).
29. Theresa Perry et al., Young Gifted and Black: Promoting High Achievement Among African American Students 85 (2005).
30. Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave (1845).
31. J. Noelani Goodyear-Kaopua, Rebuilding the ‘Auwai: Connecting Ecology, Economy and Education in Hawaiian Schools, 5 AlterNative 46 (2009), http://socialsciences.people.hawaii.edu/publicationslib/Goodyear-Ka%27opua%20AlterNative%202009%205%282%29%2046–77.pdf.