“The Pushcart Evil”: Peddlers, Merchants, and New York City's Streets, 1890-1940

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 68-92

  Bluestone, Daniel M ^a  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928437699     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: 15526771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614429101800104     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. William Fellowes Morgan, Jr. The City of New York Department of Public Markets, Weights and Measures, Annual Report for the Year 1935 (New York, 1936), 5.
2. William Fellowes Morgan, Jr. The City of New York Department of Public Markets, Weights and Measures, Annual Report for the Year 1935 (New York, 1936), 5.
3. New York Times, July 14,1912, pt. V, p. 9.
4. Sam Bass Warner, Jr. The Public Invasion of Private Space and the Private Engrossment of Public Space, in Swedish Council for Building Research, ed. Growth and Transformation of the Modern City: The Stockholm Conference September 1978, University of Stockholm (Stockholm, 1979), 171-177.
5. On changing uses of city streets, see Stanley K. Schultz, Constructing Urban Culture: American Cities and City Planning, 1800-1920 (Philadelphia, 1989), 176-177
6. Francois Bedarida and Anthony R. Sutcliffe, The Street in the Structure and Life of the City: Reflections on Nineteenth-Century London and Paris, Journal of Urban History 6 (1980), 379-396
7. Christine Stansell, Women, Children, and the Uses of the Streets: Class and Gender Conflicts in New York City, 1850-1860, Feminist Studies 8 (Summer 1982), 309-335
8. Daniel Bluestone, From Promenade to Park: The Gregarious Origins of Brooklyn's Park Movement,’Mmmca/t Quarterly 39 (Winter 1987), 529-550. On questions of class and urban form and space, see Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989)
9. Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will (New York, 1983).
10. Richardson Wright, Hawkers and Walkers in Early America (Philadelphia, 1927), 233-234.
11. The Picture of New York and Strangers Guide to The Commercial Metropolis of the United States (New York, 1828), 425-426.
12. New York Herald, September 18, 1846
13. see also M. Christine Boyer, Manhattan Manners: Architecture and Style, 1850-1900 (New York, 1985), 43-129.
14. Chester H. Liebs, Main Street to Miracle Mile: American Roadside Architecture (Boston, 1985), 117-135.
15. The Street-Venders of New York, Scribner's Monthly 1 (December 1870), 113-129.
16. Earl R. French, Push Cart Markets in New York City (published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economics Bureau, and the Port of New York Authority, March 1925), 7.
17. Manhattan Borough President to John Purroy Mitchell, n.d. ca. September 1914, Mayor John P. Mitchell Papers, Box 215, New York City Municipal Archives; see also R.A.C. Smith et al. To the Honorable the Mayor William J. Gay nor, a Report by a Committee Appointed by Him to Study and Recommend a Solution of the Pushcart Question, March 26,1913 (New York, 1913).
18. Report of the Mayor's Push-Cart Commission: The City of New York, 1906 (New York, 1906), 15.
19. The Markets of the Poor, Outlook, August 3,1912, 750.
20. The City of New York Department of Public Markets, Weights and Measures, Annual Report for the Year 1928 (New York, 1929), 8.
21. Lloyd P. Gartner, The Jews of New York's East Side, 1890-1893, Two Surveys by the Baron de Hirsch Fund, American Jewish Historical Quarterly 53 (March 1964), 264-285.
22. French, Push Cart Markets in New York City, 34-35.
23. E. Idell Zeisloft, The New Metropolis (New York, 1899), 530.
24. New York Daily Tribune, September 15, 1898; see also Abraham Cahan, The Rise of David Levinsky (New York, 1917), 105.
25. New York Daily Tribune, September 15, 1898.
26. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of New York, for the Year 1900 (Albany, 1901), 292.
27. Zeisloft, The New Metropolis, 548-553;
28. James B. Reynolds, Commissioner, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Licenses and Marshals, [Report to Mayor Seth Low], City Record, January 21, 1904,401.
29. New York Times, March 30, 1930, sec. V, p. 30.
30. East Side Peddlers Association to Mayor George B. McClellan, November 14, 1906, MGB-117.
31. Mayor George B. McClellan, Statement With Regard to the Push-Cart Situation, June 6, 1906, MGB-117.
32. New York Times, October 25,1930, 19.
33. New York Times, July 14, 1912, pt. V, p. 9;
34. James B. Reynolds, Commissioner, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Licenses and Marshals, [Report to Mayor Seth Low], City Record, January 21, 1904, 401.
35. French, Push Cart Markets in New York City, 28-29.
36. David Bartlett Gould to Mayor William L. Strong, March 15, 1896, Mayor William L. Strong Papers, Box 38, New York City Municipal Archives.
37. Petition, in Samuel H. Kunstlich to William F. Gaynor, Mayor William F. Gaynor Papers, Box 92, New York City Municipal Archives.
38. New York Times, July 1, 1912, 22.
39. Louis Dorfman to Fiorello H. La Guardia, October 3, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
40. David Bartlett Gould to Mayor William L. Strong, March 15, 1896, Mayor William L. Strong Papers, Box 38, New York City Municipal Archives.
41. 12th United States Census (1900), New York City Manuscript, Enumeration District 114, reel no. 1085; Enumeration District 153, reel no. 1087.
42. Quoted in New York Times, July 30, 1893.
43. Brief Filed by Yorkville Citizens' Committee in support of Ordinance No. 191, December 8, 1916, New York City Municipal Reference Library.
44. Would Oust Pushcarts from City Streets, Harlem Magazine (April-May 1930), 4-5.
45. J. J. Berger, Pushcart Markets Defile Public Streets, Real Estate News (May 1938), 161.
46. City of New York, Board of Estimate and Apportionment, Committee on the City Plan 1916, Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, Final Report, June 2, 1916, see figures 102, 103, 104.
47. Henry H. Curran to Jacob Gould Schurman, Jr. February 23, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
48. Henry H. Curran to Captain Charles L. Lewis, March 21, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
49. Lawrence Elliott, Little Flower: The Life and Times of Fiorello La Guardia (New York, 1983), 27-28.
50. Arnold A. Krantz to Fiorello H. La Guardia, March 5, 1938; Fiorello H. La Guardia to Henry H. Curran, March 7, 1938; Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
51. New York Times, March 30, 1930, sec. V, p. 30.
52. H. G. McNeil to Fiorello H. La Guardia, March 13,1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
53. New York Daily Tribune, September 15,1898.
54. James B. Reynolds, Commissioner, Bureau of Weights and Measures, Licenses and Marshals, [Report to Mayor Seth Low], City Record, January 21,1904, 401-404.
55. Report of the Mayor s Push-Cart Commission, The City of New York, 1906 (New York, 1906), 15,200,201.
56. Push-Cart Commission, 75.
57. Lawrence Veiller to Hon. James C. Meyers, September 11, 1906, Mayor George B. McClellan Papers, Box 89, New York City Municipal Archives.
58. Lawrence Veiller to William A. Willis, March 30,1906, Mayor George B. McClellan Papers, Box 89, New York City Municipal Archives.
59. New York Times, September 24,1906.
60. Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia to H. G. McNeil, April 19, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
61. William Fellowes Morgan, Jr. Commissioner, Annual Report [for] 1934, Department of Public Markets, Weights and Measures, City of New York, 31.
62. John L. Elliot to John Purroy Mitchel, January 6, 1915, Mayor John Purroy Mitchell Papers, Box 218, New York City Municipal Archives.
63. Model Pushcart Market Suggested. Andrew J. Thomas, Noted Architect, Prepares a Plan at Suggestion of New York Civic Conference on Pushcart Markets, Harlem Magazine (November 1930): 9, 16; New York Times, November 7, 1930.
64. L. J. Hamilton to William F. Morgan, Jr. June 30,1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
65. Charles W. Ferry to Fiorello H. La Guardia, August 18, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
66. East Side Push Cart Peddlers' Association to George B. McClellan, 31 October 1906, Mayor George B. McClellan Papers, Box 117, New York City Municipal Archives.
67. Samuel Mayers to Fiorello H. La Guardia, May 12,1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
68. Joseph S. Weinberger to Jacob G. Schurman, Jr. May 13, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
69. Department of Markets, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3638, New York City Municipal Archives.
70. Transcript of public hearing on Proposed Local Law C. No. 211, No. 222, August 16, 1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
71. Brownsville, East New York and East Flatbush Street Peddlers Organization to Fiorello H. La Guardia, May 26, 1938
72. Stanley H. Howe to Brownsville, East New York and East Flatbush Street Peddlers Organization, May 27,1938, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Papers, Box 3713, New York City Municipal Archives.
73. Commissioner Albert S. Pacetta, New York City Department of Markets, Annual Report for Year Ending 30 June 1964, 43, 44.