How powdered cocaine flows across the United States: Evidence from open-source price data

Journal of Drug Issues

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 344-361

  Chandra, Siddharth ^a   Peters, Samuel ^a   Zimmer, Nathaniel ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Calibration; Cities; Cluster analysis; Cocaine; Flows; Market linkages; Prices; The United States

Indexed keywords

EID: 84927657572     PISSN: 00220426     EISSN: 19451369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022042614522621     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Arkes, J., Pacula, R. L., Paddock, S. M., Caulkins, J. P., & Reuter, P. (2008). Why the DEA STRIDE data are still useful for understanding drug markets (NBER Working Paper No. 14224). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
2. Bullington, B. (1991). A smugglers paradise: Cocaine trafficking through the Bahamas. Crime, Law and Social Change, 16, 59-83.
3. Buxton, J. (2006). The political economy of narcotics: Production, consumption and global markets. Black Point, Nova Scotia, Canada: Fernwood Publishing.
4. Caulkins, J. P. (1994). Developing price series for cocaine. Santa Monica, CA: RAND
5. Caulkins, J. P. (1995). Domestic geographic variation in illicit drug prices. Journal of Urban Economics, 37, 38-56.
6. Caulkins, J. P. (2005). Price and purity analysis for illicit drug: Data and conceptual issues (Heinz Research Paper No. 25). Retrieved from http://repository.cmu.edu/heinzworks/25
7. Caulkins, J. P., & Bond, B. M. (2012). Marijuana price gradients implications for exports and exportgenerated tax revenue for California after legalization. Journal of Drug Issues, 42, 28-45.
8. Caulkins, J. P., Gurga, B., & Little, C. (2009). Economic analysis of drug transaction "cycles" described by Incarcerated UK drug dealers. Global Crime, 10, 94-112.
9. Caulkins, J. P., & Padman, R. (1993). Quantity discounts and quality premia for illicit drugs. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88, 748-757.
10. Caulkins, J. P., & Reuter, P. M. (1998). What price data tell us about drug markets. Journal of Drug Issues, 28, 593-612.
11. Caulkins, J. P., & Reuter, P. M. (2010). How drug enforcement affects drug prices. Crime and Justice, 39, 213-271.
12. Chandra, S., & Barkell, M. (2013). What the price data tell us about heroin flows across Europe. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 37, 1-13.
13. Chandra, S., Barkell, M., & Steffen, K. (2011). Inferring cocaine flows across Europe: Evidence from price data. Journal of Drug Policy Analysis, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jdpa.2011.4.1/jdpa.2011.4.1.1029/jdpa.2011.4.1.1029.xml
14. Clawson, P., & Lee, R. W., III. (1996). The Andean cocaine industry. New York, NY: St. Martins Press.
15. Costa Storti, C., & De Grauwe, P. (2009). The cocaine and heroin markets in the era of globalisation and drug reduction policies. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 20, 488-496.
16. Darke, S., Hall, W., & Topp, L. (2000). The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) 1996-2000 (NDARC Technical Report No.101). New South Wales, Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.
17. Degenhardt, L., Conroy, E., Gilmour, S., & Collins, L. (2005). The effect of a reduction in heroin supply in Australia upon drug distribution and acquisitive crime. British Journal of Criminology, 45, 2-24.
18. Dietze, P. (2008). What more can we learn from the heroin drought? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 19, 270-272.
19. Farrell, G., Mansur, K., & Tullis, M. (1996). Cocaine and heroin in Europe 1983-93: A cross-national comparison of trafficking and prices. British Journal of Criminology, 36, 225-281.
20. Fries, A., Anthony, R. W., Cseko, A., Jr., Gaither, C. C., & Schulman, E. (2008). Technical Report for the Price and Purity of Illicit Drugs: 1981-2007. Alexandria, VA: IDA.
21. Greenfield, V. A., & Paoli, L. (2012). If supply-oriented drug policy is broken, can harm reduction help fix it? Melding disciplines and methods to advance international drug-control policy. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 23, 6-15.
22. Hartigan, J. A. (1975). Clustering algorithms. New York, NY: John Wiley.
23. Harwood, H., Fountain, D., & Livermore, G. (1998). The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States 1992. Rockville, MD: National Institutes on Drug Abuse.
24. International Narcotics Control Board. (2012). Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2011. Vienna, Austria: International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved from http://www.incb.org/incb/en/publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2011.html
25. Kleiman, M. A. R. (1989). Marijuana: Costs of abuse, costs of control. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
26. Korsell, L., Vesterhav, D., & Skinnari, J. (2011). Human trafficking and drug distribution in Sweden from a market perspective-Similarities and differences. Trends in Organized Crime, 14, 100-124.
27. Mejia, D., & Restrepo, P. (2008). The war on illegal drug production and trafficking: An economic evaluation of Plan Colombia (HiCN Working Papers). Retrieved from http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/wp53.pdf
28. Miron, J. A. (2004). Drug war crimes: The consequences of prohibition. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute.
29. Miron, J. A., & Zwiebel, J. (1995). The economic case against drug prohibition. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 175-192.
30. Nieves, R. (1998). Colombian cocaine cartels: Lessons from the front. Trends in Organized Crime, 3(3), 13-29.
31. Okundaye, J. N. (2004). Drug trafficking and urban African American youth: Risk factors for PTSD. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 21, 285-302.
32. Piazza, J. A. (2011). The illicit drug trade, counternarcotics strategies and terrorism. Public Choice, 149, 297-314.
33. Poret, S. (2002). Paradoxical effects of law enforcement policies: The case of the illicit drug market. International Review of Law and Economics, 22, 465-493.
34. Rajkumar, A., & French, M. (1997). Drug abuse, crime costs, and the economic benefits of treatment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 13, 291-323.
35. Reuter, P. M. (1988). Can the borders be sealed? The Public Interest, 92, 51-65.
36. Reuter, P. M., & Caulkins, J. P. (2004). Illegal "lemons": Price dispersion in cocaine and heroin markets. Bulletin on Narcotics, 56, 141-165.
37. Reuter, P. M., & Kleiman, M. A. R. (1986). Risks and prices: An economic analysis of drug enforcement. Crime and Justice, 7, 289-340.
38. Risher, W. (2012, February 19). Extent of drug trafficking via FedEx and its rivals is unknown. Memphis Commercial Appeal. Retrieved from http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2012/feb/19/carrierson- Alert-to-illegal-cargo/
39. Sarrica, F. (2008). Drugs prices and systemic violence: An empirical study. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 14, 391-415.
40. Sevigny, E. L., & Saisana, M. (2013). Developing the U.S. drug consequences indices, 2000-2009. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, Executive Office of the President.
41. Shelley, L. (2012). The relationship of drug and human trafficking: A global perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 18, 241-253.
42. Singer, M. (2008). Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 19, 467-478.
43. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (2011). The transatlantic cocaine market (Online Research Report). Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Transatlantic-cocaine-market.pdf
44. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (various years). World Drug Report. New York: United Nations.
45. U.S. Department of Justice. (2002-2004). Narcotics Digest Weekly. Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center.
46. U.S. Department of Justice. (2006-2011). National Illicit Drug Prices. Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center, NDIC Intelligence Bulletin.
47. U.S. Department of Justice. (2010). National Drug Threat Assessment 2010. Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs38/38661/index.htm
48. U.S. Department of Justice. (2011). National Drug Threat Assessment 2011. Johnstown, PA: National Drug Intelligence Center.
49. U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. (2013). STRIDE data. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/dea/resource-center/stride-data.shtml
50. Weatherburn, D., Jones, C., Freeman, K., & Makkai, T. (2001). The Australian heroin drought and its implications for drug policy. Crime and Justice Bulletin, 59, 1-16.
51. Willoughby, R. (2003). Crouching Fox, Hidden Eagle: Drug trafficking and transnational security-A perspective from the Tijuana-San Diego border. Crime, Law and Social Change, 40, 113-142.