The changing nature of warfare and the absence of state-building in West Africa

Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 322-345

  Reno, William ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926982042     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511510038.014     Document Type: Chapter

References (66)

1. Abdullah, Ibrahim, and Patrick Muana. 1998. “The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone,” in Christopher Clapham, ed., African Guerrillas, 172–194. Oxford: James Currey.
2. Aboagye, Festus. 1999. ECOMOG: A Sub-Regional Experience in Conflict Resolution, Management and Peacekeeping in Liberia. Accra: Sedco.
3. Abraham, Arthur. 1997. “War and Transition to Peace: A Study in State Conspiracy in Perpetuating Armed Conflict,” Africa Development22: 3–4.
4. Agekameh, Dele. 2000. “War of the Killer Gangs,” Tell, June 12, 19–27.
5. Akparanta, Ben. 2000. “We Assist Society – Bakassi Boys,” Guardian(Lagos), July 22, 17.
6. Ayoade, John. 1988. “States without Citizens,” in Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, eds., The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, 100–118. Boulder: Westview.
7. Banque du Zaire. 1992. Rapport annuel. Kinshasa: Mimeo.
8. Barkey, Karen. 1994. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to StateCentralization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
9. Bisiika, Asuman. 2000. “UPDF Tense as Mai Mai ‘restore Congolese Pride,” Monitor (Kampala), January 21, 23–25.
10. Chabal, Patrick, and Jean-Pascal Daloz. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as a Political Instrument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
11. Civil Liberties Organisation (CLO). 1996. Ogoni Trials and Travails. Lagos: CLO.
12. Clapham, Christopher. 1996. Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Daily Mail (Freetown, Sierra Leone). 1977. “Halt Deteriorating Situation,” February 3, 8.
14. Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
15. Ezeife, Chukwemeka. 2000. “Bakassi, Police and Politicians,” Punch (Lagos), August 5, 12.
16. For di People. 2000. “What Foday Sankoh Really Said in Makeni,” February 1, 3.
17. Gagnon, V. P. 1994–1995. “Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia,” International Security19, 3: 125–152.
18. Gberie, Lansana. 1997. “The May 25 Coup d’Etat in Sierra Leone: A Militariat Revolt?” Africa Development22: 3–4.
19. Harris, David. 1999. “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections,” Journal of Modern African Studies37, 3: 431–455.
20. Hobbes, Thomas. 1996. Leviathan. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Hobsbawm, Eric. 2000. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
22. Ikwunze, Chris. 2000. “Ngugo Town: A Community Under Siege,” Weekend Vanguard (Lagos), September 9.
23. International Monetary Fund. 2000. Staff Report for the 1999 Article IV Consultation and Staff Monitored Program. Washington, D.C.: IMF, February14.
24. Jackson, Robert. 1990. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25. Jane’s Defense Weekly. 2000. “Liberia Allocates 40m for Army,” March 8.
26. Kamara, Augustus. 2000. “Sankoh’s Vehicles Arrive at Quay,” Pool(Freetown), April 5, 1.
27. Kandeh, Jimmy. 1996. “What Does the Militariat Do When It Rules? Military Regimes: The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia,” Review of African PoliticalEconomy23, 69: 387–404.
28. Kandeh, Jimmy. 1999. “Ransoming the State: Elite Origins of Subaltern Terror in Sierra Leone,” Review of African Political Economy26, 81: 349–366.
29. Kounzilat, Alain. 1998. Ninjas, Cobras et Zoulous: Les guerres congolaises. Paris: Editions ICES.
30. Lettre du Continent. 1994. “Bemba haut de GAMM,” December 22.
31. Lieven, Anatol. 1999. Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.
32. Maas, Peter. 1996. Love Thy Neighbor: A Story of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
33. MacGaffey, Janet. 1991. “A New Approach to Evaluating Economic Reality,” in Janet MacGaffey, ed., The Real Economy of Zaire, 7–25. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
34. Minute Paper. 1969. Government of Sierra Leone, Cabinet Deliberations, July 3.
35. Minute Paper. 1982. Sierra Leone Government, Cabinet Deliberations, July 14.
36. Nagbe, Moses. 1996. Bulk Challenge: The Story of 4,000 Liberians in Search of Refuge. Cape Coast: Champion Publishers.
37. Nasralla, As. 1999. “Types of Rebels.” For di People(Freetown), February 5, 2.
38. Nass, Major I. A. 2000. A Study in Internal Conflicts: The Liberian Crisis and the West African Peace Initiative. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
39. Nation. 1999. “Bandits Hijack Aircraft,” Nation (Nairobi), January 15, 1.
40. Nelson, Joan. 1990. “Conclusion,” in Joan Nelson, ed., Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, 321–362. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
41. Nwankwo, Arthur. 1996. Nigerians as Outsiders. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing.
42. Okanya, Dan Osy. 1999. Political Violence in Nigeria: The Experience under the Second Republic. Enugu: Auto – Century Publishers.
43. Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy and Development,” American Political Science Review87, 3: 567–576.
44. Olson, Mancur. 2000. Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York: Basic Books.
45. Onwubiko, Emmanuel. 2000. “Why Obasanjo Unbanned Bakassi Boys, by Mbadinuju,” Guardian, August 30, 11–12.
46. Onyeacholem, Godwin. 2000. “This House Stinks,” Tell (Lagos), September 4, 14–20.
47. Oyediran, Oyeleye. 1997. “The Reorganization of Local Government,” in Larry Diamond, Anthony Kirk-Greene, and Oyeleye Oyediran, eds., Transitionwithout End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society under Babangida, 193–212. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
48. Radu, Michael, and Keith Sommerville. 1989. “People’s Republic of Congo,” in Chris Allen, Michael Radu, Keith Sommerville, and Joan Baxfer, Benin, TheCongo, Burkina Faso, 145–236. London: Pinter Publishers.
49. Scott, James. 1987. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
50. Sollenberg, Margareta, Staffan Angman, Ylva Blondel, and Andres Jato. 2000. “Major Armed Conflicts, 1999,” in SIPRI Yearbook 2000, Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, 50–58. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Soyinka, Wole. 1996. The Open Sore of a Continent. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Sunday Punch (Lagos). 2000. “How OPC, Bakassi Boys Operate,” July 22, 15–16.
53. Superintendent of Mines. 1957. Letter of the Superintendent of Mines, Government of Sierra Leone, to the Chief Inspector of Mines, March 6. Photocopy, State Archives, Freetown.
54. Tilly, Charles. 1985. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the StateBack In, 169–191. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
56. Turay, Edward. 1987. The Sierra Leone Army: A Century of History. London: Macmillan.
57. United Nations, Security Council. 2000a. Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions against UNITA. New York: UN, March 10.
58. United Nations, Security Council. 2000b. Fourth Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone. New York: UN, May 19.
59. United Nations, Security Council. 2000c. Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1306 (2000), Paragraph 19 in Relation to Sierra Leone.New York: UN, December 20.
60. United Nations Commission of Experts. 1994. Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992, Annex III.A, Special Forces). New York: UN, December 28.
61. Weber, Max. 1947. Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press.
62. Weiss, Thomas, and Cindy Collins. 2000. Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention: World Politics and the Dilemmas of Help. Boulder: Westview.
63. Wolf, Eric. 1999. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. Norman: Oklahoma University Press.
64. World Bank. 1992. World Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
65. World Bank. 2000a. African Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
66. World Bank. 2000b. Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?Washington, D.C.: World Bank.