Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer mortality: Clinical implications

Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 45-56

  Chlebowski, Rowan T ^a   Anderson, Garnet L ^b  

^a UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

breast cancer; estrogen alone; estrogen plus progestin; Women's Health Initiative

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; HUMAN; MENOPAUSE; PATIENT HISTORY OF HYSTERECTOMY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION;

EID: 84926465548     PISSN: 20420986     EISSN: 20420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2042098614568300     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Anderson G. Chlebowski R. Aragaki A. Manson J. Roham T. Kuller L. (2012) Oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy extended follow-up of the Women–s Health Initiative randomized trial. Lancet Oncol 13: 476–486.
2. Anderson G. Limacher M. Assaf A. Bassford T. Beresford S. Black H. (2004) Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women–s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291: 1701–1712.
3. Antoine C. Ameye L. Paesmans M. Rozenberg S. (2014) Systematic review about breast cancer incidence in relation to hormone replacement therapy use. Climacteric 17: 116–132.
4. Antoine C. Liebens F. Carly B. Pastijn A. Rozenberg S. and Women–s Health Initiative (2004) Influence of HRT on prognostic factors for breast cancer: a systematic review after the Women–s Health Initiative trial. Hum Reprod 19: 741–756.
5. Beral V. Reeves G. Bull D. Green J. (2011) Breast cancer risk in relation to the interval between menopause and starting hormone therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 103: 296–305.
6. Chen W. Petitti B. Geiger A. (2005) Mortality following development of breast cancer while using oestrogen or oestrogen plus progestin: a computer record-linkage study. Br J Cancer 93: 392–398.
7. Chlebowski R. Anderson G. (2011) The influence of time from menopause and mammography on hormone therapy-related breast cancer risk assessment. J Natl Cancer Inst 103: 284–285.
8. Chlebowski R. Anderson G. (2012) Changing concepts: menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 104: 1–11.
9. Chlebowski R. Anderson G. Gass M. Lane D. Aragaki A. Kuller L. (2010a) Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer incidence and mortality. JAMA 304: 1684–1692.
10. Chlebowski R. Anderson G. Manson J. Pettinger M. Yasmeen S. Lane D. (2010b) Estrogen alone in postmenopausal women and breast cancer detection by means of mammography and breast biopsy. J Clin Oncol 28: 2690–2697.
11. Chlebowski R. Anderson G. Pettinger M. Lane D. Langer R. Gilligan M. (2008) Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer detection with mammography and breast biopsy. Arch Intern Med 168: 370–377.
12. Chlebowski R. Hendrix S. Langer R. Stefanick M. Gass M. Lane D. (2003) Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women–s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 289: 3243–3253.
13. Chlebowski R. Kuller L. Prentice R. Stefanick M. Manson J. Gass M. (2009) Breast cancer after estrogen plus progestin use in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 360: 573–587.
14. Chlebowski R. Manson J. Anderson G. Cauley J. Aragaki A. Stefanick M. (2013) Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in the Women–s Health Initiative observational study. J Natl Cancer Inst 105: 526–535.
15. Clarke C. Glasser S. Uratsu C. Selby J. Kushi L. Herrinton L. (2006) Recent declines in hormone therapy utilization and breast cancer incidence: clinical and population-based evidence. J Clin Oncol 24: e49–e50.
16. Colditz G. Hankinson S. Hunter D. Willett W. Manson J. Stampfer M. (1995) The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 332: 1589–1593.
17. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1997) Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 350: 1047–1059.
18. Cook N. Rosner B. Hankinson S. Colditz G. (2009) Mammographic screening and risk factors for breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 170: 1422–1432.
19. Cui Y. Deming-Halverson S. Beeghly-Fadiel A. Lipworth L. Shrubsole M. Fair A. (2014) Interactions of hormone replacement therapy, body weight and bilateral oophorectomy in breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res 20: 1169–1178.
20. Fournier A. Mesrine S. Boutron-Ruault M. Clavel-Chapelon F. (2009) Estrogen-progestagen menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: does delay from menopause onset to treatment initiation influence risks? J Clin Oncol 27): 5138–5143.
21. Fournier A. Mesrine S. Dossus L. Boutron-Ruault M. Clavel-Chapelon F. Chabbert-Buffet N. (2014) Risk of breast cancer after stopping menopausal hormone therapy in the E3N cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145: 535–543.
22. Gordon N. Hiatt R. Lampert D. (1993) Correspondence or self-reported data and medical record audit for six cancer screening procedures. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 566–570.
23. Hall I. Moorman P. Milikan R. Newman B. (2005) Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among African-American women and white women. Am J Epidemiol 161: 40–51.
24. Harlid S. Butt S. Ivarsson M. Eyfjord J. Lenner P. Manjer J. (2012) Interactive effect of genetic susceptibility with height, body mass index, and hormone replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. BMC Women–s Health 12: 17.
25. Hersh A. Stefanick M. Stafford R. (2004) National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence. JAMA 291: 47–53.
26. Hoover R. Gray L. Cole P. MacMahon B. (1976) Menopausal estrogens and breast cancer. N Engl J Med 295: 401-405.
27. Hou N. Hong S. Wang W. Olopade O. Dignam J. Huo D. (2013) Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: heterogeneous risks by race, weight, and breast density. J Natl Cancer Inst 105: 1365–1372.
28. Hofvind S. Sorum R. Haldorsen T. Langmark F. (2006) Incidence of breast cancer before and after implementation of mammography screening. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 126: 2935–2938.
29. Hulley S. Grady D. Bush T. Furberg C. Herrington D. Riggs B. (1998) Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 280: 605–613.
30. Jacoby V. Vittinghoff E. Nakagawa S. Jackson R. Richter H. Chan J. (2009) Factors associated with undergoing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy for benign conditions. Obstet Gynecol 113: 1259–1267.
31. Joffe M. Byrne C. Colditz G. (2001) Postmenopausal hormone use, screening and breast cancer characterization and control of a bias. Epidemiology 12: 429–438.
32. Jordan V. Ford L. (2011) Paradoxical clinical effects of estrogen on breast cancer risk: a ‘new– biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis. Cancer Prev Res 4: 633–637.
33. Judd H. Mebane-Sims I. Legault C. Wasilavskas C. Johnson S. Morino M. (1996) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 275: 370–375.
34. Kerlikowske K. Miglioretti D. Ballard-Barbash R. Weaver D. Buist D. Barlow W. (2003) Prognostic characteristics of breast cancer among postmenopausal hormone users in a screened population. J Clin Oncol 21: 4314–4321.
35. Lagro-Janssen A. Knufing M. Schreurs L. van Weel C. (2010) Significant fall in hormone replacement therapy prescription in general practice. Family Practice 27: 424–29.
36. Lethaby A. Vollenhoven B. (2011) Fibroids (uterine myomatosis, leiomyomas). Clin Evid (Online) Pii: 0814.
37. Li C. Malone K. Porter P. Weiss N. Tang M. Cushing-Haugen K. (2003) Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 289: 3254–3263.
38. Manson J. Chlebowski R. Stefanick M. Aragaki A. Howard B. Rossouw J. (2013) The Women–s Health Initiative hormone therapy trials: update and overview of health outcomes during the intervention and post-stopping phases. JAMA 310: 1–17.
39. Million Women Study Collaborators (2003) Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362: 419–27.
40. Nelson H. Humphrey L. Nygren P. Teutsch S. Allan J. (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA 288: 872–881.
41. Nelson HD. Walker M. Zakher B. Mitchell J. (2012) Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: Systematic review to update the 2002 and 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 May. (Evidence Syntheses, No. 93.) Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK97827/
42. Newcomb P. Egan K. Trentham-Dietz A. Titus-Ernstoff L. Baron J. Hampton J. (2008) Prediagnostic use of hormone therapy and mortality after breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17: 864–871.
43. Nichols H. Trentham-Dietz A. Newcomb P. Egan K. Titus L. Hampton J. (2013) Pre-diagnosis oophorectomy, estrogen therapy and mortality in a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 15: R99.
44. Norman S. Weber A. Localio A. Marchbanks P. Ursin G. Strom B. (2010) Hormone therapy and fatal breast cancer. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19: 440–447.
45. Ockene J. Barad D. Cochrane B. Larson J. Gass M. Wassertheil-Smoller S. (2005) Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin. JAMA 294: 183–193.
46. Pocobelli G. Newcomb P. Li C. Cook L. Barlow W. Weiss N. (2014) Fatal breast cancer risk in relation to use of unopposed estrogen and combined hormone therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145: 439–447.
47. Prentice R. Chlebowski R. Stefanick M. Manson J. Pettinger M. Hendrix S. (2008) Estrogen plus progestin therapy and breast cancer in recently postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 167: 1207–1216.
48. Prentice R. Manson J. Langer R. Anderson G. Pettinger M. Jackson R. (2009) Benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy when it is initiated soon after menopause. Am J Epidemiol 170: 12–23.
49. Rapp S. Espeland M. Shumaker S. Henderson V. Brunner R. Manson J. (2003) Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women. The Women–s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289: 2663–2672.
50. Ravdin P. Cronin K. Howlander B. Berg C. Chlebowski R. Fewer E. (2007) The decrease in breast cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med 356: 1670–1674.
51. Reding K. Doody D. McTiernan A. Hsu L. Davis S. Daling J. (2011) Age-related variation in the relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of dying from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126: 749–761.
52. Ritte R. Lukanova A. Berrino F. Dossus L. Tjonneland A. Olsen A. (2012) Adiposity, hormone replacement therapy use and breast cancer risk by age and hormone receptor status: a large prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 14: R76.
53. Rosenberg L. Granath F. Dickman P. Einarsdottir K. Wedren S. Persson I. (2008) Menopausal hormone therapy in relation to breast cancer characteristics and prognosis: a cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 10: R78.
54. Ross R. Paganini-Hill A. Gerkins V. Mack T. Pfeffer R. Arthur M. (1980) A case-control study of menopausal estrogen therapy and breast cancer. JAMA 243: 1635–1639.
55. Rossouw J. Anderson G. Prentice R. LaCroix A. Kooperberg C. Stefanick M. (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women–s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288: 321–333.
56. Salagame U. Canfell K. Banks E. (2011) An epidemiological overview of the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 6: 397–409.
57. Schairer C. Lubin J. Troisi R. Sturgeon S. Brinton L. Hoover R. (2000) Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA 283: 485–491.
58. Schuetz F. Diel I. Pueschel M. von Holst T. Solomayer E. Lange S. (2007) Reduced incidence of distant metastases and lower mortality in 1072 patients with breast cancer with a history of hormone replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196: 342.e1–9.
59. Segars J. Parrott E. Nagel J. Guo X. Gao X. Birnbaum L. (2014) Proceedings from the third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations. Hum Reprod Update 20: 309–333.
60. Sprague B. Trentham-Dietz A. Cronin K. (2012) A sustained decline in postmenopausal hormone use: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010. Obstet Gynecol 120: 595–603.
61. Stefanick M. Anderson G. Margolis K. Hendrix S. Rodabough R. Paskett E. (2006) Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women–s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 295: 1647–1657.
62. Tsai S. Stefanick M. Stafford R. (2011) Trends in menopausal hormone therapy use of US office-based physicians, 2000-2009. Menopause 18: 385–392.
63. Vorwergk J. Radosa M. Nicolaus K. Baus N. Jimenez Cruz J. Rengsberger M. (2014) Prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS) to reduce ovarian cancer risk incorporated in standard premenopausal hysterectomy: complications and re-operation rate. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 140: 859–865.
64. Weiss N. (2003) Adjusting for screening history in epidemiologic studies of cancer: why, when, and how to do it. Am J Epidemiol 157: 957–961.
65. Women–s Health Initiative Study Group (1998) Design of the Women–s Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Control Clin Trials 19: 61–109.
66. Writing Group for the Women–s Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women–s HealthInitiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 288: 321–333.
67. Zbuk K. Anand S. (2012) Declining incidence of breast cancer after decreased use of hormone-replacement therapy: magnitude and time lags in different countries. J Epidemiol Community Health 66: 1–7.