Four modes of ethno-somatic stratification: The experience of blacks in Europe and the Americas

Ethnicity, Social Mobility, and Public Policy: Comparing the USA and UK

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 67-122

  Patterson, Orlando ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928351171     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511489228.004     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. Akiyama, Y. and J. Noonan, 2000, “Lifetime Chance for Murder Victimization,” paper presented at the American Society of Criminology Conference, 2000, California State University, Los Angeles
2. Andrews, G., 1991, Blacks and Whites in Sao Paulo Brazil, 1888–1988, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press
3. Anwar, M. and P. Roach (eds.), 2000, From Legislation to Integration, London: Macmillan Press
4. Barker, M., 1981, The New Racism, London: Junction Books
5. Berrington, A., 1996, “Marriage Patterns and Inter-ethnic Unions,” in D. Coleman and J. Salt (eds.), Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Vol. I: Demographic Characteristics of the Ethnic Minority Populations, London: HMSO, pp. 178–212
6. BBC, The, 2002, “BBC Race Survey’ (May 7–11). Internet release
7. Berthoud, R., 2000, “Family Formation in Multi-Cultural Britain: Three Patterns of Diversity,” Working Paper 2000–34, Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex
8. Blalock, H., 1970, Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations, New York: Capricorn
9. Bobo, L., 2001, “Racial Attitudes and Relations at the Close of the Twentieth Century,” in N. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, F. Mitchell (eds.), America Becoming: Racial Trends and their Consequences, Washington DC: National Academy Press
10. Brodkin, K., 1999, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
11. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2003, 2002, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Washington, DC
12. Carr-Hill, R. and D. Drew, 1988, “Blacks, Police and Crime,” in A. Bhat, R. Carr-Hill, and S. Ohri (eds.), Britain's Black Population, London: Gower
13. Carrion, J. (ed.), 1997, Ethnicity, Race and Nationality in the Caribbean, San Juan, PR: Institute of Caribbean Studies
14. Cash, W. J., 1991, The Mind of the South, New York: Vintage
15. CDC, 2003, “HIV/AIDS Among African Americans,” Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
16. Clancy, A., 2001, Crime, Policing and Justice: The Experience of Ethnic Minorities, London: Home Office Research Directorate
17. Cohen, R., 1994, Frontiers of Identity: The British and the Others, Harlow, Essex: Longman
18. Coleman, D. and J. Salt (eds.), 1996, Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Vol. I: Demographic Characteristics of the Ethnic Minority Populations, London: HMSO
19. Colman, A. M. and C. P. Gorman, 1982, “Conservatism, Dogmatism and Authoritarianism in British Police Officers,” Sociology 16: 1–4
20. Cordero-Guzman, Hector, Robert C. Smith, and Ramón Grosfoguel (eds.), 2001, Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
21. Curtin, P., 1969, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
22. Davis, D. B., 1984, Slavery and Human Progress, New York: Oxford University Press
23. Davis, F. J., 1993, Who is Black: One Nation's Definition, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press
24. Dominguez, V., 1986, White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press
25. Dorsey, J., 1995, “Women Without History,” Journal of Caribbean History, 28: 165–208
26. Economist, The, 2003, “You-Gov and MORI polls” (Oct. 11–17): 58–9
27. Eltis, D. and D. Richardson, 1997, “West Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: New Evidence of Long-Run Trends,” in D. Eltis and D. Richardson (eds.), Routes to Slavery: Direction, Mortality and Ethnicity in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1595–1867, London: Frank Cass
28. Engerman, S., 1966, “Emancipation in Comparative Perspective: A Long and Wide View,” in G. Oostindie (ed.), Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 223–41
29. Fitzgerald, M., 1990, “The Emergence of Black Councillors and MPs in Britain,” in H. Goulbourne (ed.), Black Politics in Britain, Aldershot: Avebury, pp. 17–32
30. FitzGerald, M. and C. Hale, 1996, Ethnic Minorities: Victimisation and Racial Harassment: Findings from the 1988 and 1992 Crime Surveys, London: Home Office Research Study 154
31. Foner, D., 1995, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, New York: Oxford University Press
32. Foner, N., 2001, “West Indians in New York City and London: A Comparative Analysis,” International Migration Review 13: 284–97
33. Foner, N. (ed.), 2001, Islands In the City: West Indian Migration to New York. Berkeley: University of California Press
34. Franklin, J. H. (ed.), 1968, Color and Race, Boston: Beacon Press
35. Frazier, E. F., 1957, Race and Culture Contacts in the Modern World, Boston: Beacon
36. Genovese, E. F., 1988, Within the Plantation Household, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
37. Gilroy P., 1987, There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation, University of Chicago Press
38. Girvan, N., 1971, Foreign Capital and Economic Underdevelopment in Jamaica, Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research
39. Goulbourne, H. (ed.), 1990, Black Politics in Britain, Aldershot: USA
40. Goulbourne, H. 1998, Race Relations in Britain Since 1945, London: Macmillan
41. Hall, S. et al. 1978, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order, London: Macmillan
42. Harris, M., 1964, Patterns of Race in the Americas, New York: Walker
43. Heath, A. and D. McMahon, 1996, “Education and Occupational Attainment: The Impact of Ethnic Origins,” in V. Karn (ed.), Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Vol. IV: Education, Employment and Housing, London: HMSO
44. Henriques, F., 1953, Family and Color in Jamaica, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode
45. Hess, B. et al. 1992, Beneath the Surface, Aldershot: Avebury
46. Hoetink, H., 1967, The Two Variants of Caribbean Race Relations, London: Oxford University Press
47. Husband C. (ed.), 1987, Race In Britain: Continuity and Change, London: Hutchinson
48. Ignatiev, N., 1995, How the Irish Became White, New York, NY: Routledge
49. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistico, 1976, Servico Nacional de Recenseamento, Rio de Janeiro: O Servico
50. James, W. and C. Harris (eds.), 1993, Inside Babylon: The West Indian Diaspora in Britain, London: Verso
51. Jargowsky, P. A., 1998, Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City, New York: Russell Sage Foundation
52. Jargowsky, P. A., 2003, “Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The Dramatic Decline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990s,” Living Cities Census Series, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Studies. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
53. Jefferson, O., 1972, The Post-War Economic Development of Jamaica, Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research
54. Jones, T., 1996, Britain's Ethnic Minorities: An Analysis of the Labor Force Survey, London: Policy Studies Institute
55. Kalmijn, M., 1996, “The Socioeconomic Assimilation of Caribbean American Blacks,” Social Forces, Vol. 74
56. Kasinitz, P., 1993, Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race, Ithaca: Cornell University Press
57. Katsnelson, I., 1973, Black Men, White Cities: Race, Politics and Migration in the US, 1900–1930, and Britain 1948–1968, London: Oxford University Press
58. Kershen, A. (ed.), 1998, A Question of Identity, Aldershot: Ashgate
59. King, W., 1995, Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth Century America, Wilmington: University of Indiana Press
60. Lev, P., G. Fouron, and N. Schiller, 2001, “The Generation of Identity: Redefining the Second Generation Within a Transnational Social Field,” in H. Cordero-Guzman, Robert C. Smith, and Ramón Grosfoguel (eds.), Migration, Transnationalization and Race in a Changing New York, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp. 58–86
61. Levitt, P., 2001, The Transnational Villagers, Berkeley: University of California Press
62. Loewn, J., 1988, The Mississippi Chinese, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
63. Looney, R. E., 1987, The Jamaican Economy in the 1980s: Economic Decline and Structural Adjustment, Boulder, CO: Westview Press
64. Lovejoy, P., 2000, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, Cambridge University Press
65. Lowenthal, D., 1972, West Indian Societies, New York: Oxford University Press
66. Luthra, M., 1997, Britain's Black Population, London: Arena
67. Maingot, A. P., 1992, “Race, Color and Class in the Caribbean,” in A. Stepan (ed.), The Americas, New York: Oxford University Press
68. Manning, P., 1990, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental and African Slave Trades, Cambridge University Press
69. Massey M. and M. Denton, 1993, American Apartheid, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
70. Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós, 1996, To Be A Slave in Brazil 1550–1888, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
71. McKinnon, J., 2003, The Black Population of the United States, March 2002, US Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P20–S41, Washington, DC
72. Miller, E., 1991, Men at Risk, Kingston: Jamaica Publishing
73. Minority Rights Group (eds.), 1996, No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, London: Minority Rights Publications
74. Model S., 1991, “Caribbean Immigrants: A Black Success Story?” International Migration Review 25 (Summer): 248–76
75. Model S. 1995, “West Indian Prosperity; Fact or Fiction,” Social Problems 42: 535–53
76. Model S. 1999, “Ethnic Inequality in England: An Analysis Based on the 1991 census,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22: 969–90
77. Model, S. and G. Fisher, 2002, “Unions Between Blacks and Whites: England and the US compared,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 25: 728–54
78. Mohammed P. and A. Perkins (1998), Caribbean Women at the Crossroads: The Dilemma of Decision-making Among Women of Barbados, St. Lucia and Dominica, New York: UWI Press and IPPF
79. Mollenkopf, J., 2002, “Assimilating Immigrants in Amsterdam: A Perspective from New York,” Amsterdam: Amsterdam Study Center for the Metropolitan Environment: Internet Release (9/17/2002)
80. Morgan, E., 1975, American Slavery, American Freedom, New York: Norton
81. Morner, M. (ed.), 1970, Race and Class in Latin America, New York: Columbia University Press
82. Moser, C. and J. Holland, 1997, Urban Poverty and Violence in Jamaica, Washington, DC: The World Bank
83. Murphy, M., 1996, “Household and Family Structure among Ethnic Minority Groups,” in Coleman and Salt (eds.), pp. 213–42
84. Nossiter, A. 1995, “A Jamaican Way Station in the Bronx,” New York Times (Oct. 25)
85. Omi M. and H. Winant, 1996, “Contesting the Meaning of Race in the Post Civil Rights Movement Era,” in S. Pedraza, and R. Rumbaut (eds.), Origins and Destinies: Immigration, Race and Ethnicity in America, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, pp. 470–78
86. Oostindie, G. (ed.), 1996, Ethnicity in the Caribbean, London: Macmillan
87. Parry O., 2000, Male Underachievement in High School Education in Jamaica, Barbados, and St Vincent and the Grenadines, Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe Press
88. Patterson, O., 1966, “The Dance Invasion of Britain,” New Society, 207
89. Patterson, O. 1967, The Sociology of Slavery: Jamaica, 1838, London: McGibbon & Kee; Associated University Press, 1969
90. Patterson, O. 1968, “West Indian Migrants Returning Home,” Race 4(1): 69–77
91. Patterson, O. 1982, Slavery and Social Death, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
92. Patterson, O. 1987, “The Emerging West Atlantic System: Migration, Culture and Underdevelopment in the U. S. and Caribbean,” in William Alonso (ed.), Population in an Interacting World, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 227–60
93. Patterson, O. 1997, The Ordeal of Integration: Progress and Resentment in America's “Racial” Crisis, Washington, DC: Civitas
94. Patterson, O. 1998, Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries, New York: Basic Books
95. Patterson, O. 2000, “Taking Culture Seriously: A Framework and an Afro-American Illustration,” in L. Harrison and S. Huntington (eds.), Culture Matters, New York: Basic Books, pp. 202–18
96. Peach, C., 1991, “The Caribbean in Europe: Contrasting Patterns of Migration and Settlement in Britain, France and the Netherlands,” Research Paper in Ethnic Relations, No. 15, Center for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick
97. Peach, C. (ed.), 1996, Ethnicity in the 1991 Census, Vol. II: The Ethnic Minority Populations of Great Britain, London: HMSO
98. Peach, C. 1998, “South Asian and Caribbean Ethnic Minority Housing Choice in Britain,” Urban Studies 35: 1657–80
99. Portes, A. and Zhou, M., 1993, “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants,” in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530: 74–97
100. Premdas, R., 1996, “Race and Ethnic Relations in Burnhamite Guyana,” in D. Dabydeen, and B. Samaroo (eds.), Across the Dark Waters: Ethnicity and Indian Identity in the Caribbean, London: Macmillan–Warwick University Caribbean Studies, pp. 39–65
101. Reichmann, R. (ed.), 1999, Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality, University Park, PA: Penn State University Press
102. Rodriguez, C., 1992, “Race, Culture and Latina “Otherness’ in the 1980 Census,” Social Science Quarterly 73: 931–37
103. Roediger, D., 1991, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, New York: Verso
104. Ryan, S., 1972, Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
105. Schuck, P., 2003, Diversity in America: Keeping Government at a Safe Distance Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
106. Skellington, R. 1992, Race In Britain Today, London: Sage and Open University
107. Smith M. G. 1973, The Plural Society in the British West Indies; Carl Stone, Class, Race and Political Behavior in Jamaica, Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research
108. Smith, M. G., 1965, The Plural Society in the British West Indies, Berkeley: University of California Press
109. Sowell, T., 1981, Ethnic America, New York: Basic Books
110. Steckel, R. H., 1986, “A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves,” Social Science History 10: 427–65
111. Stephens, E. H. and J. D. Stephens, 1986, Democratic Socialism in Jamaica, Princeton University Press
112. Sullivan, T. and G. Gilbertson 1990, “Caribbean Immigrants in the US: The Effects of Race and Language on Earnings,” Austin, TX: Population Research Center, University of Texas, pp. 911–30
113. Telles, E. E., 1999, “Ethnic Boundaries and Political Mobilization Among African Brazilians,” in M. Hanchard (ed.), Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil, Durham: Duke University Press
114. Troyna, B., 1988, “British Schooling and the Reproduction of Racial Inequality,” in M. Cross and H. Entzinger (eds.), Lost Illusions: Caribbean Minorities in Britain and the Netherlands, London: Routledge, pp. 166–84
115. UK Home Office 1998, and 1999, Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System, 1998, London UK: Home Office Publications
116. US Census Bureau, 2002, Annual Demographic Supplement to the March 2002, Current Population Survey
117. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002, “Homicide Trends in the US: Intimate Homicides,” Internet Release (November)
118. UNAIDS, 2002, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic (July)
119. U. N. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs, 1993, Report on the World Social Situation 1993, New York: U. N. Publications
120. United Nations Foundation, “Brazil's Police Death Squads Accused of Terror Campaign,” U. N. Wire, Oct. 27, 2003
121. Vickerman, M., 1999, Crosscurrents: West Indian Immigrants and Race, New York: Oxford University Press
122. Vieira, R. M., “Brazil” in P. Perez-Sarduy and J. Stubbs (eds.), No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, New York: Paul & Co., 1995
123. Wagley, C., 1957, “Plantation America: A Culture Sphere,” in Rubin, V. (ed.), Caribbean Studies: A Symposium, Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research
124. Waters, M., 1994, “Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Immigrants in New York City,” International Migration Review 28: 795–820
125. Waters, M. 1999, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
126. Waters, M. and P. Levitt, 2001, “The Changing Face of Home: The Transnational Lives of the Second Generation,” in H. Cordero-Guzman et al. (eds.), Migration, Transnationalization and Race in a Changing New York, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
127. Williamson, J., 1980, New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States New York: Free Press
128. World Bank, 1992, World Development Report, 1993, Oxford University Press
129. Wyatt-Brown, B., 1982, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South, New York: Oxford University Press
130. Yelvington, K. (ed.), 1993, Trinidad Ethnicity, London: Macmillan Press