Sulfate radical-based water treatment in presence of chloride: Formation of chlorate, inter-conversion of sulfate radicals into hydroxyl radicals and influence of bicarbonate

Water Research

Volumn 72, Issue , 2015, Pages 349-360

  Lutze, Holger V ^a,b   Kerlin, Nils ^a   Schmidt, Torsten C ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^b IWW WATER CENTRE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Advanced oxidation; Chlorate; Chloride; Hydroxyl radical; Ozone; Sulfate radical; UV persulfate

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; GROUNDWATER; OXIDATION; OZONE; SULFUR COMPOUNDS;

ADVANCED OXIDATION; CHLORATE; CHLORIDE; HYDROXYL RADICALS; SULFATE RADICALS; UV/PERSULFATE;

WATER TREATMENT;

BICARBONATE; CHLORATE; CHLORIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; SULFATE; SULFATE RADICAL; WATER;

BICARBONATE; CHLORIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; OXIDATION; REACTION KINETICS; SULFATE; WATER TREATMENT;

ARTICLE; OXIDATION; OZONATION; PH; PHOTOLYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; WATER TREATMENT; CHEMISTRY; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; WATER MANAGEMENT;

BICARBONATES; CHLORATES; CHLORIDES; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; HYDROXYL RADICAL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; SULFATES; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS; WATER; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84926391744     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: 18792448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.006     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Anipsitakis G.P., Dionysiou D.D., Gonzalez M.A. Cobalt-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate and sulfate radical attack on phenolic compounds. Implications of chloride ions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(3):1000-1007.
2. Anastasio C., Matthew B.M. A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: part 2 - chloride solutions and mixed bromide/chloride solutions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6(9):2439-2451.
3. Bennedsen L.R., Muff J., Søgaard E.G. Influence of chloride and carbonates on the reactivity of activated persulfate. Chemosphere 2012, 86(11):1092-1097.
4. Brezonik L., Fulkerson-Brekken J. Nitrate-induced photolysis in natural waters: controls and concentrations of hydroxyl radical photo-intermediates by scavenging agents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32(19):3004-3010.
5. Buxton G.V., Bydder M., Salmon G.A. Reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution: Part 1. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1998, 94(5):653-657.
6. Buxton G.V., Bydder M., Salmon G.A. Reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution: Part 1. The equilibrium Cl+Cl-⇌Cl2. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1998, 94(5):653-657.
7. Buxton G.V., Bydder M., Salmon G.A., Williams J.E. The reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution. Part III. The reactions of Cl with solutes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1999, 2(2):237-245.
8. Buxton G.V., Greenstock C.L., Helman W.P., Ross A.B. Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen-atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O-) in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data 1988, 17(2):513-886.
9. Buxton G.V., Subhani M.S. Radiation chemistry and photochemistry of oxychlorine ions. Part 2. Photodecomposition of aqueous solutions of hypochlorite ions. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1972, 1(68):958-969.
10. Canada D.O.N.H.A.W. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Supporting Documentation 1978.
11. Canonica S., Kohn T., Mac M., Real F.J., Wirz J., von Gunten U. Photosensitizer method to determine rate constants for the reaction of carbonate radical with organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(23):9182-9188.
12. Canonica S., Meunier L., von Gunten U. Phototransformation of selected pharmaceuticals during UVtreatment of drinking water. Water Res. 2008, 42(1-2):121-128.
13. Dodd M.C., Buffle M.O., von Gunten U. Oxidation of antibacterial molecules by aqueous ozone: moiety-specific reaction kinetics and application to ozone-based wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(6):1969-1977.
14. Dogliotti L. Flash photolysis of persulfate ions in aqueous solutions. Study of the sulfate and ozonide radical ions. J. Phys. Chem. 1967, 71(8):2511-2516.
15. Ershov B.G. Kinetics, mechanism and intermediates of some radiation-induced reactions in aqueous solutions. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2004, 73(1):101-113.
16. Fang G.D., Dionysiou D.D., Wang Y., Al-Abed S.R., Zhou D.M. Sulfate radical-based degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls: effects of chloride ion and reaction kinetics. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 227-228:394-401.
17. Fang G.D., Dionysiou D.D., Zhou D.M., Wang Y., Zhu X.D., Fan J.X., Cang L., Wang Y.J. Transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls by persulfate at ambient temperature. Chemosphere 2013, 90(5):1573-1580.
18. Fawell J.K., Lund U., Mintz B. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality - Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information 2003, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. M. Sheffer (Ed.).
19. George C., El Rassy H., Chovelon J.M. Reactivity of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) toward the sulfate radical (SO4-). Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2001, 33(9):539-547.
20. Gilbert C.W., Ingalls R.B., Swallow A.J. Pulse irradiation of aqueous solutions containing ferrous and chloride ions: reaction between Cl2- and HO2. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1977, 10(4):221-225.
21. Grebel J.E., Pignatello J.J., Mitch W.A. Effect of halide ions and carbonates on organic contaminant degradation by hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes in saline waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(17):6822-6828.
22. Gu X., Lu S., Qiu Z., Sui Q., Banks C.J., Imai T., Lin K., Luo Q. Photodegradation performance of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in aqueous solution: In the presence and absence of persulfate. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 215:29-35.
23. Haag W.R., Hoigne J. Ozonation of water containing chlorine or chloramines. Reaction products and kinetics. Water Res. 1983, 17(10):1397-1402.
24. Heidt L.J. The photolysis of persulfate. J. Chem. Phys. 1942, 10(5):297-302.
25. Herrmann H. On the photolysis of simple anions and neutral molecules as sources of O-/OH, SOx- and Cl in aqueous solution. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9(30):3935-3964.
26. Herrmann H., Reese A., Zellner R. Time-resolved UV/VIS diode array radical anions in aqueous solution absorption spectroscopy of SOx- (x=3, 4, 5). J. Mol. Struct. 1995, 348:183-186.
27. Hori H., Hayakawa E., Einaga H., Kutsuna S., Koike K., Ibusuki T., Kiatagawa H., Arakawa R. Decomposition of environmentally persistent perfluorooctanoic acid in water by photochemical approaches. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(22):6118-6124.
28. Huie R.E., Clifton C.L. Temperature dependence of the rate constants for reactions of the sulfate radical, SO4-, with anions. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94(23):8561-8567.
29. Huie R.E., Clifton C.L. Kinetics of the self-reaction of hydroxymethylperoxyl radicals. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 205(2-3):163-167.
30. Huie R.E., Clifton C.L., Neta P. Electron transfer reaction rates and equilibria of the carbonate and sulfate radical anions. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1991, 38(5):477-481.
31. Ianni J.C. Kintecus Version 3.95 2008, http://www.kintecus.com.
32. Jayson G.G., Parsons B.J., Swallow A.J. Some simple, highly reactive, inorganic chlorine derivatives in aqueous solution. Their formation using pulses of radiation and their role in the mechanism of the Fricke dosimeter. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1973, 1(69):1597-1607.
33. Kläning U.K., Sehested K., Holcman J. Standard Gibbs energy of formation of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution. Rate constants for the reaction ClO2- + O3 ⇄ O3- + ClO2. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89(5):760-763.
34. Kläning U.K., Wolff T. Laser flash-photolysis of HClO, ClO-, HBrO, and BrO- in aqueous-solution - reactions of Cl-atoms and Br-atoms. Berichte Bunsen-Gesellschaft Phys. Chem. Chemical Phys. 1985, 89(3):243-245.
35. Kläning U.K., Wolff T. Laser flash-photolysis of HClO, ClO, HBrO, and BrO- in aqueous solution - reactions of Cl atoms and Br atoms. Berichte Bunsen-Gesellschaft Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1985, 89(3):243-245.
36. Kowal S., Balsaa P., Werres F., Schmidt T.C. Reduction of matrix effects and improvement of sensitivity during determination of two chloridazon degradation products in aqueous matrices by using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 403(6):1707-1717.
37. Larson R.A., Zepp R.G. Environmental chemistry. Reactivity of the carbonate radical with aniline derivatives. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1988, 7(4):265-274.
38. Legrini O., Oliveros E., Braun A.M. Photochemical processes for water treatment. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93(2):671-698.
39. Liang C., Lee I.L., Hsu I.Y., Liang C.P., Lin Y.L. Persulfate oxidation of trichloroethylene with and without iron activation in porous media. Chemosphere 2008, 70(3):426-435.
40. Liao C.H., Kang S.F., Wu F.A. Hydroxyl radical scavenging role of chloride and bicarbonate ions in the H2O2/UV process. Chemosphere 2001, 44(5):1193-1200.
41. Lifshitz A., Perlmutter-Hayman B. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of chlorine. I. Reinvestigation of the hydrolysis in pure water. J. Phys. Chem. 1960, 64(11):1663-1665.
42. Lin Y.T., Liang C., Chen J.H. Feasibility study of ultraviolet activated persulfate oxidation of phenol. Chemosphere 2011, 82(8):1168-1172.
43. Lutze H.V., Bakkour R., Kerlin N., von Sonntag C., Schmidt T.C. Formation of bromate in sulfate radical based oxidation: mechanistic aspects and suppression by dissolved organic matter. Water Res. 2014, 53:370-377.
44. Manoj P., Prasanthkumar K.P., Manoj V.M., Aravind U.K., Manojkumar T.K., Aravindakumar C.T. Oxidation of substituted triazines by sulfate radical anion (SO4$-) in aqueous medium: a laser flash photolysis and steady state radiolysis study. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 2007, 20(2):122-129.
45. Mark G., Schuchmann M.N., Schuchmann H.P., von Sonntag C. The photolysis of potassium peroxodisulphate in aqueous solution in the presence of tert-butanol: a simple actinometer for 254 nm radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 1990, 55(2):157-168.
46. Matthew B.M., Anastasio C. A chemical probe technique for the determination of reactive halogen species in aqueous solution: Part 1-Bromide solutions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6(9):2423-2437.
47. McElroy W.J. A laser photolysis study of the reaction of SO4- with Cl- and the subsequent decay of Cl2- in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94(6):2435-2441.
48. McKenna J.H., Doering P.H. Measurement of dissolved organic carbon by wet chemical oxidation with persulfate: influence of chloride concentration and reagent volume. Mar. Chem. 1995, 48(2):109-114.
49. Mendez-Diaz J., Sanchez-Polo M., Rivera-Utrilla J., Canonica S., von Gunten U. Advanced oxidation of the surfactant SDBS by means of hydroxyl and sulphate radicals. Chem. Eng. J. 2010, 163(3):300-306.
50. Merényi G., Lind J.S. Role of a peroxide intermediate in the chemiluminescence of luminol. A mechanistic study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102(18):5830-5835.
51. Mertens R., von Sonntag C. Photolysis (λ = 354 nm) of tetrachloroethene in aqueous solutions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 1995, 85(1-2):1-9.
52. Nagarajan Y., Fessenden R.W. Flash photolysis of transient radicals. 1. X2- with X = Cl, Br, I, and SCN. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89(11):2330-2335.
53. Neta P., Huie R.E., Ross A.B. Rate constants for reactions of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data 1988, 17(3):1027-1040.
54. Neta P., Madhavan V., Zemel H., Fessenden R.W. Rate constants and mechanism of reaction of sulfate radical anion with aromatic compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99(1):163-164.
55. Padmaja S., Neta P., Huie R.E. Rate constants for some reactions of inorganic radicals with inorganic ions. Temperature and solvent dependence. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1993, 25(6):445-455.
56. Roeselová M., Jacoby G., Kaldor U., Jungwirth P. Relaxation of chlorine anions solvated in small water clusters upon electron photodetachment.: the three lowest potential energy surfaces of the neutral Cl.H2O complex. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 293(3-4):309-316.
57. Schröder H.F., Meesters R.J.W. Stability of fluorinated surfactants in advanced oxidation processes - a follow up of degradation products using flow injection-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1082(1 SPEC. ISS.):110-119.
58. Schwarzenbach R.P., Gschwend P.M., Imboden D.M. Environmental Organic Chemistry 2003.
59. Sevilla M.D., Summerfield S., Eliezer I., Rak J., Symons M.C.R. Interaction of the chlorine atom with water: ESR and ab initio MO evidence for three-electron (σ 2σ* 1) bonding. J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101(15):2910-2915.
60. Shah N.S., He X., Khan H.M., Khan J.A., O'Shea K.E., Boccelli D.L., Dionysiou D.D. Efficient removal of endosulfan from aqueous solution by UV-C/peroxides: a comparative study. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 263:584-592.
61. Siegrist R.L., Crimi M., Simpkin T.J. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation 2011, New York Heidelberg Dordrecht, London.
62. Tauber A., von Sonntag C. Products and kinetics of the OH-radical-induced dealkylation of atrazine. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 2000, 28(1):15-23.
63. von Gunten U. Ozonation of drinking water: Part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation. Water Res. 2003, 37(7):1443-1467.
64. von Gunten U. Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Res. 2003, 37(7):1469-1487.
65. von Gunten U., Hoigne J. Bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters: Interaction of ozone and hydroxyl radical reactions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28(7):1234-1242.
66. von Gunten U., Oliveras Y. Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing waters: bromate formation mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32(1):63-70.
67. von Sonntag C., Schuchmann H.P. UV disinfection of drinking water and by-product formation - some basic considerations. J. Water SRT - Aqua 1992, 41(2):67-74.
68. Wagner I., Karthaeuser J., Strehlow H. On the decay of the dichloride anion Cl2- IN aqueous solution. Berichte Bunsengesellschaft/Phys. Chem. Chemical Phys. 1986, 90(10):861-867.
69. Waldemer R.H., Tratnyek P.G., Johnson R.L., Nurmi J.T. Oxidation of chlorinated ethenes by heat-activated persulfate: kinetics and products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41(3):1010-1015.
70. Wegelin M., Canonica S., Mechsner K., Fleischmann T., Pesaro F., Metzler A. Solar water disinfection: scope of the process and analysis of radiation experiments. Aqua J. Water Supply Res. Technol. 1994, 43(4):154-169.
71. Yu X.Y., Bao Z.C., Barker J.R. free radical reactions involving Cl, Cl2-, and SO4- in the 248 nm photolysis of aqueous solutions containing S2O82- and Cl. J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108(2):295-308.