-
1
-
-
84927102527
-
-
Other measures aimed at “reeducation” and administrative, educational, and governmental reforms. These aspects, important though they are for a full appreciation for the foundation of the Bundesrepublik, are beyond the scope of this chapter
-
Other measures aimed at “reeducation” and administrative, educational, and governmental reforms. These aspects, important though they are for a full appreciation for the foundation of the Bundesrepublik, are beyond the scope of this chapter.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
84927058981
-
-
The story of the British-American deliberations has most recently been recounted by Bass, who also cites much of the earlier scholarship
-
The story of the British-American deliberations has most recently been recounted by Bass (2000: Chapter 5), who also cites much of the earlier scholarship.
-
(2000)
, vol.5
-
-
-
3
-
-
84926983452
-
-
his, August 7, Jackson recapitulated the case against summary execution and argued that a trial was the only legitimate course for the United States to pursue (Section III.1)
-
In his Report of Robert H. Jackson to the President (August 7, 1945), Jackson recapitulated the case against summary execution and argued that a trial was the only legitimate course for the United States to pursue (Section III.1).
-
(1945)
Report of Robert H. Jackson to the President
-
-
-
5
-
-
84927102525
-
-
Section I.3
-
Section I.3.
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
84927016068
-
-
The representative of Germany industry was to be Alfried Krupp. The American prosecution staff mistakenly indicted the elderly, bedridden Gustav Krupp, who was declared unfit to stand trial
-
The representative of Germany industry was to be Alfried Krupp. The American prosecution staff mistakenly indicted the elderly, bedridden Gustav Krupp, who was declared unfit to stand trial.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
84926972458
-
-
terms of the Nazi hierarchy Fritzsche and Julius Streicher (editor of Der Stuermer, a rabidly anti-Semitic publication) were far beneath the other defendants
-
In terms of the Nazi hierarchy Fritzsche and Julius Streicher (editor of Der Stuermer, a rabidly anti-Semitic publication) were far beneath the other defendants.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
84926972457
-
-
The other reasons for this will be dealt with later. The organizations included the leadership echelon of the Nazi Party, the SS and SD, the Gestapo, the SA, the cabinet, and the general staff and high command
-
The other reasons for this will be dealt with later. The organizations included the leadership echelon of the Nazi Party, the SS and SD, the Gestapo, the SA, the cabinet, and the general staff and high command.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
84927016067
-
-
This tension was made even more painfully obvious in the IMTFE in Tokyo, when the Allies decided not to prosecute Emperor Hirohito because they believed he would be more useful as their puppet. The internal memoranda and high-level diplomatic correspondence of the British and American governments are brutally frank about this, making it obvious that they saw the trial as, in part, a political tool. Australia and other countries violently and repeatedly objected to the decision, and, contrary to widespread belief, the discussions about whether or not to indict Hirohito continued through 1946, subsided somewhat, and briefly flared again in
-
This tension was made even more painfully obvious in the IMTFE in Tokyo, when the Allies decided not to prosecute Emperor Hirohito because they believed he would be more useful as their puppet. The internal memoranda and high-level diplomatic correspondence of the British and American governments are brutally frank about this, making it obvious that they saw the trial as, in part, a political tool. Australia and other countries violently and repeatedly objected to the decision, and, contrary to widespread belief, the discussions about whether or not to indict Hirohito continued through 1946, subsided somewhat, and briefly flared again in 1948.
-
(1948)
-
-
-
11
-
-
84927016066
-
-
It is worth noting that the Articles of Surrender expressly provided that Germany and Japan would submit to the jurisdiction of Allied war crimes tribunals
-
It is worth noting that the Articles of Surrender expressly provided that Germany and Japan would submit to the jurisdiction of Allied war crimes tribunals.
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
84926972456
-
-
his Report to the President, Jackson makes the case for deterrence as a major goal of the IMT (III.5)
-
In his Report to the President, Jackson makes the case for deterrence as a major goal of the IMT (III.5).
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
84927058786
-
-
Shklar
-
Shklar (1964: 168-70).
-
(1964)
, pp. 168-170
-
-
-
14
-
-
84926972450
-
-
According to many participants and observers this made for an exceedingly dull and monotonous trial, as thousands of documents were introduced into evidence, but Jackson’s eyes were set on a wider audience
-
According to many participants and observers this made for an exceedingly dull and monotonous trial, as thousands of documents were introduced into evidence, but Jackson’s eyes were set on a wider audience.
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
84927058785
-
-
Teschke
-
Teschke (1999: 242).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
17
-
-
84927016056
-
-
Of these, 142 were convicted
-
Of these, 142 were convicted.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
84926972449
-
-
The SS Main Office for Reich Security (RSHA) included the Gestapo, SD, and other security and police formations and was directly involved in the activities of the Einsatzgruppen, and in the administration of the deportation and extermination process. Its chief, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, had been hanged by the IMT. The SS Main Office for Economy and Administration (WVHA) was the purely administrative (finance, supply, construction, maintenance, audits, etc.) division of the SS and its far-flung activities. These included the concentration camps. The Medical Case charged the public health officials and concentration camp doctors who had planned and conducted the program of medical experiments at the camps. The SS Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA) was involved in Aryan racial programs
-
The SS Main Office for Reich Security (RSHA) included the Gestapo, SD, and other security and police formations and was directly involved in the activities of the Einsatzgruppen, and in the administration of the deportation and extermination process. Its chief, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, had been hanged by the IMT. The SS Main Office for Economy and Administration (WVHA) was the purely administrative (finance, supply, construction, maintenance, audits, etc.) division of the SS and its far-flung activities. These included the concentration camps. The Medical Case charged the public health officials and concentration camp doctors who had planned and conducted the program of medical experiments at the camps. The SS Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA) was involved in Aryan racial programs.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
84927058784
-
-
Final Report or Buscher
-
Final Report or Buscher (1989: 31).
-
(1989)
-
-
-
20
-
-
84927016055
-
-
On the controversy, which resulted in a congressional investigation on account of allegations of torture and other irregularities in producing confessions, Weingartner
-
On the controversy, which resulted in a congressional investigation on account of allegations of torture and other irregularities in producing confessions, Weingartner (1979).
-
(1979)
-
-
-
21
-
-
84926959512
-
-
For an overview of these cases, Siegel
-
For an overview of these cases, Siegel, Im Interesse der Gerechtigkeit (1992: 40-112).
-
(1992)
Im Interesse Der Gerechtigkeit
, pp. 40-112
-
-
-
22
-
-
84927016054
-
-
For example, in the Hadamar Case. On these cases, Siegel, and Cohen (1999)
-
For example, in the Hadamar Case. On these cases Siegel (1992) and Cohen (1999).
-
(1992)
-
-
-
23
-
-
84927016053
-
-
A further irony is that on the whole the level of treatment of British and American POWs was very high (mortality rate of approximately 3.5 percent) compared with either the fate of Allied POWs in Japanese camps (approximately 30 percent mortality) or that of Russians in German hands (approximately 65 percent mortality)
-
A further irony is that on the whole the level of treatment of British and American POWs was very high (mortality rate of approximately 3.5 percent) compared with either the fate of Allied POWs in Japanese camps (approximately 30 percent mortality) or that of Russians in German hands (approximately 65 percent mortality).
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
84926972448
-
-
Teschke
-
Teschke (1999: 228).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
25
-
-
84927016052
-
-
The massacre at Oradour-Sur-Glane involved a relatively small number of victims (in comparison with extermination and slave labor camps, or with the activities of Einsatzgruppen and other death squads in the East), but came to symbolize Nazi iniquity for the French in much the same way that the Fosse Adreatine or Marzabotto did for Italy
-
The massacre at Oradour-Sur-Glane involved a relatively small number of victims (in comparison with extermination and slave labor camps, or with the activities of Einsatzgruppen and other death squads in the East), but came to symbolize Nazi iniquity for the French in much the same way that the Fosse Adreatine or Marzabotto did for Italy.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
84927102519
-
-
The Russians also widely publicized the Khabarovsk Trial of Japanese involved in the Unit 731 bacteriological and chemical warfare experiments that murdered thousands of victims. Part of their motivation was to embarrass the Americans, who had prevented these perpetrators from being prosecuted before the Tokyo Tribunal (IMTFE)
-
The Russians also widely publicized the Khabarovsk Trial of Japanese involved in the Unit 731 bacteriological and chemical warfare experiments that murdered thousands of victims. Part of their motivation was to embarrass the Americans, who had prevented these perpetrators from being prosecuted before the Tokyo Tribunal (IMTFE).
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
84927016051
-
-
Rueckerl
-
Rueckerl (1982: 100).
-
(1982)
-
-
-
28
-
-
84927102518
-
-
comparison with the figure of more than 45,000 that is often cited, e.g., by Teschke, who also claims that more than 10,000 were executed, a recent search of Russian archives commissioned by the International Documentation Center for War Crimes Trials found the following statistics for war crimes trials in the USSR (not counting those in the SBZ): 16,572 Germans tried for war crimes, 12,807 convicted, 118 sentenced to death. Future research will have to clarify the discrepancy between these figures
-
In comparison with the figure of more than 45,000 that is often cited, e.g., by Teschke (1992: 242), who also claims that more than 10,000 were executed, a recent search of Russian archives commissioned by the International Documentation Center for War Crimes Trials found the following statistics for war crimes trials in the USSR (not counting those in the SBZ): 16,572 Germans tried for war crimes, 12,807 convicted, 118 sentenced to death. Future research will have to clarify the discrepancy between these figures.
-
(1992)
-
-
-
29
-
-
84927102517
-
-
Friedman
-
Friedman (1947: 332).
-
(1947)
-
-
-
30
-
-
84926972447
-
-
Recent studies of individual cities or areas have shown ways it could also vary considerably within zones. Important as this point is, my general assessment will necessarily have to forgo analysis at this level of detail. For examples of studies of individual cities or variation in zones Ettle (1985), Henke, Welsh (1989), Woller (1986)
-
Recent studies of individual cities or areas have shown ways it could also vary considerably within zones. Important as this point is, my general assessment will necessarily have to forgo analysis at this level of detail. For examples of studies of individual cities or variation in zones Ettle (1985), Henke (1981), Welsh (1989), Woller (1986).
-
(1981)
-
-
-
31
-
-
84927058783
-
-
The Allies had captured the NSDAP membership list. In addition to the 6,542,261 members on May 1, 1945, there were members of other related organizations as well as those who had applied but whose membership had not yet been officially approved. General Lucius Clay later estimated that some 12 million or more Germans were identified with Nazi activities
-
The Allies had captured the NSDAP membership list. In addition to the 6,542,261 members on May 1, 1945, there were members of other related organizations as well as those who had applied but whose membership had not yet been officially approved. General Lucius Clay later estimated that some 12 million or more Germans were identified with Nazi activities (1950: 67).
-
(1950)
-
-
-
33
-
-
84926972446
-
-
American intelligence teams arrested individuals on the basis of the categories developed, April
-
American intelligence teams arrested individuals on the basis of the categories developed in the SHAEF Arrest Categories Handbook (April 1945).
-
(1945)
The SHAEF Arrest Categories Handbook
-
-
-
34
-
-
84927016050
-
-
Kormann
-
Kormann (1952: 24).
-
(1952)
-
-
-
35
-
-
84927016049
-
-
Such individuals were sought on the basis of lists like the Central Registry ofWar Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS) list circulated by the United NationsWar Crimes Commission
-
Such individuals were sought on the basis of lists like the Central Registry ofWar Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS) list circulated by the United NationsWar Crimes Commission.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
0041940877
-
-
The text of Control Council Law No. 38, and of many of the other documents referred to here, is conveniently available in Rhum von Oppen
-
The text of Control Council Law No. 38, and of many of the other documents referred to here, is conveniently available in Rhum von Oppen, Documents on Germany under Occupation (1955).
-
(1955)
Documents on Germany under Occupation
-
-
-
37
-
-
84927016048
-
-
Conditions in general in Germany were very bad at this time. Despite the undoubted suffering of many internees, the mortality rate was very low, less that 1 percent
-
Conditions in general in Germany were very bad at this time. Despite the undoubted suffering of many internees, the mortality rate was very low, less that 1 percent.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
84926972445
-
-
Badstuebner
-
Badstuebner (1999: 234).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
39
-
-
84926972444
-
-
Friedmann
-
Friedmann (1947: 332).
-
(1947)
-
-
-
40
-
-
84926972443
-
-
Not all of those interned had been subject to the summary arrest procedures, but most were, Wember, Suspected war criminals were also interned, usually separately
-
Not all of those interned had been subject to the summary arrest procedures, but most were. Wember (1992: 7). Suspected war criminals were also interned, usually separately.
-
(1992)
-
-
-
41
-
-
84927058782
-
-
Niethammer
-
Niethammer (1999: 274-75).
-
(1999)
, pp. 274-275
-
-
-
42
-
-
84927102515
-
-
Vollnhals, points out that the Soviets also interned many persons not because they had been members of the Gestapo, SD, NSDAP leadership, and so on, but because they were potential opponents of Soviet occupation policies. In the West those interned could in principle include anyone who was regarded as a security risk or as a danger. Exactly how different these policies were in practice would require more careful study of their implementation
-
Vollnhals (1991: 54-55) points out that the Soviets also interned many persons not because they had been members of the Gestapo, SD, NSDAP leadership, and so on, but because they were potential opponents of Soviet occupation policies. In the West those interned could in principle include anyone who was regarded as a security risk or as a danger. Exactly how different these policies were in practice would require more careful study of their implementation.
-
(1991)
, pp. 54-55
-
-
-
43
-
-
84927102514
-
-
Vollnhals, notes that these Soviet numbers are much lower than West German estimates, but that the latter (estimating 160,000-260,000 interned) may well be inflated
-
Vollnhals (1991: 54-55) notes that these Soviet numbers are much lower than West German estimates, but that the latter (estimating 160,000-260,000 interned) may well be inflated.
-
(1991)
, pp. 54-55
-
-
-
44
-
-
84927016046
-
-
Military Government Law No. 8 provided sweeping exclusions from employment other than ordinary labor for Nazi Party members
-
Military Government Law No. 8 provided sweeping exclusions from employment other than ordinary labor for Nazi Party members.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
84927102512
-
-
Peterson, According to some estimates approximately 100,000 went into hiding (Wember 1992: 27). Even though they were not interned, their being forced into hiding also effectively prevented their participation in public and political life
-
Peterson (1978: 146). According to some estimates approximately 100,000 went into hiding (Wember 1992: 27). Even though they were not interned, their being forced into hiding also effectively prevented their participation in public and political life.
-
(1978)
-
-
-
46
-
-
84927102508
-
-
Article II, 1(d) and 3(a-f)
-
Article II, 1(d) and 3(a-f).
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
84926972441
-
-
This account is drawn from the excellent study byWember, Umerziehung im Lager. The statistics are found on
-
This account is drawn from the excellent study byWember, Umerziehung im Lager. The statistics are found on 318-43.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
84927058781
-
-
These official figures are given by Friedmann
-
These official figures are given by Friedmann (1947: 332).
-
(1947)
-
-
-
50
-
-
84927058780
-
-
Kormann
-
Kormann (1952: 44-46).
-
(1952)
, pp. 44-46
-
-
-
51
-
-
84926972439
-
-
Fuerstenau, Clay gives the number as 1.65 million (1950: 69)
-
Fuerstenau (1969: 38). Clay gives the number as 1.65 million (1950: 69).
-
(1969)
-
-
-
52
-
-
84926972438
-
-
As tacitly acknowledged even by Clay, In 1946 57 percent of Germans polled expressed satisfaction with denazification, in 1948 32 percent, in 1949 17 percent (Peterson 1978: 153)
-
As tacitly acknowledged even by Clay (1950: 70-71). In 1946 57 percent of Germans polled expressed satisfaction with denazification, in 1948 32 percent, in 1949 17 percent (Peterson 1978: 153).
-
(1950)
, pp. 70-71
-
-
-
53
-
-
84927058779
-
-
Zink, Zink notes that many thousands of officials would have had to be trained to carry out this program adequately
-
Zink (1957: 159). Zink notes that many thousands of officials would have had to be trained to carry out this program adequately.
-
(1957)
-
-
-
54
-
-
84927102506
-
-
Friedmann
-
Friedmann (1947: 114).
-
(1947)
-
-
-
55
-
-
84927102505
-
-
Zink
-
Zink (1957: 162).
-
(1957)
-
-
-
56
-
-
84927016039
-
-
“The press was filled with reports of denazification ‘atrocities.’ A day did not pass when an incident involving a too lenient sentence, or a denazified SS assaulting a former concentration camp inmate, was not recorded. The American newspapers were eager dispatchers of these tidings” (Kormann
-
“The press was filled with reports of denazification ‘atrocities.’ A day did not pass when an incident involving a too lenient sentence, or a denazified SS assaulting a former concentration camp inmate, was not recorded. The American newspapers were eager dispatchers of these tidings” (Kormann 1952: 126).
-
(1952)
-
-
-
57
-
-
84927016038
-
-
On the various amnesties (the first, announced on July 8, 1946, excluded those born before January 1
-
On the various amnesties (the first, announced on July 8, 1946, excluded those born before January 1, 1919)
-
(1919)
-
-
-
58
-
-
84927102502
-
-
Kormann
-
Kormann (1952: Chapter 7).
-
(1952)
, vol.7
-
-
-
59
-
-
84927016037
-
-
Clay
-
Clay (1950: 260).
-
(1950)
-
-
-
60
-
-
84927102501
-
-
Hilberg, gives slightly different numbers
-
Hilberg (1985: 1085) gives slightly different numbers.
-
(1985)
-
-
-
61
-
-
84927016035
-
-
Hilberg, summarizes the American Zone results as of mid-1949 statistically: Registrants (Fragebogen) 13,199,800 Charged 3,445,100 Amnestied without trial 2,480,700 Fines 569,600 Employment restrictions 124,400 Ineligibility for public office 23,100 Property confiscation 25,900 Special labor without imprisonment 30,500 Assignments to labor camps 9,600 Assignees still serving sentence 300 As he dryly notes, “In a sense, the most significant figure in this tabulation is the last one.”
-
Hilberg (1985: 1085) summarizes the American Zone results as of mid-1949 statistically: Registrants (Fragebogen) 13,199,800 Charged 3,445,100 Amnestied without trial 2,480,700 Fines 569,600 Employment restrictions 124,400 Ineligibility for public office 23,100 Property confiscation 25,900 Special labor without imprisonment 30,500 Assignments to labor camps 9,600 Assignees still serving sentence 300 As he dryly notes, “In a sense, the most significant figure in this tabulation is the last one.”
-
(1985)
-
-
-
62
-
-
84927102500
-
-
Zink
-
Zink (1957: 164).
-
(1957)
-
-
-
63
-
-
84927016034
-
-
Badstuebner
-
Badstuebner (1999: 246).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
65
-
-
84927058774
-
-
Kogon
-
Kogon (1947).
-
(1947)
-
-
-
67
-
-
84927016033
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 24).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
68
-
-
84927016032
-
-
the economic sphere, they also first applied a policy of compulsory removal to employees in the public and private sector who fell into certain categories of status or affiliation in Nazi organizations. As in the American Zone this led to significant economic and administrative problems. In the second phase, under the framework of Control Council Directive No. 24, they concentrated their efforts primarily on civil servants and only selectively on employees in the private sector
-
In the economic sphere, they also first applied a policy of compulsory removal to employees in the public and private sector who fell into certain categories of status or affiliation in Nazi organizations. As in the American Zone this led to significant economic and administrative problems. In the second phase, under the framework of Control Council Directive No. 24, they concentrated their efforts primarily on civil servants and only selectively on employees in the private sector.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
84927016031
-
-
Zink
-
Zink (1957: 167).
-
(1957)
-
-
-
70
-
-
84927016030
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 28).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
71
-
-
84927016029
-
-
Fuerstenau
-
Fuerstenau (1969: 104-6).
-
(1969)
, pp. 104-106
-
-
-
72
-
-
84927102495
-
-
Fuerstenau
-
Fuerstenau 106.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
84927102494
-
-
Thus, those convicted of membership in a criminal organization were, upon release from internment, subject to the regular denazification review and classification as a lesser offender, follower, or nonoffender
-
Thus, those convicted of membership in a criminal organization were, upon release from internment, subject to the regular denazification review and classification as a lesser offender, follower, or nonoffender.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
84927058772
-
-
Under the German program some 2,041,000 individuals were reviewed, of whom 27,177 were classified as lesser offenders, 222,028 as followers (Vollnhals
-
Under the German program some 2,041,000 individuals were reviewed, of whom 27,177 were classified as lesser offenders, 222,028 as followers (Vollnhals 1991: 32-33).
-
(1991)
, pp. 32-33
-
-
-
75
-
-
84927058771
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 35-37)
-
(1991)
, pp. 35-37
-
-
-
76
-
-
84927058769
-
-
Fuerstenau
-
Fuerstenau (1969: 134-35)
-
(1969)
, pp. 134-135
-
-
-
77
-
-
84926972431
-
-
Henke
-
Henke (1981: 8-19).
-
(1981)
, pp. 8-19
-
-
-
78
-
-
84927016025
-
-
Henke
-
Henke (1981: 18).
-
(1981)
-
-
-
79
-
-
84927058768
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 35-36).
-
(1991)
, pp. 35-36
-
-
-
80
-
-
84926972430
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 38).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
81
-
-
84927016024
-
-
The account in this paragraph is based on Henke, and Vollnhals (1991
-
The account in this paragraph is based on Henke (1981) and Vollnhals (1991: 34-42).
-
(1981)
, pp. 34-42
-
-
-
82
-
-
84926972429
-
-
Fuerstenau
-
Fuerstenau (1969: 134-47).
-
(1969)
, pp. 134-147
-
-
-
83
-
-
84927102489
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 42).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
84
-
-
84927058766
-
-
So Vollnhals, who says that the program was “ein Instrument zur stukturellen Umwaelzung der Gesellschaft”
-
So Vollnhals, who says that the program was “ein Instrument zur stukturellen Umwaelzung der Gesellschaft” (1991: 43).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
85
-
-
84926972427
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 43).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
86
-
-
84926972425
-
-
Bagstuebner
-
Bagstuebner (1999: 251).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
87
-
-
84927016022
-
-
Vollnhals, 390,478 in the SBZ, 337,000 in the AZ
-
Vollnhals (1991: 48): 390,478 in the SBZ, 337,000 in the AZ.
-
(1991)
-
-
-
88
-
-
84927102487
-
-
Badstuebner
-
Badstuebner (1999: 252).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
89
-
-
84927058762
-
-
Badstuebner, for statistics on the low percentage of former NSDAP members in higher civil service and public offices
-
Badstuebner (1999: 253) for statistics on the low percentage of former NSDAP members in higher civil service and public offices.
-
(1999)
-
-
-
90
-
-
84927102486
-
-
Vollnhals, my translation
-
Vollnhals (1991: 53), my translation.
-
(1991)
-
-
-
91
-
-
84927102485
-
-
Badstuebner
-
Badstuebner (1999: 257).
-
(1999)
-
-
-
92
-
-
84927016021
-
-
Friedmann
-
Friedmann (1947: 125)
-
(1947)
-
-
-
93
-
-
84926972423
-
-
Zink
-
Zink (1957: 164).
-
(1957)
-
-
-
94
-
-
84927016020
-
-
Rueckerl
-
Rueckerl (1980: 39).
-
(1980)
-
-
-
95
-
-
84927016019
-
-
De Mildt (1996: 20).
-
(1996)
-
-
De, M.1
-
96
-
-
84927058757
-
-
On the few prosecutions that did occur
-
On the few prosecutions that did occur
-
-
-
-
97
-
-
84927102482
-
-
Rueckerl
-
Rueckerl (1982: 121-23).
-
(1982)
, pp. 121-123
-
-
-
98
-
-
84927016017
-
-
De Mildt (1996: 22)
-
(1996)
-
-
De, M.1
-
99
-
-
84926972421
-
-
Rueter and De Mildt
-
Rueter and De Mildt (1997: x-xi).
-
(1997)
, pp. xix-xi
-
-
-
100
-
-
84926972420
-
-
Rueckerl
-
Rueckerl (1980: 44-45).
-
(1980)
, pp. 44-45
-
-
-
101
-
-
84927016016
-
-
Friederich
-
Friederich (1983)
-
(1983)
-
-
-
102
-
-
84927058755
-
-
Stolleis
-
Stolleis (1998: Chapters 11 and 12)
-
(1998)
, vol.11-12
-
-
-
103
-
-
84927102481
-
-
Mueller
-
Mueller (1991).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
104
-
-
84927058124
-
-
Mueller
-
Mueller (1991), 45-46.
-
(1991)
, pp. 45-46
-
-
-
105
-
-
84926971590
-
-
Mueller
-
Mueller (1991), 46.
-
(1991)
-
-
-
107
-
-
84926971588
-
-
Grabitz, for a brief overview of the difficulties
-
Grabitz (1998: 157-60) for a brief overview of the difficulties.
-
(1998)
, pp. 157-160
-
-
-
108
-
-
84926971587
-
-
On the difficulties of prosecuting the Schreibtischtaeter under German criminal law see the excellent analysis of
-
On the difficulties of prosecuting the Schreibtischtaeter under German criminal law see the excellent analysis of De Mildt (1996: 33-35).
-
(1996)
, pp. 33-35
-
-
De, M.1
-
109
-
-
84927101653
-
-
The quotation he cites from Martin Broszat may serve as an example of the sentiment that the historical truth uncovered by the investigations “‘was perhaps of greater importance than the individual punishments the courts did not impose’”
-
De Mildt (1996: 39-40). The quotation he cites from Martin Broszat may serve as an example of the sentiment that the historical truth uncovered by the investigations “‘was perhaps of greater importance than the individual punishments the courts did not impose’” (40).
-
(1996)
, pp. 39-40
-
-
De, M.1
-
110
-
-
84926971586
-
-
Grabitz
-
Grabitz (1998: 160).
-
(1998)
-
-
-
111
-
-
84927015424
-
-
the period, 89734 persons were convicted (Grabitz 1998
-
In the period 1951-89, 734 persons were convicted (Grabitz 1998: 164).
-
(1951)
-
-
-
112
-
-
84927069709
-
-
Taylor, February 24
-
Taylor, The Nation, February 24, 1951.
-
(1951)
The Nation
-
-
-
113
-
-
84926971585
-
-
Buscher
-
Buscher (1989: 174).
-
(1989)
-
-
-
114
-
-
84927058119
-
-
Buscher, For the more critical view of Allied motives Bower
-
Buscher (1989: Chapters 2-3). For the more critical view of Allied motives Bower (1995).
-
(1989)
, vol.2-3
-
-
-
115
-
-
84927015422
-
-
Buscher
-
Buscher (1989: 70-72).
-
(1989)
, pp. 70-72
-
-
-
116
-
-
84927101652
-
-
Friederich
-
Friederich (1985).
-
(1985)
-
-
-
117
-
-
84927058112
-
-
Vollnhals
-
Vollnhals (1991: 62).
-
(1991)
-
-
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