Saving languages: An introduction to language revitalization

Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-231

  Grenoble, Lenore A ^a   Whaley, Lindsay J ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926123186     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511615931     Document Type: Book

References (289)

1. Adegbija, Efurosibina. 1993. The graphicization of small-group language: A case study of Oko. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 102:153-73.
2. Agheyisi, Rebecca and Joshua A. Fishman. 1970. Language attitude studies: A brief survey of methodological approaches. Anthropological Linguistics 12/5:137-57.
3. Agnihotri, R. K. 1994. Campaign-based literacy programmes: The case of the Ambedkar Nagar experiment in Delhi. In David Barton, ed., 47-56.
4. Alloni-Fainberg, Yafa. 1974. Official Hebrew terms for parts of the car: A study of knowledge, usage and attitudes. In Joshua A. Fishman, ed., Advances in language planning, 493-517. The Hague: Mouton.
5. Alpatov, V. M. 1997. 150 iazykov i politika: 1917-1997. Moscow: IV RAN.
6. Amery, Rob. 2000. Warrabarna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
7. Amonoo, Reginald F. 1989. Language and nationhood: Reflections on language situations with particular reference to Ghana. Accra: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.
8. Annamalai, E. 1991. Satan and Saraswati: The double face of English in India. South Asian Languages Review 1/1:33-43.
9. Annual Reports of the Kurdish Human Rights Project. 2002. http://www.khrp.org/country/syria.htm.
10. Ansre, Gilbert. 1974. Language standardization in sub-saharan Africa. In Joshua A. Fishman, ed., Advances in language planning, 369-89. The Hague: Mouton.
11. Arasteh, Reza. 1962. Education and social awakening in Iran. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
12. Asher, James. 2000. Learning another language through actions. 6th edition. Los Gatos, CA: Sky Oaks Productions.
13. Asumana, Charles. 2004. As Liberian language studies continue at Lott Carey: Elementary students exhibit academic skills in Vai. 16 July 2004. allAfrica.com http://allafrica.com/stories/200407160103.html.
14. Baker, Philip. 1997. Developing ways of writing vernaculars: Problems and solutions in a historical perspective. In Andree Tabouret-Keller, Robert LePage, Penelope Gardner-Chloros, and Gabrielle Varro, eds., 93-141. Oxford and New York: Clarendon.
15. Barton, David. 1994a. Literacy: An introduction to the ecology of written language. Oxford: Blackwell.
16. Barton, David. ed. 1994b. Sustaining local literacies. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
17. Batibo, Herman. 1998. The fate of the Khosean languages of Botswana. In Matthias Brenzinger, ed., 267-84.
18. Beauvais, Jeannine and Philip Deer. 1976. Kahnawake feasibility study of local control of education. Commissioned by the Kahnawake Combined Schools.
19. Benham, Maeneette K. P. and Ronald Heck. 1998. Cultural and educational policy in Hawai‘i. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Benton, Richard A. 1981. The flight of the Amokura: Oceanic language and formal education in the South Pacific. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
21. Benton, Richard A. 1986. Schools as agents for language revival in Ireland and New Zealand. In Bernard Spolsky, ed., Language and education in multilingual settings, 53-76. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
22. Benton, Richard A. 1991. Tomorrow’s schools and the revitalization of Māori: Stimulus or tranquilizer? In Ofelia Garcia, ed., Bilingual educations: Focusschrift in honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the occasion of his 65th birthday, 135-47. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
23. Bhola, H. S. 1984. Campaigning for literacy. Eight national experiences of the twentieth century, with a memorandum to decision-makers. Paris: UNESCO.
24. Bhola, H. S. 1994. A sourcebook for literacy work: Perspective from the grassroots. Paris: UNESCO.
25. Biggs, Bruce. 1968. The Māori language past and present. In Eric Schwimmer, ed., The Māori people in the nineteen sixties, 65-84. Auckland: Blackwood and Janet Paul.
26. Bird, Steven. 1999. Strategies for representing tone in African writing systems. Written Language and Literacy 2/1: 1-44.
27. Bird, Steven. 2000. Orthography and identity in Cameroon. Notes on Literacy 26/1-2:3-34.
28. Blair, Frank. 1991. Survey on a shoestring. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
29. Blanchard, David. 2003. Seven generations: A history of the Kanienkehaka. http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/7gen/index-e.html. Accessed November 2003.
30. Blench, Roger. 1998. The status of the languages in central Nigeria. In Matthias Brenzinger, ed., 187-205.
31. Blevins, Juliette and Monica V. Arellano. 2004. Chochenyo language revitalization: A first report. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the LSA, Boston, January 2004.
32. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1927. Literate and illiterate speech. American Speech 2:432-9.
33. Boerger, Brenda H. 1996. When C, Q, R, X, and Z are vowels: An informal report on Natqgu orthography. Notes on Literacy 22/4:39-44.
34. Bottasso, Juan. 1983. Missions among the Shuar. Cultural Survival Quarterly 7/3:20-3.
35. Bourhis, Richard Yvon, Howard Giles, and Doreen Rosenthal. 1981. Notes on the construction of a “subjective vitality questionnaire” for ethnolinguistic groups. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 2/2:145-55.
36. Bradley, David and Maya Bradley, eds. 2002. Language endangerment and language maintenance. London: Routledge Curzon.
37. Brennan, Gillian. 2001. Language and nationality: The role of policy towards Celtic languages in the consolidation of Tudor power. Nations and Nationalism 7/3:317-38.
38. Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. 1992. Language death: Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
39. Brenzinger, Matthias, ed. 1998. Endangered languages in Africa. Koln: Rudiger Koppe Verlag.
40. Brenzinger, Matthias, Bernd Heine, and Gabriel Sommer. 1991. Language death in Africa. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 19-44.
41. Bromley, H. Myron. 1961. The phonology of Lower Grand Valley Dani: A comparative structural study of skewed phonetic patterns. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk instituut voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde 34. ‘S-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
42. Bulatova, N. Ja. 1992. Evedy turen. Uchebnik dlia 2 klassa. St. Petersburg: Prosveshchenie.
43. Bulatova, N. Ja., A. T. Lapuko, and L. G. Osipova. 1989. Evenkiiski iazyk. Uchebnik i kniga dlia chteniia dlia 5-go klassa. (Evenki language. Textbook and reader for the 5 th grade.) Leningrad: Prosveshchenie.
44. Bulatova, N. Ja., N. B. Vakhtin, and D. M. Nasilov. 1997. Iazyki malochislennykh narodov severa. In D. M. Nasilov, ed., Malochislennye narody Severa, Sibiri, i Dal’nego vostoka, 6-27. St. Petersburg: ILI RAN.
45. Burn, Janice M., and Karen D. Loch. 2001. The societal impact of the world wide web - key challenges for the 21st century. Information Resources Management Journal 14/4:4-14.
46. Buszard-Welcher, Laura. 2001. Can the web help save my language? In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 331-45.
47. Cahill, Mike. 2001. Avoiding tone marks: A remnant of English education? Notes on Literacy 27/1:13-22.
48. Calvet, Louis-Jean. 1998. Language wars and linguistic politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Camitta, Miriam. 1993. Vernacular writing: Varieties of literacy among Philadelphia high school students. In Brian V. Street, ed., 304-14.
50. Campbell, Lyle and Martha C. Muntzel. 1989. The structural consequences of language death. In Nancy Dorian, ed., 181-96.
51. Canger, Una. 1994. A book in an unwritten language. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 27/1:79-89.
52. Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Phonology and reading. In Harry Levin and Joanna P. Williams, eds., Basic studies on reading, 3-18. New York: Basic Books.
53. Cook-Gumperz, Jenny, ed. 1986. The social construction of literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Cooper, Robert, ed. 1982. Language spread. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
55. Corris, Miriam, Christopher Manning, Susan Poetsch, and Jane Simpson. 2002. Dictionaries and endangered languages. In David Bradley and Myra Bradley, eds., 329-47.
56. Coulmas, Florian. 1999. Development of orthographies. In Daniel A. Wagner, Richard L. Venezky, and Brian V. Street, eds., Literacy: An international handbook, 137-42. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
57. Crawford, James. 2000. At war with diversity: US language policy in an age of anxiety. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
58. Crofts, Marjorie. 1976. Must tone always be written in a tonal language? Technical Papers for the Bible Translator 21/1:212-15.
59. Crystal, David. 1997. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60. Crystal, David. 2000. Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Dalby, David. 1968. The indigenous scripts of West Africa and Surinam: Their inspiration and design. African Language Studies 9:156-97.
62. Dauenhauer, Nora Marks and Richard Dauenhauer. 1998. Technical, emotional, and ideological issues in reversing language shift: examples from Southeast Alaska. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 57-98.
63. Davies, John. 1989. Kobon. London: Routledge.
64. Davies, Norman. 2000. The Isles. A history. London: Macmillan.
65. Davis, Shelton and William Partridge. 1994. Promoting the development of indigenous people in Latin America. Finance and Development 31:38-9.
66. Dawson, Barbara Jean. 1989. Orthography decisions. Notes on Literacy 57:1-13.
67. Deering, Nora and Helga Harries Delisle. 1995. Mohawk. A teaching grammar. Revised edition. Kanien’keha: Kanien’keha Cultural Center.
68. Dixon, R. M. W. 1991. The endangered languages of Australia, Indonesia and Oceania. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 229-55.
69. Dorian, Nancy C., ed. 1989. Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Dorian, Nancy C. 1993. A response to Ladefoged’s other view of endangered languages. Language 69/3:575-9.
71. Dorian, Nancy C. 1998. Western language ideologies and small-language prospects. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 3-21.
72. Druviete, Ina. 1997. Linguistic human rights in the Baltic States. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 127:161-85.
73. Durkacz, Victor Edward. 1983. The decline of the Celtic languages. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd.
74. Dyer, Caroline and Archana Choksi. 2001. Literacy, schooling and development. In Brian Street, ed., 27-39.
75. European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of the Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=05%2F11%2F02&CL=ENG.
76. Evans, Nicholas. 2001. The last speaker is dead-long live the last speaker! In Paul Newman and Martha Ratliff, eds., 250-81.
77. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1956. Nuer religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
78. Fellman, Jack. 1973. The revival of a classical tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the modern Hebrew language. The Hague: Mouton.
79. Ferguson, Charles A. 1982. Religious factors in language spread. In Robert L. Cooper, ed., 95-106.
80. Ferguson, Charles A. 1987. Literacy in a hunting-gathering society: The case of the Diyari. Journal of Anthropological Research 43/3:223-37.
81. Finnegan, Ruth. 1988. Literacy and orality: Studies in the technology of communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
82. Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. Reversing language shift: theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Bristol, PA: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
83. Fishman, Joshua A. ed. 1999. Handbook of language and ethnic identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
84. Fishman, Joshua A. ed. 2001. Can threatened languages be saved? Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
85. Forsyth, James. 1992. A history of the peoples of Siberia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
86. Freire, Paulo and Donaldo Macedo. 1987. Literacy: reading the word and the world. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers.
87. Fuchs, Lawrence H. 1961. Hawai‘i pono: A social history. New York: Harcourt, Brace &World, Inc.
88. Garzon, Susan, R. McKenna Brown, Julia Becker Richards, and Wuqu’Ajpub’. The life of our language. Kaqchikel Maya maintenance, shift, and revitalization. Austin: University of Texas Press.
89. Gee, James Paul. 2000. Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. 2nd edition. London: Falmer Press.
90. Gendall, Richard. 1991a. The pronunciation of Cornish. Menheniot: Teere ha Tavaz.
91. Gendall, Richard. 1991b. A students’grammar of Modern Cornish. Menheniot: Cornish Language Council.
92. George, Ken. 1986. The pronunciation and spelling of Revised Cornish. Saltesh: Cornish Language Board.
93. Gerdts, Donna B. 1998. The linguist in language revitalization programmes. In Nicholas Ostler, ed., What role for the specialist?, Proceedings of the Foundation for Endangered Languages Conference II, Edinburgh, Scotland, September 1998, 13-22. Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages.
94. Gharib, G. S. 1966. Training teachers for rural elementary schools in Iran. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
95. Giles, Howard, M. Hewstone, E. B. Ryan and P. Johnson. 1987. Research on language attitudes. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, and Klaus J. Mattheier, eds., Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, 585-97. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
96. Goody, Jack. 1968. Literacy in traditional societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Goody, Jack. 1977. The domestication of the savage mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Goody, Jack. 1987. The interface between the written and the oral. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
99. Goody, Jack. 2000. The power of the written word. Washington, DC and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
100. Goody, Jack and I. P. Watt. 1963. The consequences of literacy. Comparative Studies in History and Society 5:304-45.
101. Gordon, Raymond G. 1986. Some psycholinguistic considerations in practical orthography design. Notes on Literacy Special Issue 1:66-84.
102. Gralow, Frances L. 1981. Some sociolinguistic considerations in orthography design. Notes on Literacy 33:8-14.
103. Grenoble, Lenore A. 2003a. Globalization: who is left behind? In Johann Vielberth and Guido Drexel. eds., Linguistic cultural identity and international communication, 93-109. Saarbrücken: AQ-Verlag.
104. Grenoble, Lenore A. 2003b. Language policy in the Soviet Union. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
105. Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds. 1998a. Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds. 1998b. Toward a typology of language endangerment. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 22-54.
107. Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds. 1999. Language policy and the loss of Tungusic languages. Language and Communication 19/4: 373-86.
108. Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds. 2002. What does Yaghan have to do with digital technology? Linguistic Discovery 1/2. http://journals.dartmouth.edu/webobjbin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/article/101.
109. Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds. 2003. Evaluating the impact of literacy: The case of Evenki. In Johanna Destefano, Neil Jacobs, Brian Joseph, and llse Lehiste, eds., When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, 109-21. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
110. Grimes, Barbara F. 1985. Comprehension and language attitudes in relation to relation to language choice for literature and education in pre-literate societies. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 6/2:165-81.
111. Grimes, Barbara F. ed. 2000. The Ethnologue. 14th edition. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
112. Grimes, Joseph E. 1995. Language survey reference guide. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
113. Grinevald, Colette. 1998. Language endangerment in South America: A programmatic approach. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 124-59.
114. Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1973. Notes on neutralization and orthography. Notes on Literacy 14:21-3.
115. Hale, Ken. 1998. On endangered languages and the importance of linguistic diversity. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 192-216.
116. Hampton, Roberta S. 1989. Using insights from the naïve literate as a tool in the linguist’s bag. Notes on Literacy 57:41-6.
117. Harawira, K. T. 1997. Beginner’s Maori. New York: Hippocrene.
118. Harner, Michael. 1972/1984. The Jivaro: People of the sacred waterfalls. University of California Press.
119. Harris, Stephen. 1977. Milingimbi Aboriginal learning contexts. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico.
120. Haruna, Andrew. 2003. An endangered language. The Giirdi language of the southern Baruchi area, Nigeria. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 189-213.
121. Heath, Shirley Brice. 1983. Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
122. Heckathorn, John. 1987. Can Hawaiian survive? Honolulu Magazine 21:48-51, 81-4.
123. Henne, Marilyn. 1985. Why mother-tongue literacy failed to take root among the Maya Quiche: A study in the sociology of language in a field program of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1955-1982, Guatemala, Central America. Unpublished thesis, University of Texas, Arlington.
124. Henne, Marilyn.1991. Orthographies, language planning and politics: Reflections of an SIL literacy muse. Notes on Literacy 65/1:1-18.
125. Hinton, Leanne. 1997. Survival of endangered languages: The California Master- apprentice program. International Journal of the Sociology ofLanguage 123:177-91.
126. Hinton, Leanne. 2001a. Language revitalization: An oveview. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 3-18.
127. Hinton, Leanne. 2001b. The Master-apprentice language learning program. In Hinton and Hale, eds., 217-26.
128. Hinton, Leanne. 2001c. Training people to teach their language. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, ed., 349-50.
129. Hinton, Leanne and Ken Hale, eds. 2001. The green book of language revitalization in practice. San Diego: Academic Press.
130. Hinton, Leanne, Matt Vera, and Nancy Steele. 2002. How to keep your language alive. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books.
131. Hitt, Jack. 2004. Say no more. New York Times. 29 February 2004. http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/languageextinction.htm.
132. Hockett, Charles F. 1955. A manual of phonology. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics. Memoir 11.
133. Hodge, G. 2001. Information policy: From the local to the global. American Society for Information Science 27/4:9-14.
134. Hofman, John E. 1977. Language attitudes in Rhodesia. In Joshua A. Fishman, Robert L. Cooper, and Andrew W. Conard, eds., The spread of English: The sociology of English as an additional language, 277-301. Rowley, MA: Newbury.
135. Hollenbach, Barbara E. 1978. Choosing a tone orthography for Copala Trique. Notes on Literacy 24:52-61.
136. Hoover, Michael L. 1992. The revival of the Mohawk language in Kahnawake. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 12/2: 269-87.
137. Hornberger, Nancy. 1988. Bilingual education and language maintenance. A Southern Peruvian Quechua case. Dordrecht: Foris.
138. Hornberger, Nancy. 1995. Five vowels or three? Linguistics and politics in Quechua language planning in Peru. In James W. Tollefson, ed., Power and inequality in language education, 187-205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
139. Hornberger, Nancy. ed. 1997. Indigenous literacies in the Americas: Language planning from the bottom up. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
140. Huebner, Thom. 1986. Vernacular literacy, English as a language of wider communication, and language shift in American Samoa. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 7/5:393-411.
141. Jacobs, Annette. 1998. A chronology of Mohawk language instruction at Kahnawa: ke. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 117-23.
142. Janse, Mark and Sijmen Tol, eds. 2003. Language death and language maintenance. Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
143. Jenner, Henry. 1904. A handbook of the Cornish language. London: David Nutt.
144. Jocks, Christopher. 1998. Living words and cartoon translations: Longhouse “texts”and the limitations of English. In Lenore A. Grenoble and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds., 217-33.
145. Johnstone, Barbara. 2000. Qualitative methods in sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
146. Kamana, Kauanoe. 1990. Punana Leo: Leading education for a new generation of Hawaiian speakers. In Stephen Canham, ed., Literature and Hawaii’s children. Spirit, land and storytelling: The heritage of childhood, 171-80. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i.
147. Karetu, Timoti S. 1994. Māori language rights in New Zealand. In Tove Skutnabb- Kangas and Robert Phillipson, eds., Linguistic human rights: Overcoming linguistic discrimination, 208-18. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
148. Keptuke, Galina. 1991. Dvunogii da poperechnoglazyi chernogolovyi chelovek-Evenk i ego zemlia dulin buga. Yakutsk: Rozovaia chaika.
149. Kibrik, A. E. 1991. The problem of endangered languages in the USSR. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 257-73.
150. King, Jeanette. 2001. Te Kohanga Reo: Māori language revitalization. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 119-28.
151. King, Robert D. 1998. Nehru and the language politics of India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
152. King, Robert D. 2001. The potency of script: Hindi and Urdu. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150: 43-59.
153. Kinkade, M. Dale. 1991. The decline of native languages in Canada. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 157-76.
154. Kipp, Darrell R. 2000. Encouragement, guidance, insights and lessons learned for native language activists developing their own tribal language programs. Browning, MT: Piegan Institute. Also available at http://www.grottofoundation.org/download_fset.html.
155. Klein, Harriet E. Manelis and Louisa R. Stark, eds. 1985. South American Indian languages, retrospect and prospect. Austin: University of Texas Press.
156. Klima, Edward S. 1972. How alphabets might reflect language. In James F. Kavanagh and Ignatius G. Mattingly, eds., Language by ear and by eye: The relationship between speech and reading, 57-80. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
157. Koelle, S.W. 1854. Outlines of a grammar of the Vei language. London: Church Missionary House. Reprinted Farnborough, England: Gregg International Publishers, 196-8.
158. Koffi, Ettien N. 1994. The representation of tones in the orthography. Notes on Literacy 20/3:51-9.
159. Kolesnikova, V. D. 1989. Evenkiisko-russkii slovar’. 2nd edition. Leningrad: Prosveshchenie.
160. Krauss, Michael. 1992. The world’s languages in crisis. Language 68/1:4-10.
161. Krauss, Michael. 1997. The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state. Northern minority languages: Problems of survival. Senri Ethnological Studies 44:1-34.
162. Kreindler, Isabelle T., ed. 1985. Sociolinguistic perspectives on Soviet national languages. Their past, present and future. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
163. Kutscher, Eduard Yechezkel. 1982. A history of the Hebrew language. Jerusalem: Magnus Press.
164. Kymlicka, Will. 1995. The rights of minority cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
165. Labov, William. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
166. Labov, William. 1972. Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
167. Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change. Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
168. Ladefoged, Peter. 1992. Another view of endangered languages. Language 68/4:809-11.
169. Lazore, Dorothy Karihwenhawe. 1993. The Mohawk language standardisation project. Conference report, 9-10 August 1993. Translated and edited by Annette Kaia’titahkhe Jacobs, Nancy Kahawinonkie Thompson, and Minnie Kaia:khons Leaf. http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/training/literacy/mohawk/mohawk.html.
170. Levine, Kenneth. 1982. Functional literacy: Fond illusions and false economies. Harvard Educational Review 52:249-66.
171. Levine, Kenneth. 1986. The social context ofliteracy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
172. Levy-Bruhl, Lucien. 1926/1966. How natives think. Translation of La mentalite primitive. New York: Washington Square Press.
173. Lewis, E. Glyn. 1973. Multilingualism in the Soviet Union. Aspects of language policy and its implementation. The Hague: Mouton.
174. Linn, Andrew R. and Nicola McLelland, eds. 2002. Standardization. Studies from the Germanic languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
175. Lo Bianco, Joseph and Mari Rhydwen. 2001. Is the extinction of Australia’s indigenous languages inevitable? In Joshua Fishman, ed., 391-422.
176. Loving, Richard, ed. 1977. Language variation and survey techniques. Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages, vol. 21.
177. McConnell, Grant D. and B. P. Mahapatra. 1990. The written languages of India. Proceedings of the Indo Canadian Round Table, New Delhi, India, 7-8 March 1988. Publication B 174. CS: Laval University, Quebec. International Center for Research on Bilingualism.
178. Macdonald, Theodore. 1986. Shuar children: Bilingual-bicultural education. Cultural Survival Quarterly 10/4.18-20.
179. McKay, Graham R. 1982. Attitudes of Kunibidji speakers to literacy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36:105-14.
180. McKay, Graham R.1983. Lexicography and Ndjebbana (Kunibidji) bilingual education program. In Peter K. Austin, ed., Papers in Australian linguistics no. 15: Australian Aboriginal lexicography, 19-30. Pacific linguistics A-66. Canberra: Department of Linguistics.
181. Mackerras, Colin. 1994. China’s minorities: Integration and modernization in the twentieth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
182. Maffi, Luisa. 2001. Introduction: On the interdependence of biological and cultural diversity. In Luisa Maffi, ed., On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge and the environment, 1-50. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
183. Magner, Thomas F. 2001. Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150:11-26.
184. Maksimova, A.I. 1995. Dukuriva alamavun. Posobie dlia I klassa. Yakutsk: Bichik.
185. Maybin, Janet, ed. 1994. Language and literacy in social practice. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
186. Milroy, Lesley. 1987. Observing and analysing natural language: A critical account ofsociolinguistic method. Oxford: Blackwell.
187. Morgan, Clare. 2003. Cornish is to be promoted. Geolinguistics 29:273-4.
188. Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 1993. Pandemonium: Ethnicity in international politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
189. Mugele, Robert L. 1978. The pedagogical implications of undersymbolization in orthography. Notes on Literacy 24:22-5.
190. Muhlhausler, Peter. 1990. “Reducing”Pacific languages to writing. In John E. Joseph and Talbot J. Taylor, eds., Ideologies of language, 189-205. London: Routledge.
191. Muhlhausler, Peter. 1996. Linguistic ecology: Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region. London: Routledge.
192. Mullarney, Maire. 1987. The departure ofLatin. Language problems and language planning 11/3:356-60.
193. Munro, Pamela, and Lopez, F. H. 2003. Can there be a Valley Zapotec Orthography? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of America (SSILA), January 2003, Boston.
194. Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Duelling languages. Grammatical structure in codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
195. Myreeva, A. N. 1993. Iazykovaia situatsiia i perspektivy razvitiia iazyka evenkov Iakutii. In M. M. Xatylaev, X. I. Dutkin and T. P. Rodionov, eds., Malochislennye narody severa Iakutii: Sostoianie, problemy, 71-4. Iakutsk: Iakutskii Naunchnyi Tsentr SO RAN.
196. Nahir, Moshe. 1984. Language planning goals: A classification. Language problems and language planning 8/3: 294-327.
197. Nance, R. Morton. 1929. Cornish for all-A guide to Unified Cornish. 3rd edition 1958. Penzance: Saundry for Federation of Old Cornwall Societies.
198. National Indian Brotherhood/Assembly of First Nations. 1972. Feasibility Study on Indian control of Indian education. Policy paper presented to the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations.
199. Neroznak, V. P., ed. 1994. Krasnaia kniga iazykov narodov Rossii. Moscow: Academiia.
200. Nettle, Daniel and Suzanne Romaine. 2000. Vanishing voices: The extinction of the world s languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
201. Newman, Paul. 2003. The endangered languages issue as a hopeless cause. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 1-13.
202. Newman, Paul and Martha Ratliff, eds. 2001. Linguistic fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
203. Obeng, Samuel Gyasi and Efurosibina Adegbija. 1999. Sub-saharan Africa. In Joshua F. Fishman, ed., 353-68.
204. Oegir, Nikolai. 1987. Ile upkattuk engesitmer. Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo.
205. Olson, David. 1977. From utterance to text: The bias of language in speech and writing. Harvard Education Review 47/3:257-81.
206. Olson, David. 1994a. Literacy and the making of the Western mind. In Ludo Verhoeven, ed., 135-50.
207. Olson, David. 1994b. The world on paper: The conception and cognitive implications of writing and reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
208. Olson, David, Nancy Torrance, and Angela Hildyard. 1985. Literacy, language, and learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
209. Ong, Walter. 1982. Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. London: Methuen.
210. Ong, Walter. 1996. The natural world of the Maaori. 2nd edition. Auckland, David Bateman.
211. Orbell, Margaret. 1995. The illustrated encyclopedia of Māori myth and legend. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.
212. Paulston, Christina Bratt, Pow Chee Chen, and Mary C. Connerty. 1993. Language regenesis: A conceptual overview of language revival, revitalization and reversal. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 14/4:275-86.
213. Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
214. Pike, Kenneth L. 1948. Tone languages-a technique for determining the number and type of pitch contrasts in a language, with studies in tonemic substitution and fusion. University of Michigan publications. Linguistics, 4. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
215. Posner, Rebecca and Kenneth H. Rogers. 1993. Bilingualism and language contact in Rhaeto-Romance. In Rebecca Posner and John N. Green, eds., Trends in Romance linguistics and philology, Vol. 5, Bilingualism and linguistic conflict in Romance, 231-52. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
216. Powlison, Paul. 1968. Bases for formulating an efficient orthography. The Bible Translator 19:74-91.
217. Proeve, E. H. and H. F. W. Proeve. 1952. A work of love and sacrifice: The story of the mission among the Dieri tribe at Cooper’s creek. Tanuda, Australia: Auricht’s Printing Office.
218. Reinecke, John E. 1969. Language and dialect in Hawaii: A sociolinguistic history to 1935. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
219. Rice, Keren D. 1995. Developing orthographies: The Athapaskan languages of the Northwest Territories, Canada. In I. Taylor and D. R. Olson, eds., Scripts and literacy, 77-94. The Netherlands: Kluwer.
220. Robbins, Frank. E. 1992. Standardization of unwritten vernaculars. In Shin Ja J. Hwang and William R. Merrifield, eds., Language in context: Essays for Robert E. Longacre, 605-16. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
221. Robins, Robert H. and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds. 1991. Endangered languages. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
222. Robinson, Clinton D. W. 1994. Local languages for local literacies? Debating a cultural dilemma. In David Barton, ed., 69-74.
223. Rogers, Henry. 1995. Optimal orthographies. In Insup Taylor and David R. Olson, eds., Scripts and literacy, 31-43. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
224. Romaine, Suzanne. 1991. The status of Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea: The colonial predicament. In Ulrich Ammon and Marlis Hellinger, eds., Status change of languages, 229-53. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
225. Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language in society. An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
226. Rubenstein, Steven Lee. 1995. The politics of Shuar shamanism. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Columbia.
227. Salazar, Ernesto. 1977. An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador. Document 28. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
228. Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. Writing systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
229. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1992. Language decay and contact-induced change: similarities and differences. In Matthias Brenzinger, ed., 59-80.
230. Saulson, Scott B. 1979. Institutionalized language planning: Documents and analysis of the revival of Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.
231. Schappi, Peter. 1974. Die rechtliche Stellung des Rätoromanischen im Bund und in Kanton Graubünden. In Theo Kunz, ed., Rätoromanisch-Gegenwart und Zunkunft einer gefährdeten Sprache, 75-98. Aarau: Sauerlander.
232. Schiffman, Harold F. 1998. Standardization or restandardization: The case for “standard”spoken Tamil. Language in Society 27:359-85.
233. Schmidt, Ronald. 2000. Language policy and identity politics in the United States. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
234. Schmitt, Robert C. 1968. Demographic statistics of Hawaii 1778-1965. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
235. Scribner, Sylvia and Michael Cole. 1981. The psychology of literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
236. Scribner, Sylvia and Michael Cole. 1988. Unpackaging literacy. In E. R. Kintgen, Barry M. Knoll, and Mike Rose, eds., Perspectives on literacy, 57-70. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.
237. Shield, Lesley E. 1984. Unified Cornish-Fiction or fact? An examination of the death and resurrection of the Cornish language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 5/3-4:329-37.
238. Simons, Gary F. 1994. Principles of multidialectical orthography design. Notes on Literacy 20/2:13-34.
239. Singh, Udaya Narayana. 2001. Multiscriptality in South Asia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150:61-74.
240. Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 1994. Linguistic human rights in education. Language Policy in the Baltic States. Conference Papers, 173-91. Riga: Gara pupa.
241. Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2000. Linguistic genocide in education-or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
242. Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. Arctic mirrors: Russia and the small peoples of the North. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
243. Snider, Keith L. 1992. “Grammatical tone”and orthography. Notes on Literacy 18/4:25-30.
244. Spolsky, Bernard. 2003. Reassessing Māori regeneration. Language in Society 32:553-78.
245. Spolsky, Bernard.2004. Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
246. Spolsky, Bernard and Patricia Irvine. 1982. Sociolinguistic aspects of the acceptance of literacy in the vernacular. In Florence Barkin, Elizabeth A. Brandt, and Jacob Ornstein-Galicia, eds., Bilingualism and language contact: Spanish, English and Native American languages, 73-9. New York: Teachers College Press.
247. Spolsky, Bernard, G. Engelbrecht, and L. Ortiz. 1983. Religious, political and educational factors in the development of biliteracy in the kingdom of Tonga. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 4:459-69.
248. Stary, Giovanni. 2003. Sibe: An endangered language. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 81-8.
249. Steenwijk, Hans. 2003. Resian as a minority language. In Mark Janse and Sijmen Tol, eds., 215-26.
250. Street, Brian. 1984. Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
251. Street, Brian. 1993. Cross-cultural approaches to literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
252. Street, Brian, ed. 1994. What is meant by local literacies? In David Barton, ed., 9-14.
253. Street, Brian, ed. 1995. Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy development, ethnography, and education. New York: Longman.
254. Street, Brian, ed. 2001. Literacy and development: Ethnographic perspectives. London, New York: Routledge.
255. Stubbs, Michael. 1986. Educational linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
256. Tabouret-Keller, Andree, Robert Le Page, Penelope Gardner-Chloros, and Gabrielle Varro, eds. 1997. Vernacular literacy: A re-evaluation. Oxford and New York: Clarendon.
257. Teichelmann, C. G. 1857. Dictionary of the Adelaide dialect. Manuscript. No. 59, Bleek’s Catalogue of Sir George Grey’s Library dealing with Australian languages. South African Public Library.
258. Teichelmann, C. G. and Schiirmann, C. W. 1840. Outlines of a grammar, vocabulary, and phraseology of the Aboriginal language of South Australia, spoken by the natives in and for some distance around Adelaide. Adelaide. Published by the authors at the native location. Facsimile edition 1962. Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. Facsimile edition 1982. Adelaide: Tjintu Books.
259. Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
260. UNESCO. 2003. Language vitality and endangerment. http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9105&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECT-ION=201.html.
261. Unseth, Peter. 1980. The consideration of non-Roman orthographies in literacy programs. Notes on Literacy 29:16-21.
262. Unseth, Peter and Carol Unseth. 1991. Analyzing ambiguities in orthographies. Notes on Literacy 65:35-52.
263. Vakhtin, N. B. 2001. Iazyki narodov Severa v XX veke. Ocherki iazykovogo sdviga. St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin.
264. Varennes, Fernand de. 1997. To speak or not to speak: The rights of persons belonging to linguistic minorities. Working paper: UN Subcommittee on the rights of minorities.
265. Vaux, Bert and Justin Cooper. 1999. Introduction to linguistic field methods. Munich: Lincom.
266. Verhoeven, Ludo, ed. 1994. Functional literacy: Theoretical issues and educational implications. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
267. Wakelin, Martyn F. 1975. Language and history in Cornwall. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
268. Walker, Roland W. 1988. Toward a model for predicting the acceptance of vernacular literacy by minority-language groups. Notes on Literacy 54:18-45.
269. Warner, Sam L. No‘eau. 1999a. Hawaiian language regenesis: Planning for intergenerational use of Hawaiian beyond the school. In Thom Huebner and Kathryn A. Davis, eds., Sociopolitical perspectives on language policy and planning in the USA, 313-32. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
270. Warner, Sam L. No‘eau. 1999b. Kuleana: The right, responsibility, and authority ofindigenous peoples to speak and make decisions for themselves in language and cultural revitalization. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 30/1: 68-93.
271. Warner, Sam L. No‘eau. 2001. The movement to revitalize Hawaiian language and culture. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 133-44.
272. Warschauer, Mark and Keola Donaghy. 1997. Leoki: A powerful voice of Hawaiian language revitalization. Computer Assisted Language Learning 10/4:349-62. http://www.gse.uci.edu/markw/leoki.html.
273. Watahomigie, Lucille J. and Teresa L. McCarty. 1997. Literacy for what? Hualapai literacy and language maintenance. In Nancy Hornberger, ed., 95-113.
274. Waters, Glenys. 1998. Local literacies: Theory and practice. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
275. Whaley, Lindsay. 2003. The future of native languages. Futures 35:961-73.
276. Whaley, Lindsay J., Lenore A. Grenoble, and Fengxiang Li. 1999. Revisiting Tungusic classification from the bottom up: A comparison of Evenki and Oroqen. Language 75/2:286-321.
277. Whitney, Scott. 1999. Ka‘ahiakuika‘a‘a Ho‘ala ‘Olelo Hawai‘i: Saving Hawaiian. Honolulu Magazine, July:1-5.
278. Wiesemann, Ursula. 1989. Orthography matters. Notes on Literacy 57:14-21.
279. Williams, J. 1977. Learning to write, or writing to learn. London: National Foundation for Educational Research.
280. Williams, Kenneth. 1981. Motivational factors affecting Chuj literacy. Notes on Literacy 36:14-19.
281. Williams, Nicholas. 2000. English-Cornish dictionary. Redruth: Agan Tavas.
282. Wilson, William H. 1998. Ika ‘Olelo Hawai‘i ke Ola, “Life is found in the Hawaiian language.”International Journal of the Sociology of Language 132:123-38.
283. Wilson, William H. 1999. The sociopolitical context of establishing Hawaiian-medium education. In Stephen May, ed., Indigenous community-based education, 95-108. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
284. Wilson, William H. and Kauanoe Kamana. 2001. Mai loko mai o ka ‘i‘ini: Proceeding from a dream. The ‘Aha Puanana Leo connection to Hawaiian language revitalization. In Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale, eds., 147-76.
285. Wong, Laiana. 1999. Authenticity and the revitalization of Hawaiian. Anthropology and Education Quarterly 30/1:94-115.
286. Wurm, Stephen A. 1998. Methods of language maintenance and revival, with selected cases of language endangerment in the world. In Kazuto Matsumura, ed. Studies in endangered languages, 191-211. Papers from the International Symposium on Endangered Languages, Tokyo, 18-20 November 1995. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.
287. Wurm, Stephen A. 2002. Strategies for language maintenance and revival. In David Bradley and Maya Bradley, eds., 11-23.
288. Zepeda, Ofelia and Jane H. Hill. 1991. The conditions of Native American languages in the United States. In Robert H. Robins and Eugenius M. Uhlenbeck, eds., 135-55.
289. Zimt, Petr. 1974. Digraphia: the case of Hausa. Linguistics 124:57-69.