Beyond the law: The Bush administration’s unlawful responses in the “war” on terror

Beyond the Law: The Bush Administration's Unlawful Responses in the "War" on Terror

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-311

  Paust, Jordan J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84927025155     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511611322     Document Type: Book

References (168)

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27. Farah Stockman, Right Groups SayMistreatmentWas Reported Last Year, Boston Globe, May 8, 2004
28. Robert Reid, U.S. Soldier Faces Court Martial, Toronto Star, May 10, 2004
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31. Talbot v. Janson, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 133, 159–61 (1795) (“all… trespasses committed against the general law of nations, are enquirable, and may be proceeded against, in any nation where no special exemption can be maintained, either by the general law of nations, or by some treaty which forbids or restrains it”)
32. United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 79 (2d Cir. 2003)
33. Marcos Litigation, 978 F.2d 493, 499–500 (9th Cir. 1992)
34. U.S. Govt. Motion to Dismiss or for Judgment as a Matter of Law at 70 n.80, addressed in In re Guantanamo Detainee Cases, 355 F. Supp. 2d 443, 478–79 (D.D.C. 2005)
35. United States v. Altstoetter (The Justice Case), 3 Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, at 3, 1010–27, 1031–81, passim (1951)
36. “[b]y the protection of the law human rights are secured; withdraw that protection, and they are at the mercy of wicked rulers.” Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 2, 119–21 (1866)
37. Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222, 231 (1901)
38. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Co., 299 U.S. 304, 318 (1936)
39. Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 465 (2004) (Stevens, J., dissenting)
40. Alberto R. Gonzales, Fed. News Service, Dec. 2, 2005, available through Lexis
41. Senator McCain expressing their “strong support” for the amendment “reinforcing the ban on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment by all US personnel around the world.” Available at: http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/051209-etn-cia-mcain.pdf
42. U.S. efforts to combat terrorist violence and that “[s]uch tactics fail to produce reliable information, risk corrupting the institutions that employ them, and forfeit the ideals that attract others to our nation’s cause.”
43. David Johnson & Douglas Jehl, At a Secret Interrogation, Dispute Flared Over Tactics, N.Y. Times, Sept. 10, 2006
44. Dan Eggen, CIA Acknowledges 2 Interrogation Memos, Wash. Post, Nov. 14, 2006
45. David Johnston, CIA Tells of Bush Directive on Handling of Detainees, N.Y. Times, Nov. 15, 2006
46. Hitler’s directives “had the force and effect of law,”
47. United States v. Von Leeb and Others (The High Command Case), 15 Int’l L. Reps. 376 (1949)
48. Priti Patel, A Wider Torture Loophole?, L.A. Times, Aug. 18, 2006
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53. Kane v. Winn, 319 F. Supp. 2d 162, 197–99 (D. Mass. 2004) (use of the Body of Principles as evidence of customary law)
54. International Human Rights Instruments, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1 (4 Sept. 1992)
55. Guy Dinmore & Demetri Sevastopulo, Rice Shifts Stance on Interrogation to Shake Off Claims of Torture Abroad, Fin. Times(London), Dec. 8, 2005
56. David Holley & Paul Richter, Rice Fails to Clarify U.S. View on Torture, L.A. Times, Dec. 8, 2005
57. John Warner, Sept. 14, 2006, available at: http://www.uniontribune.net/news/nation/terror/20060914–1513-powellriceletters.html
58. United States v. Stuart, 489 U.S. 353, 372–74 (1989) (Scalia, J., concurring)
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60. Steven W. Becker, “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall…”: Assessing the Aftermath of September 11th, 37 Valparaiso U. L. Rev. 563, 610 (2003);
61. Michael J. Kelly, Executive Excess v. Judicial Process: American Judicial Responses to the Government’s War on Terror, 13 Ind. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 787, 788, 799, 803 (2003)
62. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Assessing the New Normal: Liberty and Security for the Post-September-11 United States 31, 34, 39 (2003) [hereinafter Lawyers Comm.], available at: http://www.humanrightsfirst.org
63. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944)
64. Korematsu v. United States, 584 F. Supp. 1406 (N.D. Cal. 1984)
65. Joan Fitzpatrick, Terrorism and Migration at 9 (Oct. 2002), available at: http://www.asil.org/taskforce
66. Cyprus v. Turkey, 35 EHRR 30 (10 May 2001)
67. Kurt v. Turkey, 27 EHRR 373 (25 May 1998)
68. Jordan J. Paust, Jon M.VanDyke, & Linda A. Malone, International Law and Litigation in the U.S. 61–64 (2d ed. 2005)
69. In re Estate of Ferdinand Marcos, Human Rights Litigation Hilao v. Estate of Ferdinand Marcos, 25 F.3d 1467, 1475 (9th Cir. 1994)
70. Tachiona v. Mugabe, 234 F. Supp. 2d 401, 416, 426 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)
71. Forti v. Suarez-Mason, 694 F. Supp. at 710–12
72. Abebe-Jira v. Negewo, 72 F.3d 844, 845–46 (11th Cir. 1996) (campaign of arbitrary imprisonments, etc.)
73. Rodriguez-Fernandez v. Wilkinson, 505 F. Supp. 787 (D. Kan. 1980) (arbitrary detention violates customary international law)
74. Alfonso Chardy, Fernandez Larios Found Liable for Chilean Official’sDeath, Miami Herald, Oct. 16, 2003
75. U.S. Dep’t of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Argentina (Feb. 25, 2000)
76. The 1999 Country Reports are available at: http://www.state.gov/www/global/humanrights/1999hrpreport/[nameofcountry].html
77. Country Reports for 2002 are available at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/
78. Iraq (Mar. 31, 2003), available at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18277.htm
79. U.S. Army also recognizes that “causing the disappearance of individuals” is a violation of customary international law
80. U.S. Dep’t of Army, Operational Law Handbook 39–40 (2003)
81. Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 (1951)
82. Our Supreme Court has also condemned the totalitarian practice of using “unrestrained power to seize persons… [and] hold them in secret custody, and wring from them confessions by physical and mental torture.” Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143, 155 (1944)
83. Advisory Opinion OC-16/99 (Oct. 1, 1999), available at: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/iachr/A/OC-16ingles-sinfirmas.html
84. Eric Schmitt, Clash Foreseen Between C.I.A. and Pentagon, N.Y. Times, May 10, 2006, at A1 (adding, the “Pentagon proposal [is] to have one set of interrogation techniques for enemy prisoners of war and another… for the suspected terrorists imprisoned at Guantanamo”)
85. U.S. Dep’t Defense, Directive No. 2310.01E (Sept. 5, 2006), available at: http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/Detainee_Prgm_Dir2310_9–5-06.pdf
86. U.S. Dep’t of Army, Field Manual No. 2–22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations (6 September 2006), available at: http://www.army.mil/references/FM2-22.3.pdf
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88. Josh White, New Army Manual RecallsAbuse, Wash. Post, Sept. 9, 2006
89. Department of Defense Appropriations Act, “Detainee Treatment Act of 2005,” § 1003(d), Public Law 109–48, 119 Stat. 2680 (Dec. 30, 2005)
90. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, “DOD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” January 11, 2002, available at: DefenseLINK, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jan2002/t01112002t0111sd.html
91. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, A Year of Loss – Reexamining Civil Liberties since September 11 25–28, 35 (2002), available at: http://www.lchr.org/USlaw/loss/lossreport.pdf
92. Jordan J. Paust, Use of Armed Force Against Terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Beyond, 35 Cornell Int’l L. J. 533 (2002)
93. Jordan J. Paust, M. Cherif Bassiouni, Michael Scharf, et al., International Criminal Law 809, 812–13, 815–16, 819, 831–32 (2d ed. 2000)
94. Sean D. Murphy, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 96 Am. J. Int’l L. 461, 479 (2002)
95. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 520–21 (2004)
96. Jordan J. Paust, Judicial Power to Determine the Status and Rights of Persons Detained Without Trial, 44 Harv. Int’l L. J. 503, 510–11 (2003) [revised in Chapter Four, Sections A–C]
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98. U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s School, Operational Law Handbook 12 (2002), available at: http://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGNETInternet/Homepages/AC/CLAMO-Public.nsf
99. U.S. Navy, Annotated Supplement to the Commander’s Handbook of Naval Operations 296 § 5.3 (Naval War College, Int’l L. Studies vol. 73, 1999)
100. Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Orders No. 100 (April 24, 1863) [hereinafter 1863 Lieber Code]
101. Trials of War Criminals Before the Neurnberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, at 1 (1949)
102. Eric Talbot Jensen, Combatant Status: It Is Time for Intermediate Levels of Recognition for Partial Compliance, 46 Va. J. Int’l L. 209 (2005)
103. Henry J. Kenny, Mission: Free the oppressed; U.S. commandos have special skills – and philosophy, Chicago Tribune, Sept. 29, 2002, at C3 (wearing “beards, riding donkeys into combat”)
104. Max Blenkin, SAS troops are the mountain phantoms – war on terror, The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)
105. Ian Bruce, US Soldiers Ordered to Lose Beards, The Herald (Glasgow), Sept. 16, 2002, at 11 (“beards and adopted local dress to allow them to blend in on undercover missions”)
106. James Brooke, Pentagon Tells Troops in Afghanistan: Shape Up and Dress Right, N.Y. Times, Sept. 12, 2002, at B21 (“growing beards and donning local garb in an effort to blend in with the local people and their surroundings”)
107. Glenn Mitchell, Bin Laden Bolts After Surrender, Herald Sun, Dec. 13, 2001
108. Michael R. Gordon, Securing Base, U.S. Makes Its Brawn Blend In, N.Y. Times, Dec. 3, 2001
109. In re Guantanamo Detainee Cases, 355 F. Supp. 2d 443, 479–80 (D.D.C. 2005)
110. John Yoo, War by Other Means 39 (2006) (regarding erroneous advice of the OLC that the President could engage in sweeping denials of status)
111. Dan Eggen, Justice Department’s Brief On Detention Policy Draws Ire, Wash. Post, Nov. 15, 2006
112. John Hendren, Alleged Bomb Plotter to be Held Indefinitely, Pentagon Says, L.A. Times, June 11, 2002
113. Dana Priest, U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations, Wash. Post, Dec. 26, 2002
114. Castillo Petruzzi Case, Merits, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. C, No. 52) (30 May 1999)
115. Home Bldg. & Loan Ass’n v. Blaisdell, 209 U.S. 398, 426 (1934)
116. Zweibon v. Mitchell, 516 F.2d 595, 626–27 (D.C. Cir, 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 944 (1976)
117. Jordan J. Paust, Paquete and the President: Rediscovering the Brief for the United States, 34 Va. J. Int’l L. 981 (1994)
118. Brown v.United States, 12 U.S. (8 Cranch) 110 (1814)
119. Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327 U.S. 304, 335 (1946) (Murphy, J., concurring), quoting Ex parte Milligan
120. Padilla v. Rumsfeld (Padilla II), 243 F. Supp. 2d 42, 53 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)
121. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 316 F.3d 450, 476 (4th Cir. 2003)
122. Gerald L. Neuman, The Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause After INS v. St. Cyr, 33 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 555, 563, 569, passim (2002)
123. Nishimura Ekiu v. United States, 142 U.S. 651, 660 (1892) (habeas used regarding a claimed violation of a federal statute)
124. Beazley v. Johnson, 242 F.3d 248, 263–67 (5th Cir. 2001) (claimunder human rights treaty)
125. Cornejo-Barreto v. Seifert, 218 F.3d 1004, 1007 (9th Cir. 2000) (detainee claiming human rights violation can bring a habeas petition to challenge extradition)
126. Beharry v. Reno, 183 F. Supp. 2d 584, 603–04 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (habeas claim for relief under principles of international law)
127. Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Ky., 410 U.S. 484, 494–95 (1973)
128. President’s Statement on Singing H.R. 2863, Dec. 30, 2005, available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051230–8.html
129. Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 6, 1775, reprinted in Richard L. Perry, Sources of Our Liberties 295, 298 (1972)
130. Mimi Hall & David Jackson, Bush Administration Defends Warrantless Mail Inspection, USA Today, Jan. 5, 2007
131. William Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents 32 (2d ed. 1920)
132. David Abramowitz, The President, the Congress, andUse of Force: Legal and Political Considerations in Authorizing Use of Force Against International Terrorism, 43 Harv. Int’l L.J. 71, 72–74 & n.5 (not a declaration of war) (2002)
133. Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith, Congressional Authorization and the War on Terrorism, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2047, 2079 & nn.133–35 (2005)
134. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. at 520–21. The “active hostilities” in Afghanistan have lasted longer than World War II
135. R. Jeffrey Smith & Charles Babington, White House, Senators Near Pact on Interrogation Rules, Wash. Post, Sept. 22, 2006
136. Jordan J. Paust, Jon M. VanDyke, & Linda M. Malone, International Law and Litigation in the U.S. 69–70, 255, 365, 390, 413, 417, 419 (2d ed. 2005)
137. The Ties That Bind: How the Constitution Limits the CIA’s Actions in the War on Terror, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1805 (2006)
138. Military Commissions, Dep’t of Defense, Office of the General Counsel and Dep’t of the Army, OTJAG, MJ 1970 (copy on file with the author) [hereinafter 1970DOD Study]
139. Jordan J. Paust, After My Lai: The Case for War Crime Jurisdiction Over Civilians in Federal District Courts, 50 Tex. L. Rev. 6, 6 & n.1 (1971)
140. William McGaffin, U.S. May Try 22 Ex-GIs for My Lai, N.Y. Post, Mar. 11, 1970
141. William George Eckhardt, Essay on the Trials of the Century: My Lai: An American Tragedy, 68U.M.K.C. L. Rev. 671, 682–83&n.48 (2000)
142. Charles W. Corddry, Nixon Upsets Army Over Calley Actions, Balt. Sun, Apr. 6, 1971
143. Spencer Rich, Calley Prosecutor Hits Nixon’s Move, Wash. Post, April 7, 1971
144. Paust, comments, in Analyses of International Legal Issues Related to the Terrorist Attacks, available at: http://www.asil.org/insights/insight77.htm#addendum2
145. Warren Richey, Tribunals on Trial, The Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 14, 2001
146. Waldemar A. Solf, War Crimes and the Nuremberg Principle, in National Security Law 359–61 (J.N.Moore, F.S. Tipson, &R.F. Turner eds., 1990)
147. Thomas M. Franck, Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense, 95 Am. J. Int’l L. 839, 840 (2001)
148. Jordan J. Paust, Responding Lawfully to International Terrorism: The Use of Force Abroad, 8 Whittier L. Rev. 711, 716, 723, 729 (1986)
149. Jordan J. Paust, Use of Armed Force Against Terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Beyond, 35 Cornell Int’l L.J. 533, 533–35 (2002)
150. Robert F. Turner, Legal Responses to International Terrorism: Constitutional Constraints on Presidential Power, 22 Hous. J. Int’l L. 77, 87, 89 (1999)
151. Castillo Petruzzi, Merits, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., Ser. C, No. 52 (30 May 1999)
152. U.S. Dep’t of State, Report on Peru, at 14, available at: http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1999_hrp_report/peru.html
153. U.S. Dep’tof State, Report on Egypt, at 10, available at: http://www.state.gov/www/global/humanrights/1999hrpreports/egypt.html
154. U.S. Dep’t of State, Report on Nigeria, at 13, available at: http://www.state/gov/www/global/humanrights/1999hrpreports/nigeria.html
155. U.S. Dep’t of State, Report on Thailand, at 6, available at: http://www.state/gov/www/global/humanrights/1999hrpreports/thailand.html
156. United States v. bin Laden, et al., 92 F. Supp. 2d 189 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)
157. United States v. Moussaoui, indictment (E.D. Va. Dec. 10, 2001)
158. United States v. Reid, indictment (D. Mass. 2002)
159. Don Van Natta, A Nation Challenged: The Legal Venue; Compromise Settles Debate Over Tribunal, N.Y. Times, Dec. 12, 2001
160. Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. at 794–95 (Black, J., dissenting)
161. Madsen v. Kinsella, 343 U.S. 341, 348 (1952) (a military commission is proper in a war-related occupied enemy territory “in time of war”)
162. Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327 U.S. 304, 324 (1946) (jurisdiction exists in “occupied enemy territory”)
163. Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466, 487 (2004) (Kennedy, J., concurring)
164. Dep’t of Defense Military Commission Order No. 1 (March 21, 2002) [hereinafter DOD Order], available at: http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Mar2002/d20020321dact.pdf
165. Jordan J. Paust, AntiterrorismMilitary Commissions: Courting Illegality, 23 Mich. J. Int’l L. 1, 10–17, 25–26 (2001) [revised in Chapter Six, Section A]
166. Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327 U.S. 304, 324 (1946) (“occupied enemy territory”)
167. Warren Richey, How Long Can Guantanamo Prisoners Be Held?, Christian Science Monitor, Apr. 9, 2002
168. Stuart Taylor, AlQaeda Detainees: Don’t Prosecute, Don’t Release, 34 The National Journal 1203 (2002)