Crisis And Democracy In Latin America

World Politics

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 1991, Pages 608-634

  Smith, Peter H ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928439360     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: 10863338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2010539     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Khosrow Fatemi, ed. U.S.-Mexican Economic Relations: Prospects and Problems. New York: Praeger, 1988, 210 pp.
2. Abraham F. Lowenthal. Partners in Conflict: The United States and Latin America. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 240 pp.
3. Lars Schoultz. National Security and United States Policy toward Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987, 365 pp.
4. Barbara Stallings and Robert Kaufman, eds. Debt and Democracy in Latin America. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989, 232 pp.
5. Joseph Tulchin. Argentina and the United States: A Conflicted Relationship. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990, 172 pp.
6. Robert Wesson, ed. Coping with the Latin American Debt. New York: Praeger, 1988, 205 pp.
7. Edward S. Herman and Frank Brodhead, Demonstration Elections: U.S. Staged Elections in the Dominican Republic, Vietnam, and El Salvador (Boston: South End Press, 1984); and Terry Karl, “Imposing Consent? Electoralism vs. Democratization in El Salvador, ” in Paul W. Drake and Eduardo Silva, eds., Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980–85 (La Jolla, Calif.: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies/Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1986), 9–36.
8. John J. Johnson, Political Change in Latin America: The Emergence of the Middle Sectors (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958); Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), 27-63; Phillips Cutright, “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis, ” American Sociological Review 28 (1963), 253–64. There were many variants on modernization theory, of course, and it is to be noted that Samuel P. Huntington placed as much emphasis on political institutionalization as on socioeconomic development; see Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).
9. See Glen Dealy, “Prolegomena on the Spanish American Political Tradition, ” Hispanic American Historical Review 48 (February 1968), 37-58; Howard J. Wiarda, “Toward a Framework for the Study of Political Change in the Iberic-Latin Tradition: The Corporative Model, ” World Politics 25 (January 1973), 206-35; and Wiarda, ed., Politics and Social Change in Latin America: The Distinct Tradition (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1974).
10. Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973).
11. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
12. James W. Wilkie and Enrique Ochoa, eds., Statistical Abstract of Latin America, vol. 27 (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center, 1989), 939, fig. 33.2; and World Bank, World Development Report 1989 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 166–67, table 2.
13. See Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski, Latin American Debt (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
14. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook October 1989 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1989); and Inter-American Dialogue, The Americas in 1989: Consensus for Action (Washington, D.C.: Aspen Institute, 1989), esp. 3–4.
15. Figures vary slightly by source. See Wilkie and Ochoa (fn. 6), 991, table 3363; Comisidn Económica para America Latina (CEPAL), Notas sobre la economía y el dcsarrollo, 485–86, Balance preliminar de la economía de America Latina y el Caribe, 1989 (December 1989), cuadro 3; and Inter-American Development Bank, Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 1989 Report (Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 1989), 463, Table B-i.
16. For comparison, see William Glade and Cassio Luiselli, eds., The Economics of Interdependence: Mexico and the United States, vol. i of Rosario Green and Peter H. Smith, eds., Dimensions of United States-Mexican Relations, 5 vols. (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1989).
17. See Robin Broad and John Cavanagh, “No More NICs, ” Foreign Policy 72 (Fall 1988), 81–103.
18. One thoughtful effort to confront this problem appears in Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Changing Production Patterns with Social Equity (Santiago de Chile: United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990).
19. Seligson, “Democratization in Latin America: The Current Cycle, ” in James M. Malloy and Mitchell A. Seligson, eds., Authoritarians and Democrats: Regime Transition in Latin America (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987), 7–9.
20. ODonnell and Schmitter, “Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, ” in ODonnell, Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pt. IV, p. 18. See also ODonnell, “Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy, ” in Collier (fn. 5), 285–318.
21. ODonnell and Schmitter (fn. 14), pt. IV, p. 69.
22. On this and related points, see Daniel H. Levine, “Paradigm Lost: Dependence to Democracy, ” World Politics 40 (April 1988), 377–94.
23. Stepan, “Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations, ” in ODonnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead (fn. 14), pt. 3, p. 65.
24. On the survival of political parties, see Marcelo Cavarozzi and Manuel Antonio Garre-tón, eds., Muerte y resurrección: los partidos politicos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones del Cono Sur (Santiago de Chile: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 1989).
25. Baloyra, ed., Comparing New Democracies: Transition and Consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the Southern Cone (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987), 3, 18, 47.
26. Oscar Godoy Arcaya, ed., Hacia una democracia modema: la opcidn parlamentaria (Santiago: Universidad Catolica de Chile, 1990); Linz, “Democracy, Presidential or Parliamentary: Does It Make a Difference?” (Paper presented to ACLS conference on Constitutions and Constitutionalism in Latin America, Punta del Este, Uruguay, November 1988); idem, “The Perils of Presidentialism, ” Journal of Democracy i (Winter 1990), 51-69; Larry Diamond and Linz, “Introduction, ” in Diamond, Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries, vol. 4, Latin America (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1989), 24—27; and Lijphart, “Basic Choices in Democratic Constitutional Design, ” Journal of Democracy (forthcoming).
27. Carlos Santiago Nino, “Transition to Democracy, Corporatism and Constitutional Reform in Latin America, ” University of Miami Law Review 44 (September 1989), 129-64; Reforma constitucional: Dictamen preliminar del Consejo para la Consolidacion de la Democracia (Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 1986); and Reforma constitucional: Segundo dictamen del Consejo para la Consolidacidn de la Democracia (Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 1987).
28. For a view that emphasizes institutional factors in historical perspective, see Myron Weiner, “Empirical Democratic Theory, ” in Weiner and Ergun Ozbudun, eds., Competitive Elections in Developing Countries (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1987), 3–34.
29. See Stepan (fn. 17), 64—84.
30. See John A. Booth and Mitchell Seligson, Political Participation in Latin America, 2 vols. (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1978-79); and Enrique C. Ochoa, “The Rapid Expansion of Voter Participation in Latin America: Presidential Elections, 1845—1986, ” in James W. Wilkie and David Lorey, eds., Statistical Abstract of Latin America, vol. 25 (Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1987), 862–910.
31. See Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), esp. chaps. 6 and 7.
32. See, e.g., Americas Watch Committee, Tolerating Abuses: Violations of Human Rights in Peru (New York: Americas Watch, 1988); idem, The Killings in Colombia (New York: Amer icas Watch, 1989); idem, The Drug War in Colombia: The Neglected Tragedy of Political Violence (New York: Americas Watch, 1990); Amnesty International U.S.A., Guatemala: Human Rights Violations under the Civilian Government (New York: Amnesty International, 1989); and Peter H. Smith, “Drug Wars in Latin America, ” Iberoamericana (Sophia University, Tokyo) 12 (Summer 1990), 1–16.
33. James M. Malloy, “Economic Crisis and Democratization: Latin America in the 1980s, ” The Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record 8 (forthcoming).
34. See Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
35. For an insightful overview and critique, see Cole Blasier, “The United States and Demoracy in Latin America”, in Malloy and Seligson (fn. 13), 219–33.
36. See Schoultz, Human Rights and United States Policy toward Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
37. See Jeane J. Kirkpatrick “Dictatorships, and Double Standards”, Commentary, November 1979, republished in idem, Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and Reason in Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 23–52.
38. The standard source in English is still Jennie K. Lincoln and Elizabeth G. Ferris, eds., The Dynamics of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges for the 1980s (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984). Over the past fifteen years Latin American scholars have produced a growing number of foreign policy studies for individual countries; it is now time for a fresh synthesis.
39. Apparent improvement in the tone of U.S. —Latin American relations under the Bush administration has more to do with realpolitik than with confianza, as Lowenthal himself has tacitly argued; see Abraham F. Lowenthal, “Rediscovering Latin America, ” Foreign Affairs 69 (Fall 1990), 27–41.
40. See, e.g, Abraham F. Lowenthal, “United States Policy toward Latin America: Liberal, Radical, and Bureaucratic Perspectives, ” Latin American Research Review 8 (Fall 1973), 3-25.
41. As emphasized by Levine (fn. 16).
42. See Dankwart Rustow, “Democracy: A Global Revolution?” Foreign Affairs 69 (Fall 1990), 75-91.