Harmful and Protective Effects of Phenolic Compounds from African Medicinal Plants

Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 577-609

  Mbaveng, Armelle T ^a   Zhao, Qiaoli ^b   Kuete, Victor ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DSCHANG   (Cameroon)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Africa; Harmful effects; Medicinal plants; Phenolic compounds; Protective effects

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928794388     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00020-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (272)

1. Kougan G.B., Tabopda T., Kuete V., Verpoorte R. Simple phenols, phenolic acids, and related esters from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 225-249. Elsevier, Oxford. V. Kuete (Ed.).
2. Kuete V. Phenylpropanoids and related compounds from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 2013:251-260. Elsevier, Oxford.
3. Poumale H.M.P., Hamm R., Zang Y., Shiono Y., Kuete V. Coumarins and related compounds from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 261-300. Elsevier, Oxford. V. Kuete (Ed.).
4. Ngameni B., Fotso G.W., Kamga J., Ambassa P., Abdou T., Fankam A.G., et al. Flavonoids and related compounds from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 301-350. Elsevier, Oxford. V. Kuete (Ed.).
5. Eyong K.O., Kuete V., Efferth T. Quinones and benzophenones from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 351-391. Elsevier, Oxford. V. Kuete (Ed.).
6. Mazimba O., Nana F., Kuete V., Singh G.S. Xanthones and anthranoids from the medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 393-434. Elsevier, Oxford. V. Kuete (Ed.).
7. Tsopmo A., Awah F.M., Kuete V. Lignans and stilbenes from African medicinal plants. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 2013:435-478. Elsevier, Oxford.
8. Shahat A.A., Marzouk M.S. Tannins and related compounds from medicinal plants of Africa. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, 479-555. Elsevier, Oxford. V. Kuete (Ed.).
9. Harborne J., Baxter H., Moss G. Phytochemical dictionary: handbook of bioactive compounds from plants 1999, Taylor & Francis, London.
10. Martins S., Mussatto S.I., Martínez-Avila G., Montañez-Saenz J., Aguilar C.N., Teixeira J.A. Bioactive phenolic compounds: production and extraction by solid-state fermentation. A review. Biotechnol Adv 2011, 29(3):365-373.
11. Bravo L. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev 1998, 56(11):317-533.
12. Ruiz J.M., Romero L. Bioactivity of the phenolic compounds in higher plants. Studies in natural products chemistry 2001, 651-681. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R. Atta ur (Ed.).
13. Rispail N., Morris P., Webb J. Phenolic compounds: extraction and analysis 2005, Springer, Dordrecht, [chapter 7.5].
14. Kim E.Y., Ham S.K., Shigenaga M.K., Han O. Bioactive dietary polyphenolic compounds reduce nonheme iron transport across human intestinal cell monolayers. J Nutr 2008, 138(9):1647-1651.
15. Chen H., Yao J., Wang F., Zhou Y., Chen K., Zhuang R., et al. Toxicity of three phenolic compounds and their mixtures on the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 2010, 408(5):1043-1049.
16. Roza L., de Vogel N., van Delft J.H. Lack of clastogenic effects in cultured human lymphocytes treated with hydroquinone. Food Chem Toxicol 2003, 41(10):1299-1305.
17. Habauzit V., Morand C. Evidence for a protective effect of polyphenols-containing foods on cardiovascular health: an update for clinicians. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2012, 3(2):87-106.
18. Kuete V., Eichhorn T., Wiench B., Krusche B., Efferth T. Cytotoxicity, anti-angiogenic, apoptotic effects and transcript profiling of a naturally occurring naphthyl butenone, guieranone A. Cell Div 2012, 7(1):16.
19. Kuete V., Ngameni B., Mbaveng A.T., Ngadjui B., Meyer J.J.M., Lall N. Evaluation of flavonoids from Dorstenia barteri for their antimycobacterial, antigonorrheal and anti-reverse transcriptase activities. Acta Trop 2010, 116(1):100-104.
20. Kuete V., Efferth T. Cameroonian medicinal plants: pharmacology and derived natural products. Front Pharmacol 2010, 1:123.
21. Kuete V. Medicinal plant research in Africa 2013, Elsevier, Oxford.
22. Howitz K.T., Bitterman K.J., Cohen H.Y., Lamming D.W., Lavu S., Wood J.G., et al. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 2003, 425(6954):191-196.
23. Kaeberlein M., McDonagh T., Heltweg B., Hixon J., Westman E.A., Caldwell S.D., et al. Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol. J Biol Chem 2005, 280(17):17038-17045.
24. Bass T.M., Weinkove D., Houthoofd K., Gems D., Partridge L. Effects of resveratrol on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 2007, 128(10):546-552.
25. Quideau S. Plant "polyphenolic" small molecules can induce a calorie restriction-mimetic life-span extension by activating sirtuins: will "polyphenols" someday be used as chemotherapeutic drugs in western medicine?. Chembiochem 2004, 5(4):427-430.
26. World Health Organization (WHO). The global burden of disease. Available at: <> 2004 [accesed on 29.7.13]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563710_eng.pdf.
27. Gonzalez R., Ballester I., Lopez-Posadas R., Suarez M.D., Zarzuelo A., Martínez-Augustin O., et al. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011, 51(4):331-362.
28. Budavari S. The Merck Index: an encyclopedia of chemical, drugs, and biologicals 1996, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
29. Greenlee W.F., Sun J.D., Bus J.S. A proposed mechanism of benzene toxicity: formation of reactive intermediates from polyphenol metabolites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981, 59(2):187-195.
30. Strick R., Strissel P.L., Borgers S., Smith S.L., Rowley J.D. Dietary bioflavonoids induce cleavage in the MLL gene and may contribute to infant leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(9):4790-4795.
31. Ross J.A. Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: a pathway to infant leukemia?. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97(9):4411-4413.
32. Matuschek E., Svanberg U. Oxidation of polyphenols and the effect on in vitro iron accessibility in a model food system. J Food Sci 2002, 67(1):420-424.
33. Wink M. Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants. Wirbeltierforschung in der Kulturlandschaft 2009, 421:93-112.
34. Born S.L., Api A.M., Ford R.A., Lefever F.R., Hawkins D.R. Comparative metabolism and kinetics of coumarin in mice and rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2003, 41(2):247-258.
35. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. Frequently asked questions about coumarin in cinnamon and other foods, <> 2006 [accessed 20.07.13]. http://www.bfr.bund.de/en/frequently_asked_questions_about_coumarin_in_cinnamon_and_other_foods-8487.html.
36. Coumarin [accessed 20.07.13]. https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_229620.html.
37. Steenkamp V., Stewart M.J. Nephrotoxicity associated with exposure to plant toxins, with particular reference to Africa. Ther Drug Monit 2005, 27(3):270-277.
38. Uwaifo A.O., Okorie D.A., Bababunmi E.A. Mutagenicity of chamuvaritin: a benzyldihydrochalcone isolated from a medicinal plant. Cancer Lett 1979, 8(1):87-92.
39. Polsky B., Segal S.J., Baron P.A., Gold J.W., Ueno H., Armstrong D. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro by gossypol. Contraception 1989, 39(6):579-587.
40. Zbidah M., Lupescu A., Shaik N., Lang F. Gossypol-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Toxicology 2012, 302(2-3):101-105.
41. Botha C.J., Penrith M.L. Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 119(3):549-558.
42. Nicholson S. Cotton seed toxicity 2007, Academic Press, New York, NY.
43. van der Vijver L.M. Distribution of plumbagin in the mplumbaginaceae. Phytochemistry 1972, 11(11):3247-3248.
44. Parimala R., Sachdanandam P. Effect of plumbagin on some glucose metabolising enzymes studied in rats in experimental hepatoma. Mol Cell Biochem 1993, 125(1):59-63.
45. de Paiva S.R., Figueiredo M.R., Aragao T.V., Kaplan M.A. Antimicrobial activity in vitro of plumbagin isolated from Plumbago species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003, 98(7):959-961.
46. Demma J., Hallberg K., Hellman B. Genotoxicity of plumbagin and its effects on catechol and NQNO-induced DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009, 23(2):266-271.
47. Likhitwitayawuid K., Kaewamatawong R., Ruangrungsi N., Krungkrai J. Antimalarial naphthoquinones from Nepenthes thorelii. Planta Med 1998, 64(3):237-241.
48. Wang W., Luo X., Li H. Terahertz and infrared spectra of plumbagin, juglone, and menadione. Carniv Pl Newslett 2010, 39(3):82-88.
49. Rischer H., Hamm A., Bringmann G. Nepenthes insignis uses a C2-portion of the carbon skeleton of l-alanine acquired via its carnivorous organs, to build up the allelochemical plumbagin. Phytochemistry 2002, 59(6):603-609.
50. Kuete V., Tangmouo J.G., Marion Meyer J.J., Lall N. Diospyrone, crassiflorone and plumbagin: three antimycobacterial and antigonorrhoeal naphthoquinones from two Diospyros spp. Int J Antimicrob Ag 2009, 34(4):322-325.
51. Kuete V., Efferth T. Pharmacogenomics of Cameroonian traditional herbal medicine for cancer therapy. J Ethnopharmacol 2011, 137(1):752-766.
52. Didry N., Dubreuil L., Pinkas M. Activity of anthraquinonic and naphthoquinonic compounds on oral bacteria. Pharmazie 1994, 49(9):681-683.
53. Checker R., Sharma D., Sandur S.K., Subrahmanyam G., Krishnan S., Poduval T.B., et al. Plumbagin inhibits proliferative and inflammatory responses of T cells independent of ROS generation but by modulating intracellular thiols. J Cell Biochem 2010, 110(5):1082-1093.
54. Hsu Y.L., Cho C.Y., Kuo P.L., Huang Y.T., Lin C.C. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in A549 cells through p53 accumulation via c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation at serine 15 in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006, 318(2):484-494.
55. Subramaniya B.R., Srinivasan G., Sadullah S.S., Davis N., Subhadara L.B., Halagowder D., et al. Apoptosis inducing effect of plumbagin on colonic cancer cells depends on expression of COX-2. PLoS One 2011, 6(4):e18695.
56. Itoigawa M., Takeya K., Furukawa H. Cardiotonic action of plumbagin on guinea-pig papillary muscle. Planta Med 1991, 57(4):317-319.
57. McKallip R.J., Lombard C., Sun J., Ramakrishnan R. Plumbagin-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes is mediated through increased reactive oxygen species production, upregulation of fas, and activation of the caspase cascade. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010, 247(1):41-52.
58. Bhargava S.K. Effects of plumbagin on reproductive function of male dog. Indian J Exp Biol 1984, 22(3):153-156.
59. Son T.G., Camandola S., Arumugam T.V., Cutler R.G., Telljohann R.S., Mughal M.R., et al. Plumbagin, a novel Nrf2/ARE activator, protects against cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2010, 112(5):1316-1326.
60. Ding Y., Chen Z.J., Liu S., Che D., Vetter M., Chang C.H. Inhibition of Nox-4 activity by plumbagin, a plant-derived bioactive naphthoquinone. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005, 57(1):111-116.
61. Black Walnut. 2009 [accessed 27.07.13]. http://wwwdrugscom/npp/black-walnuthtml.
62. Demma J., Hallberg K. Genotoxicity of plumbagin and its effects on catechol and NQNO-induced DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells. Björn Hellman 2009, 23(2):266-271.
63. Farr S., Natvig D., Kogoma T. Toxicity and mutagenicity of plumbagin and the induction of a possible new DNA repair pathway in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1985, 164(3):1309-1316.
64. Gálvez M., Barroso C., Pérez-Bustamante J. Analysis of polyphenolic compounds of different vinegar samples. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1994, 199(1):29-31.
65. Kacem N., Hay A.E., Marston A., Zellagui A., Rhouati S., Hostettmann K. Antioxidant compounds from Algerian Convolvulus tricolor (Convolvulaceae) seed husks. Nat Prod Commun 2012, 7(7):873-874.
66. Ngoupayo J., Tabopda T.K., Ali M.S., Tsamo E. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from Garcinia brevipedicellata (Clusiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008, 56(10):1466-1469.
67. Ngoumfo R.M., Ngounou G.E., Tchamadeu C.V., Qadir M.I., Mbazoa C.D., Begum A., et al. Inhibitory effect of macabarterin, a polyoxygenated ellagitannin from Macaranga barteri, on human neutrophil respiratory burst activity. J Nat Prod 2008, 71(11):1906-1910.
68. Vardamides J.C., Azebaze A.G., Nkengfack A.E., Van Heerden F.R., Fomum Z.T., Ngando T.M., et al. Scaphopetalone and scaphopetalumate, a lignan and a triterpene ester from Scaphopetalum thonneri. Phytochemistry 2003, 62(4):647-650.
69. Ezzat S.M., Abdallah H.M., Fawzy G.A., El-Maraghy S.A. Hepatoprotective constituents of Torilis radiata Moench (Apiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2012, 26(3):282-285.
70. El-Hady S., Bukuru J., Kesteleyn B., Van Puyvelde L., Van T.N., De Kimpe N. New pyranonaphthoquinone and pyranonaphthohydroquinone from the roots of Pentas longiflora. J Nat Prod 2002, 65(9):1377-1379.
71. Randrianarivelojosia M., Langlois A., Mulholland D.A. Investigations of the Malagasy species Tachiadenus longiflorus Grisebach (Gentianaceae): linking chemical finding and traditional usage. J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 105(3):456-458.
72. More G., Lall N., Hussein A., Tshikalange T.E. Antimicrobial Constituents of Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. against periodontal pathogens. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012, 2012:252758.
73. Obidoa O., Ezeanyika L., Okoli A. Effect of scopoletin on male guinea pig reproductive organs. I. Levels of citric acid and fructose. Nutr Res 1999, 19(3):443-448.
74. Richard J. Physiological deterioration of cassava roots. J Sci Food Agric 1985, 36:167-176.
75. Ekpechi O.L., Dimitriadou A., Fraser R. Goitrogenic activity of cassava (a staple Nigerian food). Nature 1996, 210(5041):1137-1138.
76. Osuntokun B.O. Cassava diet, chronic cyanide intoxication and neuropathy in the Nigerian Africans. World Rev Nutr Diet 1981, 36:141-173.
77. Obidoa O., Obasi S.C. Coumarin compounds in cassava diets: 2 health implications of scopoletin in gari. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1991, 41(3):283-289.
78. Zheng L.T., Ryu G.M., Kwon B.M., Lee W.H., Suk K. Anti-inflammatory effects of catechols in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia cells: inhibition of microglial neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 588(1):106-113.
79. Bankeu J.J., Mustafa S.A., Gojayev A.S., Lenta B.D., Tchamo Noungoue D., Ngouela S.A., et al. Ceramide and Cerebroside from the stem bark of Ficus mucuso (Moraceae). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010, 58(12):1661-1665.
80. Hubert D.J., Dawe A., Florence N.T., Gilbert K.D., Angele T.N., Buonocore D., et al. In vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of crude extract and isolated compounds from Ficus gnaphalocarpa. Inflammopharmacology 2011, 19(1):35-43.
81. Kuete V., Ngameni B., Simo C.C., Tankeu R.K., Ngadjui B.T., Meyer J.J., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and compounds from Ficus chlamydocarpa and Ficus cordata (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 120(1):17-24.
82. Bickii J., Njifutie N., Foyere J.A., Basco L.K., Ringwald P. In vitro antimalarial activity of limonoids from Khaya grandifoliola C.D.C. (Meliaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2000, 69(1):27-33.
83. Esmat A.Y., Said M.M., Soliman A.A., El-Masry K.S., Badiea E.A. Bioactive compounds, antioxidant potential, and hepatoprotective activity of sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) against thioacetamide intoxication in rats. Nutrition 2013, 29(1):258-267.
84. Hamdy A.H., Mettwally W.S., El Fotouh M.A., Rodriguez B., El-Dewany A.I., El-Toumy S.A., et al. Bioactive phenolic compounds from the Egyptian Red Sea seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum. Z Naturforsch C 2012, 67(5-6):291-296.
85. Adesida A., Farombi E.O. Free radical scavenging activities of guava extract in vitro. Afr J Med Med Sci 2012, 41(Suppl.):81-90.
86. Ikewuchi J.C., Onyeike E.N., Uwakwe A.A., Ikewuchi C.C. Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana 'Godseffiana' Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) on the hematology, plasma biochemistry and ocular indices of oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011, 137(3):1415-1424.
87. Nkobole N., Houghton P.J., Hussein A., Lall N. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia sericea constituents. Nat Prod Commun 2011, 6(11):1585-1588.
88. Theo A., Masebe T., Suzuki Y., Kikuchi H., Wada S., Obi C.L., et al. Peltophorum africanum, a traditional South African medicinal plant, contains an anti HIV-1 constituent, betulinic acid. Tohoku J Exp Med 2009, 217(2):93-99.
89. Bekker M., Bekker R., Brandt V.E. Two flavonoid glycosides and a miscellaneous flavan from the bark of Guibourtia coleosperma. Phytochemistry 2006, 67(8):818-823.
90. Saul N., Pietsch K., Menzel R., Sturzenbaum S.R., Steinberg C.E. Catechin induced longevity in C. elegans: from key regulator genes to disposable soma. Mech Ageing Dev 2009, 130(8):477-486.
91. Weyant M.J., Carothers A.M., Dannenberg A.J., Bertagnolli M.M. (+)-Catechin inhibits intestinal tumor formation and suppresses focal adhesion kinase activation in the min/+ mouse. Cancer Res 2001, 61(1):118-125.
92. Mangiapane H., Thomson J., Salter A., Brown S., Bell G.D., White D.A. The inhibition of the oxidation of low density lipoprotein by (+)-catechin, a naturally occurring flavonoid. Biochem Pharmacol 1992, 43(3):445-450.
93. Cho S.Y., Park P.J., Shin H.J., Kim Y.K., Shin D.W., Shin E.S., et al. (-)-Catechin suppresses expression of Kruppel-like factor 7 and increases expression and secretion of adiponectin protein in 3T3-L1 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292(4):E1166-E1172.
94. Hirasawa M., Takada K. Multiple effects of green tea catechin on the antifungal activity of antimycotics against Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 53(2):225-229.
95. Lotito S.B., Fraga C.G. (+)-Catechin prevents human plasma oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1998, 24(3):435-441.
96. Auclair S., Milenkovic D., Besson C., Chauvet S., Gueux E., Morand C., et al. Catechin reduces atherosclerotic lesion development in apo E-deficient mice: a transcriptomic study. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204(2):e21-e27.
97. Nath S., Bachani M., Harshavardhana D., Steiner J.P. Catechins protect neurons against mitochondrial toxins and HIV proteins via activation of the BDNF pathway. J Neurovirol 2012, 18(6):445-455.
98. Reimann H.J., Lorenz W., Fischer M., Frolich R., Meyer H.J., Schmal A. Histamine and acute haemorrhagic lesions in rat gastric mucosa: prevention of stress ulcer formation by (+)-catechin, an inhibitor of specific histidine decarboxylase in vitro. Agents Actions 1997, 7(1):69-73.
99. Hou W.C., Lin R.D., Chen C.T., Lee M.H. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibition by active principles from Uncaria rhynchophylla. J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 100(1-2):216-220.
100. Zhou L., Elias R.J. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in food emulsions: influence of pH and phenolic concentration. Food Chem 2013, 138(2-3):1503-1509.
101. Hu B., Ting Y., Zeng X., Huang Q. Bioactive peptides/chitosan nanoparticles enhance cellular antioxidant activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Agric Food Chem 2013, 61(4):875-881.
102. Du G.J., Zhang Z., Wen X.D., Yu C., Calway T., Yuan C.S., et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most effective cancer chemopreventive polyphenol in green tea. Nutrients 2012, 4(11):1679-1691.
103. Wang H., Bian S., Yang C.S. Green tea polyphenol EGCG suppresses lung cancer cell growth through upregulating miR-210 expression caused by stabilizing HIF-1alpha. Carcinogenesis 2011, 32(12):1881-1889.
104. Chaabi M., Beghidja N., Benayache S., Lobstein A. Activity-guided isolation of antioxidant principles from Limoniastrum feei (Girard) Batt. Z Naturforsch C 2008, 63(11-12):801-807.
105. El-Hawary S.A., Sokkar N.M., Ali Z.Y., Yehia M.M. A profile of bioactive compounds of Rumex vesicarius L. J Food Sci 2011, 76(8):C1195-C1202.
106. Snijman P.W., Swanevelder S., Joubert E., Green I.R., Gelderblom W.C. The antimutagenic activity of the major flavonoids of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): some dose-response effects on mutagen activation-flavonoid interactions. Mutat Res 2007, 631(2):111-123.
107. Momtaz S., Mapunya B.M., Houghton P.J., Edgerly C., Hussein A., Naidoo S., et al. Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening. J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 119(3):507-512.
108. Mahler A., Mandel S., Lorenz M., Ruegg U., Wanker E.E., Boschmann M., et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate: a useful, effective and safe clinical approach for targeted prevention and individualised treatment of neurological diseases?. EPMA J 2013, 4(1):5.
109. Wu D., Guo Z., Ren Z., Guo W., Meydani S.N. Green tea EGCG suppresses T cell proliferation through impairment of IL-2/IL-2 receptor signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2009, 47(5):636-643.
110. Steinman L., Zamvil S.S. How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006, 60(1):12-21.
111. Mix E., Meyer-Rienecker H., Zettl U.K. Animal models of multiple sclerosis for the development and validation of novel therapies: potential and limitations. J Neurol 2008, 255(Suppl. 6):7-14.
112. Vesterinen H.M., Sena E.S., ffrench-Constant C., Williams A., Chandran S., Macleod M.R. Improving the translational hit of experimental treatments in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010, 16(9):1044-1055.
113. Baker D., Gerritsen W., Rundle J., Amor S. Critical appraisal of animal models of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011, 17(6):647-657.
114. Aktas O., Prozorovski T., Smorodchenko A., Savaskan N.E., Lauster R., Kloetzel P.M., et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate mediates T cellular NF-kappa B inhibition and exerts neuroprotection in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2004, 173(9):5794-5800.
115. Choi Y.T., Jung C.H., Lee S.R., Bae J.H., Baek W.K., Suh M.H., et al. The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Life Sci 2001, 70(5):603-614.
116. Walton N.M., Shin R., Tajinda K., Heusner C.L., Kogan J.H., Miyake S., et al. Adult neurogenesis transiently generates oxidative stress. PLoS One 2012, 7(4):e35264.
117. Levites Y., Amit T., Mandel S., Youdim M.B. Neuroprotection and neurorescue against abeta toxicity and PKC-dependent release of nonamyloidogenic soluble precursor protein by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. FASEB J 2003, 17(8):952-954.
118. Rezai-Zadeh K., Shytle D., Sun N., Mori T., Hou H., Jeanniton D., et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and reduces cerebral amyloidosis in Alzheimer transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2005, 25(38):8807-8814.
119. Reznichenko L., Amit T., Zheng H., Avramovich-Tirosh Y., Youdim M.B., Weinreb O., et al. Reduction of iron-regulated amyloid precursor protein and beta-amyloid peptide by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in cell cultures: implications for iron chelation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2006, 97(2):527-536.
120. Citron M. Beta-secretase inhibition for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease-promise and challenge. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25(2):92-97.
121. Lee J.W., Lee Y.K., Ban J.O., Ha T.Y., Yun Y.P., Han S.B., et al. Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits beta-amyloid-induced cognitive dysfunction through modification of secretase activity via inhibition of ERK and NF-kappaB pathways in mice. J Nutr 2009, 139(10):1987-1993.
122. Nkengfack A.E., Azebaze A.G., Waffo A.K., Fomum Z.T., Meyer M., van Heerden F.R. Cytotoxic isoflavones from Erythrina indica. Phytochemistry 2001, 58(7):1113-1120.
123. Marzouk M.S., Ibrahim M.T., El-Gindi O.R., Abou Bakr M.S. Isoflavonoid glycosides and rotenoids from Pongamia pinnata leaves. Z Naturforsch C 2008, 63(1-2):1-7.
124. Duker-Eshun G., Jaroszewski J.W., Asomaning W.A., Oppong-Boachie F., Brogger Christensen S. Antiplasmodial constituents of Cajanus cajan. Phytother Res 2004, 18(2):128-130.
125. Polkowski K., Mazurek A.P. Biological properties of genistein. A review of in vitro and in vivo data. Acta Pol Pharm 2000, 57(2):135-155.
126. Steele V.E., Pereira M.A., Sigman C.C., Kelloff G.J. Cancer chemoprevention agent development strategies for genistein. J Nutr 1995, 125(Suppl. 3):713S-716S.
127. Peterson G. Evaluation of the biochemical targets of genistein in tumor cells. J Nutr 1995, 125(Suppl. 3):784S-789S.
128. Si H., Liu D. Phytochemical genistein in the regulation of vascular function: new insights. Curr Med Chem 2007, 14(24):2581-2589.
129. Kumi-Diaka J., Rodriguez R., Goudaze G. Influence of genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) on the growth and proliferation of testicular cell lines. Biol Cell 1998, 90(4):349-354.
130. Mitchell J.H., Cawood E., Kinniburgh D., Provan A., Collins A.R., Irvine D.S. Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal males. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001, 100(6):613-618.
131. Calderon-Montano J.M., Burgos-Moron E., Perez-Guerrero C., Lopez-Lazaro M. A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Mini Rev Med Chem 2011, 11(4):298-344.
132. Tibe O., Meagher L.P., Fraser K., Harding D.R. Condensed tannins and flavonoids from the forage legume sulla (Hedysarum coronarium). J Agric Food Chem 2011, 59(17):9402-9409.
133. Mazimba O., Majinda R.R., Modibedi C., Masesane I.B., Cencic A., Chingwaru W. Tylosema esculentum extractives and their bioactivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011, 19(17):5225-5230.
134. Majinda R.R., Motswaledi M., Waigh R.D., Waterman P.G. Phenolic and antibacterial constituents of Vahlia capensis. Planta Med 1997, 63(3):268-270.
135. Tatsimo S.J., Tamokou Jde.D., Havyarimana L., Csupor D., Forgo P., Hohmann J., et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of kaempferol rhamnoside derivatives from Bryophyllum pinnatum. BMC Res Notes 2012, 5:158.
136. Nguemeving J.R., Azebaze A.G., Kuete V., Eric Carly N.N., Beng V.P., Meyer M., et al. Laurentixanthones A and B, antimicrobial xanthones from Vismia laurentii. Phytochemistry 2006, 67(13):1341-1346.
137. Elgorashi E., van Heerden F., van Staden J. Kaempferol, a mutagenic flavonol from Helichrysum simillimum. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008, 27(11):845-849.
138. Martini N.D., Katerere D.R., Eloff J.N. Biological activity of five antibacterial flavonoids from Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 93(2-3):207-212.
139. Middleton E., Kandaswami C., Theoharides T.C. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2000, 52(4):673-751.
140. Hertog M.G., Feskens E.J., Hollman P.C., Katan M.B., Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993, 342(8878):1007-1011.
141. Lin J., Rexrode K.M., Hu F., Albert C.M., Chae C.U., Rimm E.B., et al. Dietary intakes of flavonols and flavones and coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Epidemiol 2007, 2165(11):1305-1313.
142. Geleijnse J.M., Launer L.J., Van der Kuip D.A., Hofman A., Witteman J.C. Inverse association of tea and flavonoid intakes with incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75(5):880-886.
143. Knekt P., Kumpulainen J., Jarvinen R., Rissanen H., Heliovaara M., Reunanen A., et al. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76(3):560-568.
144. Dhalla N.S., Temsah R.M., Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 2000, 18(6):655-673.
145. Willerson J.T., Ridker P.M. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation 2004, 109(21 Suppl. 1):II2-10.
146. Tu Y.C., Lian T.W., Yen J.H., Chen Z.T., Wu M.J. Antiatherogenic effects of kaempferol and rhamnocitrin. J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55(24):9969-9976.
147. Oh H., Kang D.G., Kwon J.W., Kwon T.O., Lee S.Y., Lee D.B., et al. Isolation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory flavonoids from Sedum sarmentosum. Biol Pharm Bull 2004, 27(12):2035-2037.
148. Olszanecki R., Bujak-Gizycka B., Madej J., Suski M., Wolkow P.P., Jawien J., et al. Kaempferol, but not resveratrol inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008, 59(2):387-392.
149. Xu Y.C., Yeung D.K., Man R.Y., Leung S.W. Kaempferol enhances endothelium-independent and dependent relaxation in the porcine coronary artery. Mol Cell Biochem 2006, 287(1-2):61-67.
150. Xu Y.C., Leung G.P., Wong P.Y., Vanhoutte P.M., Man R.Y. Kaempferol stimulates large conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ (BKCa) channels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 154(6):1247-1253.
151. Chung M.I., Gan K.H., Lin C.N., Ko F.N., Teng C.M. Antiplatelet effects and vasorelaxing action of some constituents of Formosan plants. J Nat Prod 1993, 56(6):929-934.
152. Hannum S.M. Potential impact of strawberries on human health: a review of the science. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004, 44(1):1-17.
153. Belguith-Hadriche O., Bouaziz M., Jamoussi K., El Feki A., Sayadi S., Makni-Ayedi F. Lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects of an ethyl acetate extract of fenugreek seeds in high-cholesterol-fed rats. J Agric Food Chem 2010, 58(4):2116-2222.
154. Zern T.L., West K.L., Fernandez M.L. Grape polyphenols decrease plasma triglycerides and cholesterol accumulation in the aorta of ovariectomized guinea pigs. J Nutr 2003, 133(7):2268-2272.
155. Yu S.F., Shun C.T., Chen T.M., Chen Y.H. 3-O-beta-d-glucosyl-(1->6)-beta-d-glucosyl-kaempferol isolated from Sauropus androgenus reduces body weight gain in Wistar rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006, 29(12):2510-2513.
156. Rattanachaikunsopon P., Phumkhachorn P. Bacteriostatic effect of flavonoids isolated from leaves of Psidium guajava on fish pathogens. Fitoterapia 2007, 78(6):434-436.
157. Prahalathan P., Kumar S., Raja B. Effect of morin, a flavonoid against DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: a dose dependent study. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012, 2(6):443-448.
158. Abuohashish H.M., Al-Rejaie S.S., Al-Hosaini K.A., Parmar M.Y., Ahmed M.M. Alleviating effects of morin against experimentally-induced diabetic osteopenia. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013, 5(1):5.
159. Al Numair K.S., Chandramohan G., Alsaif M.A., Baskar A.A. Protective effect of morin on cardiac mitochondrial function during isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in male Wistar rats. Redox Rep 2012, 17(1):14-21.
160. Pogula B.K., Maharajan M.K., Oddepalli D.R., Boini L., Arella M., Sabarimuthu D.Q. Morin protects heart from beta-adrenergic-stimulated myocardial infarction: an electrocardiographic, biochemical, and histological study in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012, 68(3):433-446.
161. Shankari S.G., Karthikesan K., Jalaludeen A.M., Ashokkumar N. Hepatoprotective effect of morin on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2010, 21(4):277-294.
162. Lim S.C., Im Y.B., Bae C.S., Han S.I., Kim S.E., Han H.K. Protective effect of morin on the imipenem-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Arch Pharm Res 2008, 31(8):1060-1065.
163. Lee H.S., Jung K.H., Park I.S., Kwon S.W., Lee D.H., Hong S.S. Protective effect of morin on dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2009, 54(4):782-788.
164. Wu T.W., Zeng L.H., Wu J., Fung K.P. Morin: a wood pigment that protects three types of human cells in the cardiovascular system against oxyradical damage. Biochem Pharmacol 1994, 47(6):1099-1103.
165. Rahigude A., Bhutada P., Kaulaskar S., Aswar M., Otari K. Participation of antioxidant and cholinergic system in protective effect of naringenin against type-2 diabetes-induced memory dysfunction in rats. Neuroscience 2012, 226(0):62-72.
166. Wilcox L., Borradaile N., Huff M. Antiatherogenic properties of naringenin, a citrus flavonoid. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 1999, 17:160-178.
167. Felgines C., Texier O., Morand C., Manach C., Scalbert A., Regerat F., et al. Bioavailability of the flavanone naringenin and its glycosides in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000, 279(6):G1148-G1154.
168. Schroder G., Wehinger E., Lukacin R., Wellmann F., Seefelder W., Schwab W., et al. Flavonoid methylation: a novel 4'-O-methyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus, and evidence that partially methylated flavanones are substrates of four different flavonoid dioxygenases. Phytochemistry 2004, 65(8):1085-1094.
169. Borradaile N.M., de Dreu L.E., Barrett P.H., Huff M.W. Inhibition of hepatocyte apoB secretion by naringenin: enhanced rapid intracellular degradation independent of reduced microsomal cholesteryl esters. J Lipid Res 2002, 43(9):1544-1554.
170. Borradaile N.M., de Dreu L.E., Barrett P.H., Behrsin C.D., Huff M.W. Hepatocyte apoB-containing lipoprotein secretion is decreased by the grapefruit flavonoid, naringenin, via inhibition of MTP-mediated microsomal triglyceride accumulation. Biochemistry 2003, 42(5):1283-1291.
171. Ortiz-Andrade R.R., Sanchez-Salgado J.C., Navarrete-Vazquez G., Webster S.P., Binnie M., Garcia-Jimenez S., et al. Antidiabetic and toxicological evaluations of naringenin in normoglycaemic and NIDDM rat models and its implications on extra-pancreatic glucose regulation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008, 10(11):1097-1104.
172. Mulvihill E.E., Allister E.M., Sutherland B.G., Telford D.E., Sawyez C.G., Edwards J.Y., et al. Naringenin prevents dyslipidemia, apolipoprotein B overproduction, and hyperinsulinemia in LDL receptor-null mice with diet-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 2009, 58(10):2198-2210.
173. Rayidi S. Effect of naringenin on carbohydrate metabolism in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Biomirror 2011, 2:1-9.
174. Goldwasser J., Cohen P.Y., Yang E., Balaguer P., Yarmush M.L., Nahmias Y. Transcriptional regulation of human and rat hepatic lipid metabolism by the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin: role of PPARalpha, PPARgamma and LXRalpha. PLoS One 2010, 5(8):e12399.
175. Zbarsky V., Datla K.P., Parkar S., Rai D.K., Aruoma O.I., Dexter D.T. Neuroprotective properties of the natural phenolic antioxidants curcumin and naringenin but not quercetin and fisetin in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Res 2005, 39(10):1119-1125.
176. Olsen H.T., Stafford G.I., van Staden J., Christensen S.B., Jager A.K. Isolation of the MAO-inhibitor naringenin from Mentha aquatica L. J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 117(3):500-502.
177. Park J., Lee J., Paik H., Cho S., Nah S., Park Y., et al. Cytotoxic effects of 7-O-butyl naringenin on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010, 19:717-724.
178. Park H.R., Park M., Choi J., Park K.Y., Chung H.Y., Lee J. A high-fat diet impairs neurogenesis: involvement of lipid peroxidation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurosci Lett 2010, 482(3):235-239.
179. Ribeiro I., Rocha J., Sepodes B., Mota-Filipe Y., Ribeiro M. Effect of naringin enzymatic hydrolysis towards naringenin on the anti-inflammatory activity of both compounds. J Mol Catal B Enzym 2008, 52:13-18.
180. Orsolic N., Gajski G., Garaj-Vrhovac V., Dikic D., Prskalo Z.S., Sirovina D. DNA-protective effects of quercetin or naringenin in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011, 656(1-3):110-118.
181. Heo H.J., Kim D.O., Shin S.C., Kim M.J., Kim B.G., Shin D.H. Effect of antioxidant flavanone, naringenin, from Citrus junoson neuroprotection. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(6):1520-1525.
182. Heo H.J., Kim M.J., Lee J.M., Choi S.J., Cho H.Y., Hong B., et al. Naringenin from Citrus junos has an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and a mitigating effect on amnesia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004, 17(3):151-157.
183. Badary O.A., Abdel-Maksoud S., Ahmed W.A., Owieda G.H. Naringenin attenuates cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats. Life Sci 2005, 76(18):2125-2135.
184. Arafa H.M., Abd-Ellah M.F., Hafez H.F. Abatement by naringenin of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2005, 17(4):291-300.
185. Smith C., Lombard K., Peffley E., Liu W. Genetic analysis of quercetin in onion (Allium cepa L.) Lady Raider. Texas J Agric Natl Res 2003, 16:24-28.
186. Mitchell A.E., Hong Y.J., Koh E., Barrett D.M., Bryant D.E., Denison R.F., et al. Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55(15):6154-6159.
187. Jaganathan S.K. Can flavonoids from honey alter multidrug resistance?. Med Hypotheses 2011, 76(4):535-537.
188. Benariba N., Djaziri R., Bellakhdar W., Belkacem N., Kadiata M., Malaisse W.J., et al. Phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activity of Citrullus colocynthis seeds extracts. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013, 23(1):35-40.
189. Dahia M., Siracusa L., Laouer H., Ruberto G. Constituents of the polar extracts from Algerian Pituranthos scoparius. Nat Prod Commun 2009, 4(12):1691-1692.
190. Poumale H.M., Randrianasolo R., Rakotoarimanga J.V., Raharisololalao A., Krebs H.C., Tchouankeu J.C., et al. Flavonoid glycosides and other constituents of Psorospermum androsaemifolium BAKER (Clusiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008, 56(10):1428-1430.
191. Pal A., Sharma P.P., Pandya T.N., Acharya R., Patel B.R., Shukla V.J., et al. Phyto-chemical evaluation of dried aqueous extract of Jivanti [Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wt. et Arn]. Ayu 2012, 33(4):557-560.
192. Chaabi M., Freund-Michel V., Frossard N., Randriantsoa A., Andriantsitohaina R., Lobstein A. Anti-proliferative effect of Euphorbia stenoclada in human airway smooth muscle cells in culture. J Ethnopharmacol 2007, 109(1):134-139.
193. Shodehinde S.A., Oboh G., Faoziyat S.A. Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of unripe Musa paradisiaca on sodium nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013, 3(6):449-457.
194. Pendota S.C., Aderogba M.A., Ndhlala A.R., Van Staden J. Antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. leaf extracts and isolated compounds. J Ethnopharmacol 2013, 148(2):515-520.
195. Oyedemi S.O., Oyedemi B.O., Arowosegbe S., Afolayan A.J. Phytochemicals analysis and medicinal potentials of hydroalcoholic extract from Curtisia dentata (Burm.f) C.A. Sm stem bark. Int J Mol Sci 2012, 13(5):6189-6203.
196. Lall N., Hussein A.A., Meyer J.J. Antiviral and antituberculous activity of Helichrysum melanacme constituents. Fitoterapia 2006, 77(3):230-232.
197. Marais J.P., Mueller-Harvey I., Brandt E.V., Ferreira D. Polyphenols, condensed tannins, and other natural products in Onobrychis viciifolia (Sainfoin). J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48(8):3440-3447.
198. Hayek T., Fuhrman B., Vaya J., Rosenblat M., Belinky P., Coleman R., et al. Reduced progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice following consumption of red wine, or its polyphenols quercetin or catechin, is associated with reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and aggregation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997, 17(11):2744-2752.
199. Chopra M., Fitzsimons P.E., Strain J.J., Thurnham D.I., Howard A.N. Nonalcoholic red wine extract and quercetin inhibit LDL oxidation without affecting plasma antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid concentrations. Clin Chem 2000, 46:1162-1170.
200. Verma A.K., Johnson J.A., Gould M.N., Tanner M.A. Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene- and N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary cancer by dietary flavonol quercetin. Cancer Res 1988, 48(20):5754-5758.
201. Deschner E.E., Ruperto J., Wong G., Newmark H.L. Quercetin and rutin as inhibitors of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasia. Carcinogenesis 1991, 12(7):1193-1196.
202. Pereira M.A., Grubbs C.J., Barnes L.H., Li H., Olson G.R., Eto I., et al. Effects of the phytochemicals, curcumin and quercetin, upon azoxymethane-induced colon cancer and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17(6):1305-1311.
203. Ferry D.R., Smith A., Malkhandi J., Fyfe D.W., deTakats P.G., Anderson D., et al. Phase I clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin: pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 1996, 2(4):659-668.
204. Pignatelli P., Pulcinelli F.M., Celestini A., Lenti L., Ghiselli A., Gazzaniga P.P., et al. The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72(5):1150-1155.
205. Perez-Vizcaino F., Ibarra M., Cogolludo A.L., Duarte J., Zaragoza-Arnaez F., Moreno L., et al. Endothelium-independent vasodilator effects of the flavonoid quercetin and its methylated metabolites in rat conductance and resistance arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 302(1):66-72.
206. Bardy G., Virsolvy A., Quignard J.F., Ravier M.A., Bertrand G., Dalle S., et al. Quercetin induces insulin secretion by direct activation of l-type calcium channels in pancreatic beta cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013, 169(5):1102-1113.
207. Liu C.M., Zheng G.H., Cheng C., Sun J.M. Quercetin protects mouse brain against lead-induced neurotoxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2013, 61(31):7630-7635.
208. Tang L., Peng Y., Xu T., Yi X., Liu Y., Luo Y., et al. The effects of quercetin protect cardiomyocytes from A/R injury is related to its capability to increasing expression and activity of PKCepsilon protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2013, 382(1-2):145-152.
209. Chen Y.W., Chou H.C., Lin S.T., Chen Y.H., Chang Y.J., Chen L., et al. Cardioprotective effects of quercetin in cardiomyocyte under ischemia/reperfusion Injury. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013, 2013:364519.
210. Matouk A.I., Taye A., Heeba G.H., El-Moselhy M.A. Quercetin augments the protective effect of losartan against chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013, 36(2):443-450.
211. Selim M.E., Aleisa N.A., Daghestani M.H. Evaluation of the possible protective role of quercetin on letrozole-induced testicular injury in male albino rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013, 37(3):204-217.
212. Kumar Mishra S., Singh P., Rath S.K. Protective effect of quercetin on chloroquine-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in mice. Malar Res Treat 2013, 2013:141734.
213. Gao H., Chen C., Huang S., Li B. Quercetin attenuates the progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. J Biomed Res 2012, 26(2):98-102.
214. Wang L., Lin S.Q., He Y.L., Liu G., Wang Z.Y. Protective effects of quercetin on cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of rat proximal tubular cells. Biomed Environ Sci 2013, 26(4):258-267.
215. Cao Y., Fu Z.D., Wang F., Liu H.Y., Han R. Anti-angiogenic activity of resveratrol, a natural compound from medicinal plants. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2005, 7(3):205-213.
216. Mokgotho M.P., Gololo S.S., Masoko P., Mdee L.K., Mbazima V., Shai L.J., et al. Isolation and chemical structural characterisation of a compound with antioxidant activity from the roots of Senna italica. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013, 2013:519174.
217. Joseph C.C., Moshi M.J., Innocent E., Nkunya M.H. Isolation of a stilbene glycoside and other constituents of Terminalia sericeae. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2007, 4(4):383-386.
218. Wanjala C.C., Majinda R.R. A new stilbene glycoside from Elephantorrhiza goetzei. Fitoterapia 2001, 72(6):649-655.
219. Bertelli A.A., Migliori M., Panichi V., Origlia N., Filippi C., Das D.K., et al. Resveratrol, a component of wine and grapes, in the prevention of kidney disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002, 957:230-238.
220. Chander V., Tirkey N., Chopra K. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin protects against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity through nitric oxide dependent mechanism. Toxicology 2005, 210(1):55-64.
221. Delmas D., Jannin B., Latruffe N. Resveratrol: preventing properties against vascular alterations and ageing. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005, 49(5):377-395.
222. Olas B., Wachowicz B. Resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant with effects on blood platelet functions. Platelets 2005, 16(5):251-260.
223. Falchi M., Bertelli A., Galazzo R., Vigano P., Dib B. Central antalgic activity of resveratrol. Arch Ital Biol 2010, 148(4):389-396.
224. Parker J.A., Arango M., Abderrahmane S., Lambert E., Tourette C., Catoire H., et al. Resveratrol rescues mutant polyglutamine cytotoxicity in nematode and mammalian neurons. Nat Genet 2005, 37(4):349-350.
225. Bertelli A., Falchi M., Dib B., Pini E., Mukherjee S., Das D.K. Analgesic resveratrol?. Antioxid Redox Sign 2008, 10:403-404.
226. Szewczuk L.M., Forti L., Stivala L.A., Penning T.M. Resveratrol is a peroxidase-mediated inactivator of COX-1 but not COX-2: a mechanistic approach to the design of COX-1 selective agents. J Biol Chem 2004, 279(21):22727-22737.
227. Torres-Lopez J.E., Ortiz M.I., Castaneda-Hernandez G., Alonso-Lopez R., Asomoza-Espinosa R., Granados-Soto V. Comparison of the antinociceptive effect of celecoxib, diclofenac and resveratrol in the formalin test. Life Sci 2002, 70(14):1669-1676.
228. Resveratrol [accessed 28.7.13]. http://lpioregonstateedu/infocenter/phytochemicals/resveratrol.
229. Elliott P.J., Jirousek M. Sirtuins: novel targets for metabolic disease. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2008, 9(4):371-378.
230. Das D.K., Maulik N. Resveratrol in cardioprotection: a therapeutic promise of alternative medicine. Mol Interv 2006, 6(1):36-47.
231. Marambaud P., Zhao H., Davies P. Resveratrol promotes clearance of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides. J Biol Chem 2005, 280(45):37377-37382.
232. Wu C.H., Lin M.C., Wang H.C., Yang M.Y., Jou M.J., Wang C.J. Rutin inhibits oleic acid induced lipid accumulation via reducing lipogenesis and oxidative stress in hepatocarcinoma cells. J Food Sci 2011, 76(2):T65-T72.
233. Kreft S., Knapp M., Kreft I. Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis. J Agric Food Chem 1999, 47(11):4649-4652.
234. Papajewski S., Vogler B., Conrad J., Klaiber I., Roos G., Walter C.U., et al. Isolation from Cussonia barteri of 1'-O-chlorogenoylchlorogenic acid and 1'-O-chlorogenoylneochlorogenic acid, a new type of quinic acid esters. Planta Med 2011, 67(8):732-736.
235. Atawodi S.E., Atawodi J.C., Idakwo G.A., Pfundstein B., Haubner R., Wurtele G., et al. Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Med Food 2010, 13(3):710-716.
236. Onunkwo G.C., Egeonu H.C., Adikwu M.U., Ojile J.E., Olowosulu A.K. Some physical properties of tabletted seed of Garcinia kola (Heckel). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004, 52(6):649-653.
237. Ogundipe O.O., Moody J.O., Houghton P.J., Odelola H.A. Bioactive chemical constituents from Alchornea laxiflora (benth) pax and hoffman. J Ethnopharmacol 2001, 74(3):275-280.
238. Harinantenaina L., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. A new ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycoside from the leaves of Cussonia bojeri, a Malagasy endemic plant. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002, 50(8):1122-1123.
239. Harinantenaina Liva R.R., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. Clerodane and labdane diterpene glycosides from a Malagasy endemic plant, Cussonia racemosa. Phytochemistry 2002, 60(4):339-343.
240. Donia A.El Raheim Mohammed, Alqasoumi S.I., Awaad A.S., Cracker L. Antioxidant activity of Convolvulus hystrix Vahl and its chemical constituents. Pak J Pharm Sci 2011, 24(2):143-147.
241. Chua L.S. A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2013, 150(3):805-817.
242. Hsu C.L., Wu C.H., Huang S.L., Yen G.C. Phenolic compounds rutin and o-coumaric acid ameliorate obesity induced by high-fat diet in rats. J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57(2):425-431.
243. Olaleye M.T., Akinmoladun A.C. Comparative gastroprotective effect of post-treatment with low doses of rutin and cimetidine in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013, 27(2):138-145.
244. Reporter DM. Chemical found in apples, onions and green tea can help beat blood clots, <> 2009 [accessed 28.07.13]. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2141602/Chemical-apples-onions-green-tea-help-beat-blood-clots.html.
245. Rutin [accessed 29.07.13]. http://wwwnaturalstandardcom/index-abstractasp?create-abstract=/monographs/herbssupplements/patient-rutinasp.
246. Sadeghnia H.R., Yousefsani B.S., Rashidfar M., Boroushaki M.T., Asadpour E., Ghorbani A. Protective effect of rutin on hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail 2013, 35(8):1151-1155.
247. Abarikwu S.O., Iserhienrhien B.O., Badejo T.A. Rutin- and selenium-attenuated cadmium-induced testicular pathophysiology in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013, 32(4):395-406.
248. Khan R.A., Khan M.R., Sahreen S. Protective effects of rutin against potassium bromate induced nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012, 12:204.
249. Boukef K. Rhamnus alaternus. Essaydali 2001, 81:34-35.
250. Bhouri W., Sghaier M.B., Kilani S., Bouhlel I., Dijoux-Franca M.G., Ghedira K., et al. Evaluation of antioxidant and antigenotoxic activity of two flavonoids from Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae): kaempferol 3-O-beta-isorhamninoside and rhamnocitrin 3-O-beta-isorhamninoside. Food Chem Toxicol 2011, 49(5):1167-1173.
251. Bhouri W., Boubaker J., Kilani S., Ghedira K., Chekir-Ghedira L. Flavonoids from Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae): Kaempferol 3-O-β-isorhamninoside and rhamnocitrin 3-O-β-isorhamninoside protect against DNA damage in human lymphoblastoid cell and enhance antioxidant activity. S Afr J Bot 2012, 80(0):57-62.
252. Farombi E.O. Mechanisms for the hepatoprotective action of kolaviron: studies on hepatic enzymes, microsomal lipids and lipid peroxidation in carbontetrachloride-treated rats. Pharmacol Res 2000, 42(1):75-80.
253. Adaramoye O.A., Nwosu I.O., Farombi E.O. Sub-acute effect of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl-ester (l-NAME) on biochemical indices in rats: Protective effects of Kolaviron and extract of Curcuma longa L. Pharmacognosy Res 2012, 4(3):127-133.
254. Donfack J., Nico F., Ngameni B., Tchana A., Chuisseu P., Finzi P., et al. In vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of diprenylated isoflavonoids from Erythrina senegalensis (Fabaceae). Asian J Tradit Med 2008, 3(5):172-178.
255. Adaramoye O.A. Protective effect of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds, in brain of Wistar albino rats exposed to gamma-radiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2010, 33(2):260-266.
256. Ishola I.O., Chatterjee M., Tota S., Tadigopulla N., Adeyemi O.O., Palit G., et al. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of amentoflavone isolated from Cnestis ferruginea in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010, 103(2):322-331.
257. Ferchichi L., Derbre S., Mahmood K., Toure K., Guilet D., Litaudon M., et al. Bioguided fractionation and isolation of natural inhibitors of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) from Calophyllum flavoramulum. Phytochemistry 2012, 78:98-106.
258. Azebaze A.G., Dongmo A.B., Meyer M., Ouahouo B.M., Valentin A., Laure Nguemfo E., et al. Antimalarial and vasorelaxant constituents of the leaves of Allanblackia monticola (Guttiferae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007, 101(1):23-30.
259. Mbaveng A.T., Ngameni B., Kuete V., Simo I.K., Ambassa P., Roy R., et al. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and five flavonoids from the twigs of Dorstenia barteri (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 116(3):483-489.
260. Pegnyemb D.E., Mbing J.N., de Theodore Atchade A., Tih R.G., Sondengam B.L., Blond A., et al. Antimicrobial biflavonoids from the aerial parts of Ouratea sulcata. Phytochemistry 2005, 66(16):1922-1926.
261. Ibrahim N.A., El-Seedi H.R., Mohammed M.M. Phytochemical investigation and hepatoprotective activity of Cupressus sempervirens L. leaves growing in Egypt. Nat Prod Res 2007, 21(10):857-866.
262. Ishola I.O., Agbaje O.E., Narender T., Adeyemi O.O., Shukla R. Bioactivity guided isolation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory constituents of Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) root. J Ethnopharmacol 2012, 142(2):383-389.
263. Kaikabo A.A., Eloff J.N. Antibacterial activity of two biflavonoids from Garcinia livingstonei leaves against Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Ethnopharmacol 2011, 138(1):253-255.
264. Campos-Esparza M.R., Sanchez-Gomez M.V., Matute C. Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by two natural antioxidant polyphenols. Cell Calcium 2009, 45(4):358-368.
265. Djemgou P.C., Hussien T.A., Hegazy M.E., Ngandeu F., Neguim G., Tane P., et al. C-Glucoside xanthone from the stem bark extract of Bersama engleriana. Pharmacognosy Res 2010, 2(4):229-232.
266. Shahat A.A., Hassan R.A., Nazif N.M., Van Miert S., Pieters L., Hammuda F.M., et al. Isolation of mangiferin from Bombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin. Planta Med 2003, 69(11):1068-1070.
267. Danthu P., Lubrano C., Flavet L., Rahajanirina V., Behra O., Fromageot C., et al. Biological factors influencing production of xanthones in Aphloia theiformis. Chem Biodivers 2010, 7(1):140-150.
268. Ojewole J.A. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2005, 27(8):547-554.
269. Adaramoye O.A., Adedara I.A., Farombi E.O. Possible ameliorative effects of kolaviron against reproductive toxicity in sub-lethally whole body gamma-irradiated rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2012, 64(4):379-385.
270. Farombi E.O., Abarikwu S.O., Adedara I.A., Oyeyemi M.O. Curcumin and kolaviron ameliorate di-n-butylphthalate-induced testicular damage in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007, 100(1):43-48.
271. Carvalho A.C., Guedes M.M., de Souza A.L., Trevisan M.T., Lima A.F., Santos F.A., et al. Gastroprotective effect of mangiferin, a xanthonoid from Mangifera indica, against gastric injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rodents. Planta Med 2007, 73(13):1372-1376.
272. Zheng D., Hou J., Xiao Y., Zhao Z., Chen L. Cardioprotective effect of mangiferin on left ventricular remodeling in rats. Pharmacology 2012, 90(1-2):78-87.