A review of the recent advances in superhydrophobic surfaces and the emerging energy-related applications

Energy

Volumn 82, Issue , 2015, Pages 1068-1087

  Zhang, P ^a   Lv, F Y ^a  

^a SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Friction reduction; Heat transfer; Ice adhesion strength; SLIPS (slippery liquid infused porous surface); Superhydrophobic surface

Indexed keywords

CAPILLARY FLOW; FRICTION; HEAT TRANSFER; ICE; LIQUIDS; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; WIND TURBINES;

BOILING AND CONDENSATIONS; ELECTRIC POWER LINES; FRICTION REDUCTION; FRICTIONAL PRESSURE LOSS; ICE ADHESION STRENGTH; POROUS SURFACE; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SUPER-HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES;

HYDROPHOBICITY;

ADHESION; CONDENSATION; HEAT TRANSFER; HYDROPHOBICITY; LITERATURE REVIEW; PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM;

EID: 84926164958     PISSN: 03605442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.061     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Feng L., Li S.H., Li Y.S., Li H.J., Zhang L.J., Zhai J., Song Y.L., Liu B.Q., Jiang L., Zhu D.B. Super-hydrophobic surfaces: from natural to artificial. Adv Mater 2002, 14:1857-1860.
2. Barthlott W., Neinhuis C. Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 1997, 202:1-8.
3. Neinhuis C., Barthlott W. Characterization and distribution of water-repellent, self-cleaning plant surfaces. Ann Bot 1997, 79:667-677.
4. Yan Y.Y., Gao N., Barthlott W. Mimicking natural superhydrophobic surfaces and grasping the wetting process: a review on recent progress in preparing superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2011, 169:80-105.
5. Zhang Y.-L., Xia H., Kim E., Sun H.-B. Recent developments in superhydrophobic surfaces with unique structural and functional properties. Soft Matter 2012, 8:11217-11231.
6. Koch K., Bhushan B., Barthlott W. Multifunctional surface structures of plants: an inspiration for biomimetics. Prog Mater Sci 2009, 54(2):137-178.
7. Oberli L., Caruso D., Hall C., Fabretto M., Murphy P.J., Evans D. Condensation and freezing of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014, 210(0):47-57.
8. Yao X., Song Y.L., Jiang L. Applications of bio-inspired special wettable surfaces. Adv Mater 2011, 23:719-734.
9. Rungraeng N., Cho Y.-C., Yoon S.H., Jun S. Carbon nanotube-polytetrafluoroethylene nanocomposite coating for milk fouling reduction in plate heat exchanger. JFood Eng 2012, 111:218-224.
10. Carriveau R., Edrisy A., Cadieux P., Mailloux R. Ice adhesion issues in renewable energy infrastructure. JAdhes Sci Technol 2012, 26:447-461.
11. Cucchiella F., D'Adamo I. Estimation of the energetic and environmental impacts of a roof-mounted building-integrated photovoltaic systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16:5245-5259.
12. Jelle B.P. The challenge of removing snow downfall on photovoltaic solar cell roofs in order to maximize solar energy efficiency-research opportunities for the future. Energy Build 2013, 67:334-351.
13. Laforte J.L., Allaire M.A., Laflamme J. State-of-the-art on power line de-icing. Atmos Res 1998, 46:143-158.
14. Gent R.W., Dart N.P., Cansdale J.T. Aircraft icing. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Ser A Math Phys Eng Sci 2000, 358:2873-2911.
15. Caliskan F., Hajiyev C. Areview of in-flight detection and identification of aircraft icing and reconfigurable control. Prog Aerosp Sci 2013, 60:12-34.
16. Mohseni M., Amirfazli A. Anovel electro-thermal anti-icing system for fiber-reinforced polymer composite airfoils. Cold Reg Sci Technol 2013, 87:47-58.
17. Ke P., Wang X.X. Super-cooled large droplets consideration in the droplet impingement simulation for aircraft icing. Procedia Eng 2011, 17:151-159.
18. Tarquini S., Antonini C., Amirfazli A., Marengo M., Palacios J. Investigation of ice shedding properties of superhydrophobic coatings on helicopter blades. Cold Reg Sci Technol 2014, 100:50-58.
19. Malshe A., Rajurkar K., Samant A., Hansen H.N., Bapat S., Jiang W.P. Bio-inspired functional surfaces for advanced applications. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 2013, 62:607-628.
20. Ball P. Engineering shark skin and other solutions. Nature 1999, 400:507-509.
21. Antonini C., Innocenti M., Horn T., Marengo M., Amirfazli A. Understanding the effect of superhydrophobic coatings on energy reduction in anti-icing systems. Cold Reg Sci Technol 2011, 67:58-67.
22. Miljkovic N., Wang E.N. Condensation heat transfer on superhydrophobic surfaces. MRS Bull 2013, 38:397-406.
23. Enright R., Eason C., Dalton T., Hodes M., Salamon T., Kolodner P., Krupenkin T. Friction factors and Nusselt numbers in microchannels with superhydrophobic walls. ASME 4th international conference on nanochannels, microchannels, and Minichannels, American Society of mechanical engineers 2006, 599-609.
24. Forrest E., Williamson E., Buongiorno J., Hu L.-W., Rubner M., Cohen R. Augmentation of nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux using nanoparticle thin-film coatings. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2010, 53:58-67.
25. Wang H., He G.G., Tian Q.Q. Experimental study of the supercooling heat exchanger coated with fluorocarbon coating. Energy Build 2012, 55:526-532.
26. 3 superhydrophobic structure on copper foil. Appl Surf Sci 2008, 254:7255-7258.
27. Liu J.P., Huang X.T., Li Y.Y., Li Z.K., Chi Q.B., Li G.Y. Formation of hierarchical CuO microcabbages as stable bionic superhydrophobic materials via a room-temperature solution-immersion process. Solid State Sci 2008, 10:1568-1576.
28. Li L., Breedveld V., Hess D.W. Creation of superhydrophobic stainless steel surfaces by acid treatments and hydrophobic film deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012, 4:4549-4556.
29. Lv F.Y., Zhang P. Fabrication and characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum alloy substrates. Appl Surf Sci 2014, 321:166-172.
30. Wong T.-S., Kang S.H., Tang S.K.Y., Smythe E.J., Hatton B.D., Grinthal A., Aizenberg J. Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity. Nature 2011, 477:443-447.
31. Smith J.D., Dhiman R., Anand S., Reza-Garduno E., Cohen R.E., McKinley G.H., et al. Droplet mobility on lubricant-impregnated surfaces. Soft Matter 2013, 9:1772-1780.
32. Kim P., Wong T.S., Alvarenga J., Kreder M.J., Adorno-Martinez W.E., Aizenberg J. Liquid-infused nanostructured surfaces with extreme anti-ice and anti-frost performance. ACS Nano 2012, 6:6569-6577.
33. Subramanyam S.B., Rykaczewski K., Varanasi K.K. Ice adhesion on lubricant-impregnated textured surfaces. Langmuir 2013, 29:13414-13418.
34. Rykaczewski K., Anand S., Subramanyam S.B., Varanasi K.K. Mechanism of frost formation on lubricant-impregnated surfaces. Langmuir 2013, 29:5230-5238.
35. Samaha M.A., Tafreshi H.V., Gad-el-Hak M. Influence of flow on longevity of superhydrophobic coatings. Langmuir 2012, 28:9759-9766.
36. Rao A.V., Latthe S.S., Mahadik S.A., Kappenstein C. Mechanically stable and corrosion resistant superhydrophobic sol-gel coatings on copper substrate. Appl Surf Sci 2011, 257(13):5772-5776.
37. Xiu Y.H., Hess D.W., Wong C.P. UV and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings from sol-gel processing. JColloid Interface Sci 2008, 326(2):465-470.
38. Latthe S.S., Imai H., Ganesan V., Rao A.V. Superhydrophobic silica films by sol-gel co-precursor method. Appl Surf Sci 2009, 256(1):217-222.
39. Sethi S., Dhinojwala A. Superhydrophobic conductive carbon nanotube coatings for steel. Langmuir 2009, 25(8):4311-4313.
40. Ragesh P., Ganesh V.A., Nair S.V., Nair A.S. Areview on 'self-cleaning and multifunctional materials'. JMater Chem A 2014, 2(36):14773-14797.
41. Mohamed A.M.A., Abdullah A.M., Younan N.A. Corrosion behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces: a review. Arab J Chem 2014, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.006.
42. Ruan M., Li W., Wang B.S., Deng B.W., Ma F.M., Yu Z.L. Preparation and anti-icing behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum alloy substrates. Langmuir 2013, 29:8482-8491.
43. Ge L., Ding G.F., Wang H., Yao J.Y., Cheng P., Wang Y. Anti-icing property of superhydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane film and its ice adhesion strength. JNanomater 2013, Article ID 278936.
44. Huang L.Y., Liu Z.L., Liu Y.M., Gou Y.J., Wang L. Effect of contact angle on water droplet freezing process on a cold flat surface. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2012, 40:74-80.
45. Heydari G., Thormann E., Järn M., Tyrode E., Claesson P.M. Hydrophobic surfaces: topography effects on wetting by supercooled water and freezing delay. JPhys Chem C 2013, 117:21752-21762.
46. Sarshar M.A., Swarctz C., Hunter S., Simpson J., Choi C.-H. Effects of contact angle hysteresis on ice adhesion and growth on superhydrophobic surfaces under dynamic flow conditions. Colloid Polym Sci 2012, 291:427-435.
47. Boreyko J.B., Collier C.P. Delayed frost growth on jumping-drop superhydrophobic surfaces. ACS Nano 2013, 7:1618-1627.
48. Tahavvor A.R., Yaghoubi M. Analysis of early-stage frost formation in natural convection over a horizontal cylinder. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:1343-1349.
49. Khoshnazar H., Yaghoubi M. Investigation of frost formation on a horizontal cylinder in natural convection conditions. Proceeding of 16th conference on mechanical engineering, Kerman, Iran 2008.
50. Boreyko J.B., Srijanto B.R., Nguyen T.D., Vega C., Fuentes-Cabrera M., Collier C.P. Dynamic defrosting on nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2013, 29:9516-9524.
51. Jing T.Y., Kim Y., Lee S., Kim D., Kim J., Hwang W. Frosting and defrosting on rigid superhydrohobic surface. Appl Surf Sci 2013, 276:37-42.
52. Jung S., Tiwari M.K., Poulikakos D. Frost halos from supercooled water droplets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America-PNAS 2012, vol. 109:16073-16078.
53. Xu Q., Li J., Tian J., Zhu J., Gao X.F. Energy-effective frost-free coatings based on superhydrophobic aligned nanocones. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014, 6(12):8976-8980.
54. Hejazi V., Sobolev K., Nosonovsky M. From superhydrophobicity to icephobicity: forces and interaction analysis. Sci Rep 2013, 3:2194-2196.
55. Farhadi S., Farzaneh M., Kulinich S.A. Anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 2011, 257:6264-6269.
56. Menini R., Ghalmi Z., Farzaneh M. Highly resistant icephobic coatings on aluminum alloys. Cold Reg Sci Technol 2011, 65:65-69.
57. Wang F.C., Lv F.C., Liu Y.P., Li C.R., Lv Y.Z. Ice adhesion on different microstructure superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces. JAdhes Sci Technol 2013, 27:58-67.
58. Foroughi Mobarakeh L., Jafari R., Farzaneh M. The ice repellency of plasma polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane coating. Appl Surf Sci 2013, 284:459-463.
59. Chen J., Dou R.M., Cui D.P., Zhang Q.L., Zhang Y.F., Xu F.J., et al. Robust prototypical anti-icing coatings with a self-lubricating liquid water layer between ice and substrate. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013, 5:4026-4030.
60. Kulinich S.A., Farhadi S., Nose K., Du X.W. Superhydrophobic surfaces: are they really ice-repellent?. Langmuir 2010, 27:25-29.
61. Wang Y.Y., Xue J., Wang Q.J., Chen Q.M., Ding J.F. Verification of icephobic/anti-icing properties of a superhydrophobic surface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013, 5:3370-3381.
62. Kulinich S.A., Farzaneh M. Ice adhesion on super-hydrophobic surfaces. Appl Surf Sci 2009, 255:8153-8157.
63. Meuler A.J., Smith J.D., Varanasi K.K., Mabry J.M., McKinley G.H., Cohen R.E. Relationships between water wettability and ice adhesion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010, 2:3100-3110.
64. Matsumoto K., Daikoku Y. Fundamental study on adhesion of ice to solid surface: discussion on coupling of nano-scale field with macro-scale field. Int J Refrig 2009, 32:444-453.
65. Matsumoto K., Inaba H., Murahashi K., Hayashi K., Shirai D., Honda M., Ikeya T., Matsunaga K. Investigation on controlling ice adhesion force to solid surface by using thin film made from silane-coupler. Int J Refrig 2013, 36:862-869.
66. Matsumoto K., Kobayashi T. Fundamental study on adhesion of ice to cooling solid surface. Int J Refrig 2007, 30:851-860.
67. Ou J., Rothstein J.P. Direct velocity measurements of the flow past drag-reducing ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Phys Fluids 2005, 17:103606-103610.
68. Maynes D., Jeffs K., Woolford B., Webb B.W. Laminar flow in a microchannel with hydrophobic surface patterned microribs oriented parallel to the flow direction. Phys Fluids 2007, 19:93603-93612.
69. Choi C.-H., Ulmanella U., Kim J., Ho C.-M., Kim C.-J. Effective slip and friction reduction in nanograted superhydrophobic microchannels. Phys Fluids 2006, 18(8):87105-87108.
70. Lee C., Choi C.-H., Kim C.-J.C. Structured surfaces for a giant liquid slip. Phys Rev Lett 2008, 101(6):64501-64504.
71. Truesdell R., Mammoli A., Vorobieff P., van Swol F., Brinker C.J. Drag reduction on a patterned superhydrophobic surface. Phys Rev Lett 2006, 97(4). 044504-4.
72. Gogte S., Vorobieff P., Truesdell R., Mammoli A., Swol F.V., Shah P., Brinker C.J. Effective slip on textured superhydrophobic surfaces. Phys Fluids 2005, 17:51701-51704.
73. Martell M.B., Perot J.B., Rothstein J.P. Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces. JFluid Mech 2009, 620:31-41.
74. Park H., Sun G., Kim C.-J.C. Superhydrophobic turbulent drag reduction as a function of surface grating parameters. JFluid Mech 2014, 747:722-734.
75. Daniello R.J., Waterhouse N.E., Rothstein J.P. Drag reduction in turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces. Phys Fluids 2009, 21:85103-85109.
76. Muzychka Y.S., Enright R. Numerical simulation and modeling of laminar developing flow in channels and tubes with slip. JFluids Eng 2010, 135:101204-101208.
77. Wang C.Y., Ng C.-O. Natural convection in a vertical slit microchannel with superhydrophobic slip and temperature jump. JHeat Transf 2013, 136:34502-34506.
78. Takata Y., Hidaka S., Kohno M. Effect of surface wettability on pool boiling: enhancement by hydrophobic coating. Int J Air Cond Refrig 2012, 20:1150003-1150012.
79. Takata Y., Hidaka S., Uraguchi T. Boiling feature on a super water-repellent surface. Heat Transf Eng 2006, 27:25-30.
80. Jo H., Ahn H.S., Kang S., Kim M.H. Astudy of nucleate boiling heat transfer on hydrophilic, hydrophobic and heterogeneous wetting surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2011, 54:5643-5652.
81. Vakarelski I.U., Patankar N.A., Marston J.O., Chan D.Y.C., Thoroddsen S.T. Stabilization of Leidenfrost vapour layer by textured superhydrophobic surfaces. Nature 2012, 489(7415):274-277.
82. Betz A.R., Jenkins J., Kim C.-J.C., Attinger D. Boiling heat transfer on superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, and superbiphilic surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2013, 57(2):733-741.
83. Choi C., Shin J.S., Yu D.I., Kim M.H. Flow boiling behaviors in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microchannels. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2011, 35:816-824.
84. Hsu C.-C., Chen P.-H. Surface wettability effects on critical heat flux of boiling heat transfer using nanoparticle coatings. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2012, 55:3713-3719.
85. Sujith Kumar C.S., Suresh S., Yang L.Z., Yang Q.Q., Aravind S. Flow boiling heat transfer enhancement using carbon nanotube coatings. Appl Therm Eng 2014, 65(1-2):166-175.
86. Schmidt E., Schurig W., Sellschopp W. Versuche über die kondensation von wasserdampf in film- und tropfenform. Tech Mech Thermodyn 1930, 1(2):53-63.
87. Lan Z., Ma X.H., Wang S.F., Wang M.Z., Li X.N. Effects of surface free energy and nanostructures on dropwise condensation. Chem Eng J 2010, 156:546-552.
88. Dietz C., Rykaczewski K., Fedorov A.G., Joshi Y. Visualization of droplet departure on a superhydrophobic surface and implications to heat transfer enhancement during dropwise condensation. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 97. 033104-3.
89. Torresin D., Tiwari M.K., Del Col D., Poulikakos D. Flow condensation on copper-based nanotextured superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2013, 29(2):840-848.
90. Wier K.A., McCarthy T.J. Condensation on ultrahydrophobic surfaces and its effect on droplet mobility: ultrahydrophobic surfaces are not always water repellant. Langmuir 2006, 22:2433-2436.
91. Chen C.-H., Cai Q.J., Tsai C., Chen C.-L., Xiong G.Y., Yu Y., Ren Z.F. Dropwise condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces with two-tier roughness. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90:173108.
92. Narhe R.D., Beysens D.A. Growth dynamics of water drops on a square-pattern rough hydrophobic surface. Langmuir 2007, 23:6486-6489.
93. Boreyko J.B., Chen C.-H. Self-propelled dropwise condensate on superhydrophobic surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 2009, 103:184501-184504.
94. Narhe R.D., Beysens D.A. Water condensation on a super-hydrophobic spike surface. Europhys Lett 2006, 75:98-104.
95. Wu Y.P., Zhang C.Y. Analysis of anti-condensation mechanism on superhydrophobic anodic aluminum oxide surface. Appl Therm Eng 2013, 58:664-669.
96. Miljkovic N., Enright R., Nam Y., Lopez K., Dou N., Sack J., Wang E.N. Jumping-droplet-enhanced condensation on scalable superhydrophobic nanostructured surfaces. Nano Lett 2012, 13(1):179-187.
97. Liang C.H., Wang F., Lü Y., Wu C.X., Zhang X.S., Zhang Y.F. Experimental study of the effects of fin surface characteristics on defrosting behavior. Appl Therm Eng 2015, 75:86-92.
98. Sommers A.D., Yu R., Okamoto N.C., Upadhyayula K. Condensate drainage performance of a plain fin-and-tube heat exchanger constructed from anisotropic micro-grooved fins. Int J Refrig 2012, 35(6):1766-1778.
99. Kauffeld M., Wang M.J., Goldstein V., Kasza K.E. Ice slurry applications. Int J Refrig 2010, 33:1491-1505.
100. Zhang P., Ma Z.W. An overview of fundamental studies and applications of phase change material slurries to secondary loop refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16:5021-5058.
101. Egolf P.W., Kauffeld M. From physical properties of ice slurries to industrial ice slurry applications. Int J Refrig 2005, 28:4-12.
102. Daitoku T., Utaka Y. An effect of scraper shapes on detachment of solid adhered to cooling surface for formation of clathrate hydrate slurry. Heat Transf Asian Res 2007, 36:489-500.
103. Pascual M.R., Derksen J.J., Van Rosmalen G.M., Witkamp G.J. Flow and particle motion in scraped heat exchanger crystallizers. Chem Eng Sci 2009, 64:5153-5161.
104. Stamatiou E., Meewisse J.W., Kawaji M. Ice slurry generation involving moving parts. Int J Refrig 2005, 28:60-72.
105. Gladis S.P., Marciniak M.J., O'Hanlon P.J.B., Yundt P.B. Ice crystal slurry TES system using the orbital rod evaporator 1999, Paul Mueller Company Technical Paper.
106. Bédécarrats J.-P., David T., Castaing-Lasvignottes J. Ice slurry production using supercooling phenomenon. Int J Refrig 2010, 33:196-204.
107. Zhang X., Inada T., Yabe A., Lu S.S., Kozawa Y. Active control of phase change from supercooled water to ice by ultrasonic vibration 2. Generation of ice slurries and effect of bubble nuclei. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2001, 44:4533-4539.
108. Inada T., Zhang X., Yabe A., Kozawa Y. Active control of phase change from supercooled water to ice by ultrasonic vibration 1. Control of freezing temperature. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2001, 44:4523-4531.
109. Wang H., He G.G., Feng R.Z. An effective method for preventing ice-blockage in dynamic generation system with supercooling water. Int J Refrig 2014, 46:114-122.
110. Dong H.Y., Cheng M.J., Zhang Y.J., Wei H., Shi F. Extraordinary drag-reducing effect of a superhydrophobic coating on a macroscopic model ship at high speed. JMater Chem A 2013, 1:5886-5891.
111. Kim K., Kim D.R., Lee K.-S. Local frosting behavior of a plated-fin and tube heat exchanger according to the refrigerant flow direction and surface treatment. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2013, 64:751-758.
112. Jhee S., Lee K.-S., Kim W.-S. Effect of surface treatments on the frosting/defrosting behavior of a fin-tube heat exchanger. Int J Refrig 2002, 25(8):1047-1053.
113. Wang F., Liang C.H., Yang M.T., Zhang X.S. Effects of surface characteristics on liquid behaviors on fin surfaces during frosting and defrosting processes. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2015, 61:113-120.
114. Wang F., Liang C.H., Yang M.T., Fan C., Zhang X.S. Effects of surface characteristic on frosting and defrosting behaviors of fin-tube heat exchangers. Appl Therm Eng 2015, 75:1126-1132.
115. Moallem E., Cremaschi L., Fisher D.E., Padhmanabhan S. Experimental measurements of the surface coating and water retention effects on frosting performance of microchannel heat exchangers for heat pump systems. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2012, 39:176-188.
116. Lara J.R., Holtzapple M.T. Experimental investigation of dropwise condensation on hydrophobic heat exchangers part I: dimpled-sheets. Desalination 2011, 278(1-3):165-172.
117. Lara J.R., Holtzapple M.T. Experimental investigation of dropwise condensation on hydrophobic heat exchangers. part II: effect of coatings and surface geometry. Desalination 2011, 280(1-3):363-369.
118. Sun Z., Chen X.D., Qiu H.H. Experimental investigation of a novel asymmetric heat spreader with nanostructure surfaces. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2014, 52:197-204.
119. Choi S.-J., Huh S.-Y. Direct structuring of a biomimetic anti-reflective, self-cleaning surface for light harvesting in organic solar cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010, 31(6):539-544.
120. Park Y.-B., Im H., Im M., Choi Y.-K. Self-cleaning effect of highly water-repellent microshell structures for solar cell applications. JMater Chem 2011, 21(3):633-636.