Genocidal conflict in Rwanda and the ICTR

Netherlands International Law Review

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 31-65

  Ntanda Nsereko, Daniel D ^a,b,c,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

^b University of East Africa   (Uganda)

^c HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Certificate in International Law   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928800346     PISSN: 0165070X     EISSN: 17416191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X00001133     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. See Uganda and Human Rights: Report of the International Commission of Jurists to the United Nations (Geneva 1977); Organization in Category II in Consultative Status', UN Doc. E/CN.4/NGO/193; Amnesty International, Human Rights Violations in Uganda (London 1982); Y. Lule, Human Rights Violations in Uganda Under Obote (Pasadena, California, Munger Africana Library, California Institute of Technology 1982).
2. R. Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide (Cambridge, Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press 1994).
3. H. Adelman and A. Suhrke, The Path of Genocide: the Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire (New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers 1999); G. Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (London, Hurst and Company 1997); R. Block, 'The Tragedy of Rwanda', The New York Review 20 October 1994.
4. W.M. Roger Louis, Ruanda-Burundi; 1884-1919 (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1963) p. 112. For similar descriptions showing the Tutsi as a superior people to the Bantu agriculturists see Prunier, op. cit. n. 4, at pp. 5-9.
5. Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, para. 90.
6. On the subject of a people's right to return to their homeland, see D.D. Ntanda Nsereko, 'The Right to Return Home', 21 The Indian Journal of International Law (1981) p. 335.
7. See B. Crossette, 'Why Washington and the World Largely Failed to Act to Head Off the Blood Bath', New York Times 25 March 1998, p. A14.
8. UN Doc. S/1994/1125.
9. UN Doc. S/Res/955,1994.
10. ICTR-96-15-T of 19 June 1997.
11. See UN Doc. S/1994/1157.
12. UN Doc. S/1994/1125.
13. France et al. v. Goering et aL, (1946) 23 IMT 1, [1946] Ann. Dig. 202 at 221.
14. ICTR-97-32-1. He pleaded guilty to the indictment.
15. Art. 5.
16. Art. 2.
17. Art. 3.
18. Art. 4.
19. See for example G.K. McDonald and O. Swaak-Goldman, eds., Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 2000).
20. Art. 8(l).
21. Art. 8(2).
22. ICTR-96-13-T.
23. Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR 72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995.
24. Rule 15(C) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
25. Rule 15(B).
26. ICTR-95-1-T.
27. ICTR-87-19-I.
28. R v. Horsefery Road Magistrates' Court: Ex Parte Bennett, [1994] 1 AC 42, at p. 62. This case was cited by the Appeals Chamber.
29. State v. Ebrahim, [1991] 2 S. Aft. L Rep. 553(A). See also State v. December, [1995] S. Aft. Rep. 438. For a reaction to the December decision see J. Dugard, 'Abduction: Does the Appellate Division Care About International Law?', 12 SAJHR (1996) p. 324.
30. Bell v. D.P.P. ofJamaica, [1985] 2 All ER 585 (PC). This case was also cited by the Appeals Chamber.
31. The Appeals Chamber when it made its first decision was constituted as follows: Gabrielle Kirk McDonald (President), Wang Tieya, Mohamed Shabuddeen, Lal Chand Vohrah and Rafael Nieto-Navia. When reviewing that decision Judges McDonald and Tieya did not sit. In their place sat Judges Claude Jorda (new President), and Fausto Pocar.
32. W.A. Schabas, Barayagwiza v. Prosecutor, 94 AJIL (2000) p. 563
33. http://www.ictr.org /ENGLISH/decisionsBarayagwiza/separate31032000.htm
34. http://www.ictr.org / ENGLISH/casesBarayagwiza/decisions/021100.htm
35. 15 of the Decision on Defence Counsel Motion to Withdraw. (Found at http://www.ictr.org/ ENGLISH/cases/barayagwiza/decision/02I00/htm).
36. IT-95-16-T (14 January 2000).
37. See, for example, O. Triffterer, Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article (Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlagsgeselleschaft 1999).
38. Generally see G. Verdirame, 'The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc Tribunals', 49 ICLQ (2000) p. 578.
39. See paras. 523-524 of the Judgement.
40. See V.N. Dadrian, 'Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law', 14 Yale JIL (1989) p. 221; LeBlanc, 'The Genocide Convention and Political Groups', 13 Yale JIL (1988) p. 268; F. Chalk, 'Redefining Genocide', in G.J. Andreopoulous, ed., Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press 1994) pp. 47-63; N. Ruhashyankiko, 'Study of the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide', UN Doc. E/CN.A/sub.2/416, 4 July 1978, paras. 84-87.
41. Para.516.
42. Para. 512. The Chamber adopted wholesale this definition from the Nottebohm case, ICJ Rep. (1955) p. 4.
43. See para. 702.
44. Para.513.
45. See R. Joshi, 'Genocide in Rwanda: The Root Causes', 3 East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights (1996) p. 77.
46. See, for example, R. Block, 'The Tragedy in Rwanda', New York Review 20 October 1994, p. 3.
47. Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, ICTR-96-3-T, para. 51.
48. Judges Laity Kama (presiding), Lennart Aspegren and Navanethaem Pilly.
49. Para. 702 of the Judgment.
50. Para.502.
51. For an extensive discussion of the case see K.D. Askin, 'Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status', 93 AJIL (1999) p. 97. The author correctly asserts at p. 100 that 'the Akayesu judgment resulted in the most progressive case law on gender ever pronounced by an international judicial body'.
52. Para.706.
53. Para.732.
54. Para.706.
55. Para.686.
56. Para.687.
57. IT-96-2 1-T,para.479.
58. IT-95-17/1-T.
59. Ibid., para. 185.
60. See for example Askin, loc. cit. n. 74.
61. Para.697.
62. Rule 6(C) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
63. See the Kabiligi case, ICTR-97-34-I.
64. See Art. 51 of the ICC Statute.
65. Ten commanders.
66. http://www.ictr.org /ENGLISH/factsheets/detainee.htm.
67. ICTR-97-23-I.
68. http://www.ictr.org /ENGLISH/cases/KAMBANDA/judgment/191000.htm.
69. Other pleas of guilty were subsequently recorded in the Serushago case, ICTR-98-39-1, and in the Ruggiu case, ICTR-97-32-1.
70. The Prosecutor Mme Carla Del Ponte revealed at a press conference recently that her Office was 'actively' investigating some RPF soldiers who were alleged to have committed crimes within the Tribunal's jurisdiction. See ICTR/INFO-9-2-254-EN.