메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 329, Issue , 2014, Pages 108-117

After long-term decline, are aspen recovering in northern Yellowstone?

Author keywords

Browsing effects; Elk; Palmer drought index; Trophic cascade; Wolves; Yellowstone National Park

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; FORESTRY;

EID: 84928418941     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.055     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (29)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 84871621906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of gridded surface meteorological data for ecological applications and modelling
    • Abatzoglou J.T. Development of gridded surface meteorological data for ecological applications and modelling. Int. J. Climatol. 2013, 33:121-131.
    • (2013) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.33 , pp. 121-131
    • Abatzoglou, J.T.1
  • 2
    • 43949114201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park
    • Barber-Meyer S.M., Mech L.D., White P.J. Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Monogr. 2008, 169:1-30.
    • (2008) Wildlife Monogr. , vol.169 , pp. 1-30
    • Barber-Meyer, S.M.1    Mech, L.D.2    White, P.J.3
  • 3
    • 80051981579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Songbird response to increased willow (Salix spp.) growth in Yellowstone's northern range
    • Baril L.M., Hansen A.J., Renkin R., Lawrence R. Songbird response to increased willow (Salix spp.) growth in Yellowstone's northern range. Ecol. Appl. 2011, 21:2283-2296.
    • (2011) Ecol. Appl. , vol.21 , pp. 2283-2296
    • Baril, L.M.1    Hansen, A.J.2    Renkin, R.3    Lawrence, R.4
  • 5
    • 4043167956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Ungulates and their Winter Range in Northern Yellowstone National Park
    • Research and Synthesis 1962-1970, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park.
    • Barmore, W.J., 2003. Ecology of Ungulates and their Winter Range in Northern Yellowstone National Park; Research and Synthesis 1962-1970, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park.
    • (2003)
    • Barmore, W.J.1
  • 6
    • 14844339174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone's northern range
    • Beschta R.L. Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone's northern range. Ecology 2005, 86:391-403.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 391-403
    • Beschta, R.L.1
  • 7
    • 38149039996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada
    • Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada. Can. J. Forest Res. 2007, 37:1873-1885.
    • (2007) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.37 , pp. 1873-1885
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 8
    • 69249210877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States
    • Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biol. Conserv. 2009, 142:2401-2414.
    • (2009) Biol. Conserv. , vol.142 , pp. 2401-2414
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 9
    • 84879588850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade - comment
    • Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade - comment. Ecology 2013, 94:1420-1425.
    • (2013) Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 1420-1425
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 10
    • 38449109064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Willow on Yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?
    • Beyer H.L., Merrill E.H., Varley N., Boyce M.S. Willow on Yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:1563-1571.
    • (2007) Ecol. Appl. , vol.17 , pp. 1563-1571
    • Beyer, H.L.1    Merrill, E.H.2    Varley, N.3    Boyce, M.S.4
  • 11
    • 42149100529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water tables constrain height recovery of willow on Yellowstone's northern range
    • Bilyeu D.M., Cooper D.J., Hobbs N.T. Water tables constrain height recovery of willow on Yellowstone's northern range. Ecol. Appl. 2008, 18:80-92.
    • (2008) Ecol. Appl. , vol.18 , pp. 80-92
    • Bilyeu, D.M.1    Cooper, D.J.2    Hobbs, N.T.3
  • 12
    • 84857556229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment
    • Brodie J., Post E., Watson F., Berger J. Climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2011, 279:1366-1370.
    • (2011) Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. , vol.279 , pp. 1366-1370
    • Brodie, J.1    Post, E.2    Watson, F.3    Berger, J.4
  • 15
  • 19
    • 84878152181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf, elk, and aspen food web relationships: context and complexity
    • Eisenberg, C., Seager, S.T., Hibbs, D.E., 2013. Wolf, elk, and aspen food web relationships: context and complexity. Forest Ecol. Manage. 299, 70-80.
    • (2013) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.299 , pp. 70-80
    • Eisenberg, C.1    Seager, S.T.2    Hibbs, D.E.3
  • 20
    • 18444369359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
    • Fortin D., Beyer H.L., Boyce M.S., Smith D.W., Duchesne T., Mao J.S. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 2005, 86:1320-1330.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Fortin, D.1    Beyer, H.L.2    Boyce, M.S.3    Smith, D.W.4    Duchesne, T.5    Mao, J.S.6
  • 21
    • 84913549156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the effects of climate and wolf restoration on grassland processes
    • Harvard University Press, P.J. White, R.A. Garrott, G.E. Plumb (Eds.)
    • Frank D.A., Wallen R.L., White P.J. Assessing the effects of climate and wolf restoration on grassland processes. Yellowstone's Wildlife in Transition 2013, 195-208. Harvard University Press. P.J. White, R.A. Garrott, G.E. Plumb (Eds.).
    • (2013) Yellowstone's Wildlife in Transition , pp. 195-208
    • Frank, D.A.1    Wallen, R.L.2    White, P.J.3
  • 22
    • 0037499960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-induced variation in vital rates of an unharvested large-herbivore population
    • Garrott R.A., Eberhardt L.L., White P.J. Climate-induced variation in vital rates of an unharvested large-herbivore population. Can. J. Zool. 2003, 81:33.
    • (2003) Can. J. Zool. , vol.81 , pp. 33
    • Garrott, R.A.1    Eberhardt, L.L.2    White, P.J.3
  • 24
    • 33745964547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out of administrative control: absentee owners, resident elk and the shifting nature of wildlife management in southwestern Montana
    • Haggerty J.H., Travis W.R. Out of administrative control: absentee owners, resident elk and the shifting nature of wildlife management in southwestern Montana. Geoforum 2006, 37:816-830.
    • (2006) Geoforum , vol.37 , pp. 816-830
    • Haggerty, J.H.1    Travis, W.R.2
  • 25
    • 49949113947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkages between wolf presence and aspen recruitment in the Gallatin elk winter range of southwestern Montana, USA
    • Halofsky J., Ripple W.J. Linkages between wolf presence and aspen recruitment in the Gallatin elk winter range of southwestern Montana, USA. Forestry 2008, 81:195-207.
    • (2008) Forestry , vol.81 , pp. 195-207
    • Halofsky, J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 26
    • 77749269787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring and assessment of wolf-ungulate interactions and population trends within the Greater Yellowstone Area, southwestern Montana, and Montana statewide: Final Report
    • Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Wildlife Division, Helena.
    • Hamlin, K.L., Cunningham, J.A., 2009. Monitoring and assessment of wolf-ungulate interactions and population trends within the Greater Yellowstone Area, southwestern Montana, and Montana statewide: Final Report. Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Wildlife Division, Helena.
    • (2009)
    • Hamlin, K.L.1    Cunningham, J.A.2
  • 27
    • 56049089194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting wolf-ungulate interactions in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
    • Academic Press/Elsevier, Boston, R.A. Garrott, P.J. White, F.G.R. Watson (Eds.)
    • Hamlin K.L., Garrott R.A., White P.J., Cunningham J.A. Contrasting wolf-ungulate interactions in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The Ecology of Large Mammals in Central Yellowstone 2009, 541-577. Academic Press/Elsevier, Boston. R.A. Garrott, P.J. White, F.G.R. Watson (Eds.).
    • (2009) The Ecology of Large Mammals in Central Yellowstone , pp. 541-577
    • Hamlin, K.L.1    Garrott, R.A.2    White, P.J.3    Cunningham, J.A.4
  • 28
    • 84858987713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influences of climate on aspen dieback
    • Hanna P., Kulakowski D. The influences of climate on aspen dieback. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2012, 274:91-98.
    • (2012) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.274 , pp. 91-98
    • Hanna, P.1    Kulakowski, D.2
  • 29
    • 80955179655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf community ecology: ecosystem effects of recovering wolves in Banff and Yellowstone National Parks
    • University of Calgary Press, L. Boitani, M. Musiani (Eds.)
    • Hebblewhite M., Smith D.W. Wolf community ecology: ecosystem effects of recovering wolves in Banff and Yellowstone National Parks. The World of Wolves: New Perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour and Management 2010, 69-120. University of Calgary Press. L. Boitani, M. Musiani (Eds.).
    • (2010) The World of Wolves: New Perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour and Management , pp. 69-120
    • Hebblewhite, M.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 31
    • 0036700088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States
    • Heim R.R. A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2002, 83:1149-1165.
    • (2002) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.83 , pp. 1149-1165
    • Heim, R.R.1
  • 33
    • 84879570463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERRATUM: are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade
    • Kauffman M.J. ERRATUM: are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 2013, 94:1432.
    • (2013) Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 1432
    • Kauffman, M.J.1
  • 34
    • 77956562807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade
    • Kauffman M.J., Brodie J.F., Jules E.S. Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 2010, 91:2742-2755.
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 2742-2755
    • Kauffman, M.J.1    Brodie, J.F.2    Jules, E.S.3
  • 35
    • 84879561359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade: reply
    • Kauffman M.J., Brodie J.F., Jules E.S. Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade: reply. Ecology 2013, 94:1425-1431.
    • (2013) Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 1425-1431
    • Kauffman, M.J.1    Brodie, J.F.2    Jules, E.S.3
  • 36
    • 0003663204 scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone's northern elk herd: a critical evaluation of the "natural regulation" paradigm
    • PhD dissertation. Utah State University, Logan.
    • Kay, C.E., 1990. Yellowstone's northern elk herd: a critical evaluation of the "natural regulation" paradigm. PhD dissertation. Utah State University, Logan.
    • (1990)
    • Kay, C.E.1
  • 37
    • 0346852060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term aspen exclosures in the Yellowstone ecosystem
    • Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings, June 13-15, 2000, Grand Junction, Colorado. RMRS-P-18. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins
    • Kay, C.E., 2001. Long-term aspen exclosures in the Yellowstone ecosystem. In: Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings, June 13-15, 2000, Grand Junction, Colorado. RMRS-P-18. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, pp. 225-240.
    • (2001) , pp. 225-240
    • Kay, C.E.1
  • 38
    • 0038446530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of shrub-aspen to Yellowstone's wildfires: implications for "natural regulation" management
    • Greenlee, J.M. (Ed.), Ecological Implications of Fire in Greater Yellowstone, National Park, 1993
    • Kay, C.E., Wagner, F.H., 1996. Response of shrub-aspen to Yellowstone's wildfires: implications for "natural regulation" management. In: Greenlee, J.M. (Ed.), Ecological Implications of Fire in Greater Yellowstone, Proceedings 2nd Biennial Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Yellowstone National Park, 1993, 107-111.
    • (1996) Proceedings 2nd Biennial Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Yellowstone , pp. 107-111
    • Kay, C.E.1    Wagner, F.H.2
  • 39
    • 79953084120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen recovery since wolf reintroduction on the northern Yellowstone winter range
    • Kimble D.S., Tyers D.B., Robison-Cox J., Sowell B.F. Aspen recovery since wolf reintroduction on the northern Yellowstone winter range. Rangeland Ecol. Manage. 2011, 64:119-130.
    • (2011) Rangeland Ecol. Manage. , vol.64 , pp. 119-130
    • Kimble, D.S.1    Tyers, D.B.2    Robison-Cox, J.3    Sowell, B.F.4
  • 40
    • 84888876051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Białowiez˙a Primeval Forest
    • Kuijper, D.P.J., de Kleine, C., Churski, M., van Hooft, P., Bubnicki, J., Jedrzejewska, B., 2013. Landscape of fear in Europe: wolves affect spatial patterns of ungulate browsing in Białowiez˙a Primeval Forest, Poland. Ecography. doi: . doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00266.x.
    • (2013) Poland. Ecography.
    • Kuijper, D.P.J.1    de Kleine, C.2    Churski, M.3    van Hooft, P.4    Bubnicki, J.5    Jedrzejewska, B.6
  • 41
    • 0032707428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species-specific population dynamics of cervids in a multipredator ecosystem
    • Kunkel K., Pletscher D.H. Species-specific population dynamics of cervids in a multipredator ecosystem. J. Wildlife Manage. 1999, 63:1082-1093.
    • (1999) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.63 , pp. 1082-1093
    • Kunkel, K.1    Pletscher, D.H.2
  • 42
    • 27144453713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen age structure and stand conditions on elk winter range in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem
    • PhD dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
    • Larsen, E.J., 2001. Aspen age structure and stand conditions on elk winter range in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. PhD dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
    • (2001)
    • Larsen, E.J.1
  • 43
    • 0038721210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA
    • Larsen E.J., Ripple W.J. Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2003, 179:469-482.
    • (2003) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.179 , pp. 469-482
    • Larsen, E.J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 44
    • 27144459444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen stand conditions on elk winter ranges in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, USA
    • Larsen E.J., Ripple W.J. Aspen stand conditions on elk winter ranges in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, USA. Nat. Areas J. 2005, 25:326-338.
    • (2005) Nat. Areas J. , vol.25 , pp. 326-338
    • Larsen, E.J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 45
    • 0002712251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter range expansion by the northern Yellowstone elk herd
    • Lemke T.O., Mack J.A., Houston D.B. Winter range expansion by the northern Yellowstone elk herd. Intermountain J. Sci. 1998, 4:1-9.
    • (1998) Intermountain J. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 1-9
    • Lemke, T.O.1    Mack, J.A.2    Houston, D.B.3
  • 47
    • 84878373231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stream hydrology limits recovery of riparian ecosystems after wolf reintroduction
    • Marshall K.N., Hobbs N.T., Cooper D.J. Stream hydrology limits recovery of riparian ecosystems after wolf reintroduction. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 2013, 280:20122977.
    • (2013) Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. , vol.280 , pp. 20122977
    • Marshall, K.N.1    Hobbs, N.T.2    Cooper, D.J.3
  • 48
    • 55949105603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park
    • McMenamin S.K., Hadly E.A., Wright C.K. Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2008, 105:16988-16993.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.105 , pp. 16988-16993
    • McMenamin, S.K.1    Hadly, E.A.2    Wright, C.K.3
  • 51
    • 84969428544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North American Drought Monitor Indices. NOAA
    • NCDC (National Climatic Data Center), 2013. North American Drought Monitor Indices. NOAA. <>. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
    • (2013)
  • 52
    • 0003418584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Academies Press, Washington, DC
    • NRC (National Research Council) Wolves, Bears, and Their Prey in Alaska 1997, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1997) Wolves, Bears, and Their Prey in Alaska
  • 54
    • 84955517408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SNOTEL Data and Products. USDA, National Water and Climate Center
    • (accessed 12.04.12).
    • NRCS (National Resource Conservation Service), 2012. SNOTEL Data and Products. USDA, National Water and Climate Center. <> (accessed 12.04.12). http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov.
    • (2012)
  • 55
    • 84907198523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades and large mammals in the Yellowstone ecosystem
    • PhD dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
    • Painter, L.E., 2013. Trophic cascades and large mammals in the Yellowstone ecosystem. PhD dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
    • (2013)
    • Painter, L.E.1
  • 56
    • 80755152810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park
    • Painter L.E., Ripple W.J. Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2012, 264:150-158.
    • (2012) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.264 , pp. 150-158
    • Painter, L.E.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 57
    • 0004198495 scopus 로고
    • Meteorological Drought
    • Research Paper 45. US Weather Bureau, Washington, DC.
    • Palmer, W.C., 1965. Meteorological Drought, Research Paper 45. US Weather Bureau, Washington, DC.
    • (1965)
    • Palmer, W.C.1
  • 58
    • 84955445170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptions of PRISM Spatial Climate Datasets
    • Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
    • PRISM Climate Group, 2013. Descriptions of PRISM Spatial Climate Datasets. Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis. <>. http://prism.oregonstate.edu.
    • (2013)
  • 59
    • 84875754921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hunter access and habitat security on elk habitat selection in landscapes with a public and private land matrix
    • Proffitt K.M., Gude J.A., Hamlin K.L., Messer M.A. Effects of hunter access and habitat security on elk habitat selection in landscapes with a public and private land matrix. J. Wildlife Manage. 2013, 77:514-524.
    • (2013) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.77 , pp. 514-524
    • Proffitt, K.M.1    Gude, J.A.2    Hamlin, K.L.3    Messer, M.A.4
  • 62
    • 34547548036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves
    • Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves. Biol. Conserv. 2007, 138:514-519.
    • (2007) Biol. Conserv. , vol.138 , pp. 514-519
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 63
    • 84864912235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators limit herbivore densities in northern forest ecosystems
    • Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Large predators limit herbivore densities in northern forest ecosystems. Eur. J. Wildlife Res. 2012, 58:733-742.
    • (2012) Eur. J. Wildlife Res. , vol.58 , pp. 733-742
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 64
    • 84856231291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction
    • Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biol. Conserv. 2012, 145:205-213.
    • (2012) Biol. Conserv. , vol.145 , pp. 205-213
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 66
    • 0033924188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
    • Ripple W.J., Larsen E.J. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biol. Conserv. 2000, 95:361-370.
    • (2000) Biol. Conserv. , vol.95 , pp. 361-370
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2
  • 67
    • 0034771761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range
    • Ripple W.J., Larsen E.J., Renkin R.A., Smith D.W. Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range. Biol. Conserv. 2001, 102:227-234.
    • (2001) Biol. Conserv. , vol.102 , pp. 227-234
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2    Renkin, R.A.3    Smith, D.W.4
  • 68
    • 79960808852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, bison, and secondary trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park
    • Ripple W.J., Painter L.E., Beschta R.L., Gates C.C. Wolves, elk, bison, and secondary trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park. Open Ecol. J. 2010, 3:31-37.
    • (2010) Open Ecol. J. , vol.3 , pp. 31-37
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Painter, L.E.2    Beschta, R.L.3    Gates, C.C.4
  • 69
    • 0028980843 scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in northern Yellowstone Park
    • Romme W.H., Turner M.G., Wallace L.L., Walker J.S. Aspen, elk, and fire in northern Yellowstone Park. Ecology 1995, 76:2097-2106.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2097-2106
    • Romme, W.H.1    Turner, M.G.2    Wallace, L.L.3    Walker, J.S.4
  • 70
    • 84904036767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen restoration using beaver on the northern Yellowstone winter range under reduced ungulate herbivory
    • Runyon M.J., Tyers D.B., Sowell B.F., Gower C.N. Aspen restoration using beaver on the northern Yellowstone winter range under reduced ungulate herbivory. Restor. Ecol 2014, 10.1111/rec.12105.
    • (2014) Restor. Ecol
    • Runyon, M.J.1    Tyers, D.B.2    Sowell, B.F.3    Gower, C.N.4
  • 72
    • 0034072299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants
    • Schmitz O.J., Hambäck P.A., Beckerman A.P. Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants. Am. Nat. 2000, 155:141-153.
    • (2000) Am. Nat. , vol.155 , pp. 141-153
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Hambäck, P.A.2    Beckerman, A.P.3
  • 73
    • 1342333392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions
    • Schmitz O.J., Krivan V., Ovadia O. Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7:153-163.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 153-163
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Krivan, V.2    Ovadia, O.3
  • 75
    • 84878162715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and consequences of ungulate herbivory on aspen in western North America
    • Seager, S.T., Eisenberg, C., St. Clair, S.B., 2013. Patterns and consequences of ungulate herbivory on aspen in western North America. Forest Ecol. Manage. 299, 81-90.
    • (2013) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.299 , pp. 81-90
    • Seager, S.T.1    Eisenberg, C.2    St Clair, S.B.3
  • 76
    • 0141901075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of grazing ungulates and large keystone predators on plants, community structure, and ecosystem processes in national parks
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, C.J. Zabel, R.G. Anthony (Eds.)
    • Singer F.J., Wang G., Hobbs N.T. The role of grazing ungulates and large keystone predators on plants, community structure, and ecosystem processes in national parks. Mammal Community Dynamics: Conservation and Management in Coniferous Forests of Western North America 2003, 444-486. Cambridge University Press, New York. C.J. Zabel, R.G. Anthony (Eds.).
    • (2003) Mammal Community Dynamics: Conservation and Management in Coniferous Forests of Western North America , pp. 444-486
    • Singer, F.J.1    Wang, G.2    Hobbs, N.T.3
  • 80
    • 78149330258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bottom-up factors influencing riparian willow recovery in Yellowstone National Park
    • Tercek M.T., Stottlemyer R., Renkin R. Bottom-up factors influencing riparian willow recovery in Yellowstone National Park. Western North Am. Nat. 2010, 70:387-399.
    • (2010) Western North Am. Nat. , vol.70 , pp. 387-399
    • Tercek, M.T.1    Stottlemyer, R.2    Renkin, R.3
  • 81
    • 28044446296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of harvest, climate and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004
    • Vucetich J.A., Smith D.W., Stahler D.R. Influence of harvest, climate and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004. Oikos 2005, 111:259-270.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.111 , pp. 259-270
    • Vucetich, J.A.1    Smith, D.W.2    Stahler, D.R.3
  • 83
    • 0042405059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk and the functional response of elk-aspen herbivory
    • White C.A., Feller M.C., Bayley S. Predation risk and the functional response of elk-aspen herbivory. Forest Ecol. Manage. 2003, 181:77-97.
    • (2003) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.181 , pp. 77-97
    • White, C.A.1    Feller, M.C.2    Bayley, S.3
  • 84
    • 0032449881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain national parks of North America
    • White C.A., Olmsted C.E., Kay C.E. Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain national parks of North America. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 1998, 26:449-462.
    • (1998) Wildlife Soc. Bull. , vol.26 , pp. 449-462
    • White, C.A.1    Olmsted, C.E.2    Kay, C.E.3
  • 85
    • 30344474612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Yellowstone elk after wolf restoration
    • White P.J., Garrott R.A. Northern Yellowstone elk after wolf restoration. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 2005, 33:942-955.
    • (2005) Wildlife Soc. Bull. , vol.33 , pp. 942-955
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 86
    • 20444471600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves - expectations, realizations, and predictions
    • White P.J., Garrott R.A. Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves - expectations, realizations, and predictions. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 125:141-152.
    • (2005) Biol. Conserv. , vol.125 , pp. 141-152
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 87
    • 84928892941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation: wolf restoration and the transition of Yellowstone elk
    • Harvard University Press, P.J. White, R.A. Garrott, G.E. Plumb (Eds.)
    • White P.J., Garrott R.A. Predation: wolf restoration and the transition of Yellowstone elk. Yellowstone's Wildlife in Transition 2013, 69-93. Harvard University Press. P.J. White, R.A. Garrott, G.E. Plumb (Eds.).
    • (2013) Yellowstone's Wildlife in Transition , pp. 69-93
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 88
    • 55749111189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in elk resource selection and distribution with the reestablishment of wolf predation risk
    • Academic Press/Elsevier, Boston, R.A. Garrott, P.J. White, F.G.R. Watson (Eds.)
    • White P.J., Garrott R.A., Cherry S., Watson F.G.R., Gower C.N., Becker M.S., Meredith E. Changes in elk resource selection and distribution with the reestablishment of wolf predation risk. The Ecology of Large Mammals in Central Yellowstone 2009, 451-476. Academic Press/Elsevier, Boston. R.A. Garrott, P.J. White, F.G.R. Watson (Eds.).
    • (2009) The Ecology of Large Mammals in Central Yellowstone , pp. 451-476
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2    Cherry, S.3    Watson, F.G.R.4    Gower, C.N.5    Becker, M.S.6    Meredith, E.7
  • 89
    • 84855400633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in elk distribution and group sizes after wolf restoration
    • White P.J., Proffitt K.M., Lemke T.O. Changes in elk distribution and group sizes after wolf restoration. Am. Midl. Nat. 2012, 167:174-187.
    • (2012) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.167 , pp. 174-187
    • White, P.J.1    Proffitt, K.M.2    Lemke, T.O.3
  • 91
    • 19344368124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray wolves as climate change buffers in Yellowstone
    • Wilmers C.C., Getz W.M. Gray wolves as climate change buffers in Yellowstone. PLoS Biol. 2005, 3:e92. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092.
    • (2005) PLoS Biol. , vol.3 , pp. e92
    • Wilmers, C.C.1    Getz, W.M.2
  • 92
    • 84879564334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do irrigation and predator control reduce the productivity of migratory ungulate herds?
    • Wilmers C.C., Levi T. Do irrigation and predator control reduce the productivity of migratory ungulate herds?. Ecology 2013, 94:1264-1270.
    • (2013) Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 1264-1270
    • Wilmers, C.C.1    Levi, T.2
  • 93
    • 84871791965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk, elk, and aspen: tests of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
    • Winnie J.A. Predation risk, elk, and aspen: tests of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ecology 2012, 93:2600-2614.
    • (2012) Ecology , vol.93 , pp. 2600-2614
    • Winnie, J.A.1
  • 94
    • 38449099717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in Yellowstone National Park
    • Wolf E.C., Cooper D.J., Hobbs N.T. Hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in Yellowstone National Park. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:1572-1587.
    • (2007) Ecol. Appl. , vol.17 , pp. 1572-1587
    • Wolf, E.C.1    Cooper, D.J.2    Hobbs, N.T.3
  • 95
    • 84969416569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West Wide Drought Tracker website. NOAA TRACS
    • WRCC (Western Regional Climate Center), 2013. West Wide Drought Tracker website. NOAA TRACS. <>. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/wwdt/index.php.
    • (2013)
  • 97
    • 85031965913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone National Park: Natural and Cultural Resources Vital Signs
    • YCR-2013-02. National Park Service.
    • Yellowstone Center for Resources, 2013. Yellowstone National Park: Natural and Cultural Resources Vital Signs. YCR-2013-02. National Park Service.
    • (2013)
  • 98
    • 0003412139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone's Northern Range: Complexity and Change in a Wildland Ecosystem
    • National Park Service, Mammoth Hot Springs
    • YNP (Yellowstone National Park), 1997. Yellowstone's Northern Range: Complexity and Change in a Wildland Ecosystem. National Park Service, Mammoth Hot Springs.
    • (1997)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.