Physiological ecology

Bryophyte Biology, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 237-268

  Proctor, Michael C F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84927103677     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511754807.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Abel, W. O. (1956). Die Austrocknungsresistenz der Laubmoose. Sitzungsberichte. Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Abt. 1, 165, 619-707.
2. Alpert, P. (2000). The discovery, scope, and puzzle of desiccation tolerance in plants. Plant Ecology, 151, 5-17.
3. Alpert, P. (2005). The limits and frontiers of desiccation-tolerant life. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 685-95.
4. Alpert, P. & Oliver, M. J. (2002). Drying without dying. In Desiccation and Survival in Plants: Drying Without Dying, ed. M. Black & H. W. Pritchard, pp. 3-43. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
5. Alscher, R. G., Donahue, J. L. & Cramer, C. A. (1997). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: relationships in green cells. Physiologia Plantarum 100, 224-33.
6. Anderson, J. M., Park, Y.-L. & Chow, W. S. (1997). Photoinactivation and photoprotection of photosystem U in nature. Physiologia Plantarum, 100, 214-23.
7. Asada, K. (1999). The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 601-39.
8. Bates, J. W. (1998). Is ‘life-form’ a useful concept in bryophyte ecology? Oikos, 82, 223-37.
9. Bates, J. W. & Farmer, A. M. (1992). Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10. Beckett, R. P. (1996). Pressure volume analysis of a range of poikilohydric plants implies the existence of negative turgor in vegetative cells. Annals of Botany, 79, 145-52.
11. Bewley, J. D. & Krochko, J. E. (1982). Desiccation-tolerance. In Encyclopaedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, vol. 12B, ed. O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond & H. Ziegler, pp. 325-78. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
12. Bjorkman, O. & Demmig-Adams, B. (1995). Regulation of photosynthetic light energy capture, conversion and dissipation in leaves of higher plants. In Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis, ed. E.-D. Schulze & M. M. Caldwell, pp. 17-47. Berlin: Springer- Verlag.
13. Bopp, M. & Werner, O. (1993). Abscisic acid and desiccation tolerance in mosses. Botanica Acta, 106, 103-6.
14. Brown, D. H. (1982). Mineral nutrition. In Bryophyte Ecology, ed. A. J. E. Smith, pp. 383-444. London: Chapman & Hall.
15. Brown, D. H. (1984). Uptake of mineral elements and their use in pollution monitoring. In The Experimental Biology of Bryophytes, ed. A. F. Dyer & J. G. Duckett. London: Academic Press.
16. Brown, D. H. & Bates, J. W. (1990). Bryophytes and nutrient cycling. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 129-47.
17. Buch, H. (1945). Uber die Wasser- und Mineralstoffversorgung der Moose. Part 1. Commentationes Biologici Societas Scientiarum Fennicae, 9(16), 1-44.
18. Buch, H. (1947). Uber die Wasser- und Mineralstoffversorgung der Moose. Part 2. Commentationes Biologici Societas Scientiarum Fennicae, 9(20), 1-61.
19. Buitink, J., Hoekstra, F. A. & Leprince, O. (2002). Biochemistry and biophysics of tolerance systems. In Desiccation and Survival in Plants: Drying Without Dying, ed. M. Black & H. W. Pritchard, pp. 293-318. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
20. Clayton-Greene, K.A., Collins, N.J., Green, T. G.A. & Proctor, M.C. F. (1985). Surface wax, structure and function in leaves of Polytrichaceae. Journal of Bryology, 13, 549-62.
21. Crowe, J. H., Carpenter, J. F. & Crowe, L. M. (1998). The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis. Annual Review of Physiology, 60, 73-103.
22. Csintalan, Zs., Proctor, M. C. F. & Tuba, Z. (1999). Chlorophyll fluorescence during drying and rehydration in the mosses Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst., Anomodon viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook. & Tayl. and Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm. Annals of Botany, 84, 235-44.
23. Deltoro, V. I., Calatayud, A., Gimeno, C., Abadia, A. & Barreno, E. (1998). Changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and xanthophyll cycle interconversions during dehydration in desiccation-tolerant and intolerant liverworts. Planta, 207, 224-8.
24. Dilks, T.J. K. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1974). The pattern of recovery of bryophytes after desiccation. Journal of Bryology, 8, 97-115.
25. Dilks, T.J. K. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1976). Effects of intermittent desiccation on bryophytes. Journal of Bryology, 9, 249-64.
26. Dilks, T.J. K. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1979). Photosynthesis, respiration, and water content in bryophytes. New Phytologist, 82, 97-114.
27. Edwards, D., Wellman, C. H. & Axe, L. (1998). The fossil record of early land plants and interrelationships between primitive embryophytes: too little and too late? In Bryology for the Twenty-First Century, ed. J.W. Bates, N.W. Ashton & J. G. Duckett, pp. 15-43. Leeds: Maney Publishing and British Bryological Society.
28. Egle, K. (1960). Menge und Verhaltnis der Pigmente. In Encyclopaedia of Plant Physiology, vol. 5, ed. W. Ruhland, pp. 444-96. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
29. Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R. & Hubick, K. T. (1989). Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 40, 503-37.
30. Foyer, C. H., Lelandais, M. & Kunert, K.J. (1994). Photooxidative stress in plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 92, 696-717.
31. Frahm, J.-P. (1990). Bryophyte phytomass in tropical ecosystems. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 23-33.
32. Gilmore, A. M. (1997). Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplasts and leaves. Physiologia Plantarum, 99, 197-209.
33. Gimingham, C. H. & Birse, E. M. (1957). Ecological studies on growth-form in bryophytes. I. Correlations between growth-form and habitat. Journal of Ecology, 45, 533-45.
34. Goffinet, B. (2000). Origin and phyletic relationships of bryophytes. In Bryophyte Biology, ed. A. J. Shaw & B. Goffinet, pp. 124-49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Gwozdz, E. A., Bewley, J. D. & Tucker, E. B. (1974). Studies on protein synthesis in Tortula ruralis: polyribosome formation following desiccation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 25, 599-608.
36. Hanson, D., Andrews, T.J. & Badger, M. R. (2002). Variability of the pyrenoid-based CO2 concentrating mechanism in hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). Functional Plant Biology, 29, 407-16.
37. Hearnshaw, G. F. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1982). The effect of temperature on the survival of dry bryophytes. New Phytologist, 90, 221-8.
38. Heber, U., Lange, O.L. & Shuvalov, V.A. (2006). Conservation and dissipation of light energy as complementary processes: homoiohydric and poikilohydric autotrophs. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 121-3.
39. Hellewege, E. M., Dietz, K. J., Volk, O. H. & Hartung, W. (1994). Abscisic acid and the induction of desiccation tolerance in the extremely xerophilic liverwort Exormotheca holstu. Planta, 194, 525-31.
40. Hinshiri, H. N. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1971). The effect of desiccation on subsequent assimilation of the bryophytes Anomodon viticulosus and Porella platyphylla. New Phytologist, 70, 527-38.
41. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V. & Walters, R. G. (1996). Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 47, 655-84.
42. Jarvis, P. G. & McNaughton, K. G. (1986). Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region. Advances in Ecological Research, 15, 1-49.
43. Jones, H. G. (1992). Plants and Microclimate, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Kaiser, W. M. (1987). Effects of water deficit on photosynthetic capacity. Physiologia Plantarum, 71, 142-9.
45. Kappen, L. & Valladares, F. (1999). Opportunistic growth and desiccation tolerance: the ecological success of poikilohydrous autotrophs. In Handbook of Functional Plant Ecology, ed. F. I. Pugnaire & F. Valladares, pp. 9-80. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker.
46. Kershaw, K. A. & Webber, M. R. (1986). Seasonal changes in the chlorophyll content and quantum efficiency of the moss Brachythecium rutabulum. Journal of Bryology, 14, 151-8.
47. Krause, G. H. & Weis, E. (1991). Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 42, 313-49.
48. Lackner, L. (1939). Uber die Jahresperiodizitat in der Entwicklung der Laubmoose. Planta, 29, 534-616.
49. Larcher, W. (1995). Physiological Plant Ecology, 3rdedn. New York: Springer-Verlag.
50. Leon-Vargas, Y., Engwald, S. & Proctor, M. C. F. (2006). Microclimate, light adaptation and desiccation tolerance of epiphytic bryophytes in two Venezuelan cloud forests. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 901-13.
51. Liu, Y., Li, Z., Cao, T. & Glime, J. M. (2004). The influence of high temperature on cell damage and shoot survival rates of Plagiomnium acutum. Journal of Bryology, 26, 265-71.
52. Logan, B. A. (2005). Reactive oxygen species and photosynthesis. In Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants, ed. N. Smirnoff, pp. 250-67. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
53. Longton, R. E. (1981). Physiological ecology of mosses. In The Mosses of North America, ed. R. J. Taylor & S. E. Leviton, pp. 77-113. Washington, D.C.: Pacific Division, American Academy of Science.
54. Longton, R. E. (1988). The Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Magdefrau, K. (1982). Life-forms of bryophytes. In Bryophyte Ecology, ed. A. J. E. Smith, pp. 45-58. London: Chapman & Hall.
56. Mansour, K. S. & Hallet, J. N. (1981). Effect of desiccation on DNA synthesis and the cell cycle of the moss Polytrichum formosum. New Phytologist, 87, 315-24.
57. Martin, C. E. & Churchill, S. P. (1982). Chlorophyll concentrations and a/b ratios in mosses collected from exposed and shaded habitats in Kansas. Journal of Bryology, 12, 297-304.
58. Marschall, M. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1999). Desiccation tolerance and recovery of the leafy liverwort Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff.: chlorophyll-fluorescence measurements. Journal of Bryology, 21, 257-62.
59. Marschall, M. & Proctor, M. C. F. (2004). Are bryophytes shade plants? Photosynthetic light responses and proportions of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids. Annals of Botany, 94, 593-603.
60. Maxwell, K. & Johnson, G. N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence - a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51, 659-68.
61. Nobel, P. S. (1977). Internal leaf area and cellular CO2 resistance: photosynthetic implications of variations with growth conditions and plant species. Physiologia Plantarum, 40, 137-44.
62. Oliver, M. J. (1991). Influence of protoplasmic water loss on the control of protein synthesis in the desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula ruralis. Ramifications for a repair-based mechanism of desiccation tolerance. Plant Physiology, 97, 1501-11.
63. Oliver, M. J. (1996). Desiccation tolerance in vegetative plant cells. Physiologia Plantarum, 97, 779-87.
64. Oliver, M. J. & Bewley, J. D. (1997). Desiccation tolerance of plant tissues: a mechanistic overview. Horticultural Reviews, 18, 171-213.
65. Oliver, M. J., Tuba, Z. & Mishler, B. D. (2000). The evolution of vegetative desiccation tolerance in land plants. Plant Ecology, 151, 85-100.
66. Oliver, M. J., Velten, J. & Mishler, B. D. (2005). Desiccation tolerance in bryophytes: a reflection of the primitive strategy for plant survival in dehydrating habitats. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 788-99.
67. Pitkin, P. H. (1975). Variability and seasonality of the growth of some corticolous pleurocarpous mosses. Journal of Bryology, 8, 337-56.
68. Pressel, S. (2006). Experimental studies of bryophyte cell biology, conservation, physiology and systematics. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.
69. Pressel, S., Ligrone, R. & Duckett, J. G. (2006). Effects of de- and rehydration on foodconducting cells in the moss Polytrichum formosum: a cytological study. Annals of Botany, 98, 67-76.
70. Price, G. D., McKenzie, J. E., Pilcher, J. R. & Hoper, S.T. (1997). Carbon-isotope variation in Sphagnum from hummock-hollow complexes: implications for Holocene climate reconstruction. The Holocene, 7, 229-33.
71. Proctor, M. C. F. (1979a). Structure and eco-physiological adaptation in bryophytes. In Bryophyte Systematics, ed. G. C. S. Clarke & J. G. Duckett, pp. 479-509. London: Academic Press.
72. Proctor, M. C. F. (1979b). Surface wax on the leaves of some mosses. Journal of Bryology, 10, 531-8.
73. Proctor, M. C. F. (1981a). Physiological ecology of bryophytes. Advances in Bryology, 1, 79-166.
74. Proctor, M. C. F. (1981b). Diffusion resistances in bryophytes. In Plants and their Atmospheric Environment, ed. J. Grace, E. D. Ford & P. G. Jarvis, pp. 219-29.
75. Proctor, M. C. F. (1982). Physiological ecology: water relations, light and temperature responses, carbon balance. In Bryophyte Ecology, ed. A. J. E. Smith, pp. 333-81. London: Chapman & Hall.
76. Proctor, M. C. F. (1990). The physiological basis of bryophyte production. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 61-77.
77. Proctor, M. C. F. (1992). Scanning electron microscopy of lamella-margin characters and the phytogeography of the genus Polytrichadelphus. Journal of Bryology, 17, 317-33.
78. Proctor, M. C. F. (1999). Water-relations parameters of some bryophytes evaluated by thermocouple psychrometry. Journal of Bryology, 21, 263-70.
79. Proctor, M. C. F. (2000). The bryophyte paradox: tolerance of desiccation, evasion of drought. Plant Ecology, 151, 41-9.
80. Proctor, M. C. F. (2001). Patterns of desiccation tolerance and recovery in bryophytes. Plant Growth Regulation, 35, 147-56.
81. Proctor, M. C. F. (2002). Ecophysiological measurements on two pendulous forest mosses from Uganda, Pilotrichella ampullacea and Floribundaria floribunda. Journal of Bryology, 24, 223-32.
82. Proctor, M. C. F. (2003). Experiments on the effect of different intensities of desiccation on bryophyte survival, using chlorophyll fluorescence as an index of recovery. Journal of Bryology, 25, 215-24.
83. Proctor, M. C. F. (2004a). How long must a desiccation-tolerant moss tolerate desiccation? Some results of two years’ data-logging on Grimmia pulvinata. Physiologia Plantarum, 122, 21-7.
84. Proctor, M. C. F. (2004b). Light and desiccation responses of Weymouthia mollis (Hedw.) Broth. and W. cochlearifolia (Schwagr.) Dix., two pendulous rainforest epiphytes from Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Bryology, 26, 167-73.
85. Proctor, M. C. F. (2005). Why do Polytrichaceae have lamellae? Journal of Bryology, 27, 221-9.
86. Proctor, M. C. F. & Pence, V. C. (2002). Vegetative tissues: bryophytes, vascular resurrection plants and vegetative propagules. In Desiccation and Survival in Plants: Drying Without Dying, ed. M. Black & H. W. Pritchard, pp. 207-37. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
87. Proctor, M. C. F. & Smirnoff, N. (2000). Rapid recovery of photosystems on rewetting desiccation-tolerant mosses: chlorophyll fluorescence and inhibitor experiments. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51, 1695-704.
88. Proctor, M. C. F. & Smith, A. J. E. (1995). Ecological and systematic implications of branching patterns in bryophytes. In Experimental and Molecular Approaches to Plant Biosystematics, ed. P. C. Hoch & A. G. Stephenson, pp. 87-110. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden.
89. Proctor, M. C. F. & Tuba, Z. (2002). Poikilohydry and homoiohydry: antithesis or spectrum of possibilities? New Phytologist, 156, 327-49.
90. Proctor, M. C. F., Raven, J. A. & Rice, S. K. (1992). Stable carbon isotope discrimination measurements in Sphagnum and other bryophytes: physiological and ecological implications. Journal of Bryology, 17, 193-202.
91. Proctor, M. C. F., Nagy, Z., Csintalan, Zs. & Takacs, Z. (1998). Water-content components in bryophytes: analysis of pressure-volume relationships. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49, 1845-54.
92. Proctor, M. C. F., Duckett, J. G. & Ligrone, R. (2007a). Desiccation tolerance in the moss Polytrichumformosum Hedw.: physiological and fine-structural changes during desiccation and recovery. Annals of Botany, 99, 75-93.
93. Proctor, M. C. F., Oliver, M. J., Wood, A.J. et al. (2007b). Desiccation-tolerance in bryophytes: a review. Bryologist, 110, 595-621.
94. Raven, J. A. (1977). The evolution of land plants in relation to supracellular transport processes. Advances in Botanical Research, 5, 153-219.
95. Raven, J. A. (1984). Physiological correlates of the morphology of early vascular plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 88, 105-26.
96. Raven, J. A. (1995). The early evolution of land plants: aquatic ancestors and atmospheric interactions. Botanical Journal of Scotland, 47, 151-75.
97. Raven, J. A., Macfarlane, J.J. & Griffiths, H. (1987). The application of carbon isotope discrimination techniques. In Plant Life in Aquatic and Amphibious Habitats, ed.
98. R., M. M. Crawford, pp. 129-49. Oxford: Blackwell.
99. Rice, S. K. (2000). Variation in carbon isotope discrimination within and among Sphagnum species in a temperate wetland. Oecologia, 123, 1-8.
100. Rice, S. K., Collins, D. & Anderson, A. M. (2001). Functional significance of variation in bryophyte canopy structure. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1568-76.
101. Rice, S. K. & Giles, L. (1996). The influence of water content and leaf anatomy on carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis in Sphagnum. Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, 118-24.
102. Rundel, P. W., Stichler, W., Zander, R. H. & Ziegler, H. (1979). Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of bryophytes from arid and humid regions. Oecohgia, 4, 91-4.
103. Russell, S. (1990). Bryophyte production and decomposition in tundra ecosystems. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 3-22.
104. Schonbeck, M. W. & Bewley, J. D. (1981). Responses of the moss Tortula ruralis to desiccation treatments. U. Variations in desiccation tolerance. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59, 2707-12.
105. Schonherr, J. & Ziegler, H. (1975). Hydrophobic cuticular ledges prevent water entering the air pores of liverwort thalli. Planta, 124, 51-60.
106. Schreiber, U., Bilger, W. & Neubauer, C. (1995). Chlorophyll fluorescence as a nonintrusive indicator for rapid assessment of in vivo photosynthesis. In Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis, ed. E.-D. Schulze & M. M. Caldwell, pp. 49-70. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
107. Schwabe, W. & Nachmony-Bascomb, S. (1963). Growth and dormancy in Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dum. U. The response to daylength and temperature. Journal of Experimental Botany, 14, 353-78.
108. Seel, W. E., Hendry, G. A. F. & Lee, J. A. (1992). Effects of desiccation on some activated oxygen processing enzymes and anti-oxidants in mosses. Journal of Experimental Botany, 43, 1031-7.
109. Slavik, B. (1965). The influence of decreasing hydration level on photosynthetic rate in the thalli of the hepatic Conocephalum conicum. In Water Stress in Plants. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, September 30-October 4, 1963, ed. B. Slavik, pp. 195-201. The Hague: W. Junk.
110. Smirnoff, N. (1992). The carbohydrates of bryophytes in relation to desiccation tolerance. Journal of Bryology, 17, 185-91.
111. Smirnoff, N. (1993). The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytologist, 125, 27-58.
112. Smirnoff, N. (ed.) (2005). Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Oxford: Blackwell.
113. Smith, E. C. & Griffiths, H. (1996a). The occurrence of the chloroplast pyrenoid is correlated with the activity of a CO2-concentrating mechanism and carbon isotope discrimination in lichens and bryophytes. Planta, 198, 6-16.
114. Smith, E. C. & Griffiths, H. (1996b) A pyrenoid-based carbon-concentrating mechanism is present in terrestrial bryophytes of the class Anthocerotae. Planta, 200, 203-12.
115. Stark, L. R. (2005). Phenology of patch hydration, patch temperature and sexual reproductive output in the desert moss Crossidium crassinerve. Journal of Bryology, 27, 231-40.
116. Stark, L. R., Oliver, M.J., Mishler, B. D. & McLetchie, D. N. (2007). Generational differences in response to desiccation stress in the desert moss Tortula inermis. Annals of Botany, 99, 53-60.
117. Steudle, E. & Peterson, C. A. (1998). How does water get through roots? Journal of Experimental Botany, 49, 775-88.
118. Sveinbjörnsson, B. & Oechel, W. C. (1992). Controls on growth and productivity of bryophytes: environmental limitations under current and anticipated conditions. In Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment, ed. J. W. Bates & A. M. Farmer, pp. 77-102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
119. Teeri, J. A. (1981). Stable carbon isotope analysis of mosses and lichens growing in xeric and moist habitats. Bryologist, 84, 82-4.
120. Tuba, Z., Csintalan, Zs. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1996). Photosynthetic responses of a moss, Tortula ruralis, ssp. ruralis, and the lichens Cladonia convoluta and C.furcata to water deficit and short periods of desiccation, and their ecophysiological significance: a baseline study at present CO2 concentration. New Phytologist, 133, 353-61.
121. Valanne, N. (1984). Photosynthesis and photosynthetic products in mosses. In The Experimental Biology of Bryophytes, ed. A. F. Dyer & J. G. Duckett, pp. 257-73. London: Academic Press.
122. Vitt, D. H. (1990). Growth and production dynamics of boreal mosses over climatic, chemical and topographic gradients. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 35-59.
123. Werner, O., Espin, R. M. R., Bopp, M. & Atzorn, R. (1991). Abscisic-acid induced drought tolerance in Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. Planta, 186, 99-103.
124. Williams, T. G. & Flanagan, L. B. (1996). Effect of changes in water content on photosynthesis, transpiration and discrimination against 13CO2 and C18O16O in Pleurozium and Sphagnum. Oecologia, 108, 38-46.
125. Wood, A.J. (2007). The nature and distribution of vegetative desiccation tolerance in hornworts, liverworts and mosses. Bryologist, 110, 163-77.
126. Zimmermann, U. & Steudle, E. (1978). Physical aspects of water relations of plant cells. Advances in Botanical Research, 6, 46-117.
127. Zotz, G. & Rottenberger, S. (2001). Seasonal changes in diel CO2 exchange of three Central European moss species: a one-year field study. Plant Biology, 3, 661-9.
128. Zotz, G., Schweikert, A., Jetz, W. & Westerman, H. 2000. Water relations and carbon gain in relation to cushion size in the moss Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm. New Phytologist, 148, 59-67.