Providence and the invention of the United States, 1607–1876

Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607-1876

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-341

  Guyatt, Nicholas ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926088667     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511619137     Document Type: Book

References (432)

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54. John Smith, A True Relation of such occurrences and accidents of noate as hath hapned in Virginia since the first planting of that Collony (1608), in Barbour, ed., 1: 25.
55. Robert Johnson, The New Life of Virginea: Declaring the Former Successe and Present Estate of that Plantation, being the second part of Nova Britannia (London: Felix Kyngston for William Welby, 1612), n.p [9-10, 49].
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57. Silvester Jourdain, A Plaine Description of the Barmudas, Now Called Sommer Ilands, With the manner of their discouerie Anno 1609 by the shipwrack and admirable deliuerance of Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Sommers (London: W. Stansby for W. Welby, 1613), [iii-iv]
58. Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968)
59. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975)
60. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978)
61. Avihu Zakai, Exile and Kingdom: History and Apocalypse in the Puritan Migration to America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
62. Theodore Dwight Bozeman, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)
63. Andrew Delbanco, The Puritan Ordeal (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989)
64. Joseph A. Conforti, Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 11-34.
65. David B. Quinn, “The First Pilgrims,” William and Mary Quarterly 23, no. 3 (1966): 359-90.
66. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 23-25.
67. A Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceeding of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in NEW ENGLAND (London: John Bellamie, 1622), 65-72.
68. Thomas Morton, New English Canaan or, New Canaan, Containing an Abstract of New England (London: Charles Green, 1637), 23
69. Smith, Advertisements, 275-76.
70. Stephen Foster, The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570-1700 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundru Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1991), 108-37.
71. Worthington C. Ford et al., eds., Winthrop Papers, 6 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929-92), 2: 91
72. John Cotton, God’s Promise to his Plantations (Boston: Samuel Green, 1686 originally published 1634), 9.
73. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958), 34-53
74. Francis J. Bremer, John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding Father (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 147-70.
75. Winthrop, “General Observations,” 113.
76. William Hooke, New Englands Teares, for Old Englands Feares, Preached in a Sermon on July 23, 1640 (London: T.P. for John Rothwell and Henry Overton, 1641), 8.
77. Alfred A. Cave, “Canaanites in a Promised Land: The American Indian and the Providential Theory of Empire,” American Indian Quarterly 12, no. 4 (1988): 277-97.
78. Paul Stevens “‘Leviticus Thinking’ and the Rhetoric of Early Modern Colonialism,” Criticism 35, no. 3 (1993): 441-61
79. Richard W. Cogley, John Eliot’s Mission to the Indians before King Philip’s War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).
80. John White, The Planters Plea or, The Grounds of Plantations Examined, and usuall Objections Answered (London: William Jones, 1630), 1, 7, 30.
81. Hooke, New-Englands Sence, of Old Englands and Irelands Sorrowes (London: John Rothwell, 1645), 19.
82. David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), 87-110
83. J. F. Maclear, “New England and the Fifth Monarchy: The Quest for the Millennium in Early American Puritanism,” William and Mary Quarterly 32, no. 2 (1975): 223-60.
84. Hooke, New-Englands Sence, 19.
85. Thomas Shepard, The Clear Sun-Shine of the Gospel Breaking Forth upon the Indians in New-England or, An Historicall Narration of Gods Wonderfull Workings upon sundry of the Indians (London: R. Cotes for John Bellamy, 1648), [xi].
86. Thomas Brightman, Reverend Mr. Brightmans Judgement or, Prophesies that shall befall Germany, Scotland, Holland (London: R. Harford, 1642). 10-11.
87. Joseph Mede, The Key of the Revelation (London: R.B. for Phil. Stephens, 1641).
88. Jeffrey K. Jue, Heaven upon Earth: Joseph Mede (1586-1638) and the Legacy of Millenarianism (Springer: Dordrecht, 2006).
89. Joseph Mede, The Works of the Pious and Profoundly-Learned Joseph Mede (London: James Flesher for Richard Royston, 1664), 992, 981.
90. Cotton, The Way of Congregational Churches Cleared, 274.
91. Glenn W. LaFantasie, ed., The Correspondence of Roger Williams, 2 vols. (Hanover, N.H.: Brown University Press/University Press of New England, 1988), 1: 30-31.
92. John Spurr, “‘Virtue, Religion and Government’: The Anglican Uses of Providence,” in Tim Harris, Paul Seaward, and Mark Goldie, eds., The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 29-47.
93. John Wilkins, A Discourse Concerning the Beauty of Providence (London: Sa. Gellibrand, 1649), 63, 72, 104-5.
94. William Gearing, The Eye and Wheel of Providence or, A Treatise Proving that there is a divine Providence (London: Francis Tyton, 1662), 346.
95. Thomas Crane, Isagoge ad Dei Providentiam or, A Prospect of Divine Providence (London: A. Maxwell for Edward Brewster, 1672), 10, 74.
96. Stephen Charnock, A Treatise of Divine Providence (London: Thomas Cockrill, 1680), 367, 368.
97. Thomas Smith, A Discourse Concerning Divine Providence, in Relation to National Judgments (London: Randal Taylor, 1693), 28.
98. Samuel Herne, A Discourse of Divine Providence, Made Before an Honourable Auditory (London: T. Newcomb for G. Kunholt, 1679), 16-17.
99. John Flavel, Divine Conduct or, The Mysterie of Providence (London: R.W. for Francis Tyton, 1678), [xiii], 267.
100. John Goodman, The Interest of Divine Providence in the Government of the World (London: Richard Royston, 1683), 24, 26
101. John Collinges, Several Discourses concerning the Actual Providence of God (London: Thomas Parkhurst, 1678), 93-94.
102. Gerald M. Straka, Anglican Reaction to the Revolution of 1688 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1962), 65-79.
103. Abraham Campion, A Sermon Concerning National Providence (Oxford: Anthony Piesley, 1694), 31, 33.
104. Edward Johnson, Wonder-Working Providence of Sions Saviour in New England, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910).
105. Edward Johnson, A History of New-England, from the English Planting in the Yeere 1628 untill the Yeere 1652 (London: Nath. Brooke, 1654), 1, 15, 17, 34, 173.
106. Richard Hawkins, A Discourse of the Nationall Excellencies of England (London: Thomas Newcomb for Henry Fletcher, 1657), 94, 88.
107. Four Dissertations on the Reciprocal Advantages of a Perpetual Union between Great-Britain and her American Colonies (Philadelphia: William and Thomas Bradford, 1766).
108. Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, May 22, 1766, 2.
109. Whitfield J. Bell Jr., John Morgan: Continental Doctor (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965)
110. Thomas Gibbons, The State of the World in General, and of Great Britain in particular, as to Religion, and the Aspects of Providence, seriously and impartially considered, in a Sermon Preached at Haberdashers Hall, October 21, 1770 (London: James Buckland & Edward and Charles Dilly, 1770), 22.
111. Scots Magazine 18, no. 2 (February 1756): 97-100
112. Evening Advertiser (London), January 19-21, 1758, 3.
113. “Reflections on the fate of Lisbon,” London Magazine 25, no. 2 (February 1756): 67-68.
114. Joseph Pitts, Turning to God, an effectual Way of Escaping threatened Judgments, A Sermon Preach’d in New-Court, February 6, 1756 (London: J. Buckland and E. Dilly, 1756), 22
115. William Dodd, The Nature and Necessity of Fasting, Being the Substance of Two Sermons Preach’d in the Parish Churches of West Ham, Essex, and St. Olave’s, Hart-Street, London (London: E. Dilly, 1756).
116. John Dupont, National Corruption and Depravity the Principal Cause of National Disappointments, in a Sermon Preach’d at Aysgarth, on Friday, the 11th of February 1757 (London: C. Corbett, 1757), 10.
117. John Edwards, The safe Retreat from impending Judgments, being the Substance of a Sermon Preached at Leeds, March 12, 1762, Being the Day Appointed by his Majesty for a GENERAL FAST (London: E. Dilly, 1762), 4.
118. Nathaniel Ball, True Religion, Loyalty and Union recommended to all Orders of Men in a Sermon Preached at Pleshey, Feb. 11 1757, Being the Day appointed for a Public Fast on Account of the War with France (London: J. Buckland, 1757), 9-10.
119. Ebenezer Radcliff, The Crisis or, The Decisive Period of British Power and Liberty, Stated and Addressed to Every Rank in the Community, in Two Sermons, Preached in Boston in the County of Lincoln, Feb 17 1758 (London: R. Griffiths, 1758), 4, 16.
120. Francis Blackburne, Two Sermons Preached on a Fast Day During the Late War with France (London: J. Bew, 1778), 18-21.
121. Alexander Gerard, National Blessings an Argument for Reformation, A Sermon, Preached at Aberdeen, November 29, 1759 (Aberdeen: J. Chalmers, 1759), 6.
122. Robert Gilbert, Britain Revived, and under the smiles of Mercy, summoned to the Work of Praise, a Sermon Delivered at Northampton, on Thursday, Nov. 29, 1759 (London: J. Buckland, n.d. [1759?]), 25-26.
123. Benjamin Wallin, The Joyful Sacrifice of a Prosperous Nation, A Sermon Preached at the Meeting-House near the Maze-Pond, Southwark, on Thursday, November 29, 1759 (London: Printed for the Author, 1760), 28-29
124. Edwards, J. and J. Robertson, The Subversion of Ancient Kingdoms Considered, A Sermon Preached at St. John’s, Westminster, on Friday, February 13, 1761 (London: J. Whiston and B. White, 1761), 19-20.
125. William Warburton, “A Sermon, Preached at Bristol, November 29, 1759, Being the Day Appointed for a Public Thanksgiving, for Victories Obtained by the British Arms,” in Richard Hurd, ed., The Works of the Right Reverend William Warburton, Lord Bishop of Gloucester, vols. (London: John Nichols, 1788), 5: 399-414, at 404-5
126. Warburton, A People’s Prayer for Peace, A Sermon Preached at Northampton, February 13, 1761, The Day Appointed for a General Fast (London: James Buckland, 1761), 17.
127. Thomas Bonney, The Blessings of Peace secured by Piety, Gratitude, and Unanimity, A Sermon Preached at the Parish Church of St Andrew Undershaft, London, May 5, 1763 (London: R. Davis, 1763), 8-9.
128. Richard Winter, An Earnest Exhortation to Persevere in Prayer and Thanksgiving on the Nation’s Account, in a Sermon Preached, Feb 18th, 1759 (London: Edward Dilly, T. Field and J. Buckland, 1759), 28.
129. S. Lowthion, The Blessings of Peace, A Sermon Preached in Hanover Square, Newcastle upon Tyne, on the General Thanksgiving Day, (Thursday, May 5, 1763) (Newcastle: T. Slack, 1763), 5-6.
130. London Magazine 29, no. 10 (October 1760): 543
131. “The Horrors of War and its direful Effects” in London Magazine 30, no. 5 (May 1761): 251-52.
132. John Dupont, Zerah’s Defeat or, The LORD is with us: A Sermon Preached at Aysgarth, on Friday, February 16, 1759, Being the Day Appointed by his Majesty’s Proclamation for a General Fast (York: Caesar Ward for Samuel Stabler, 1759).
133. John Milner, Signs of the Times, in Two Discourses Delivered at Peckham in Surrey: On the General Fast, February 11, 1757, Wherein some Grand Events of Scripture Prophecy are Considered and Improved (London: J. Noon, J. Buckland, R. Griffiths, G. Keith, and J. and S. Johnson, 1757).
134. Thomas Nowell, A Sermon, Preached before the Honourable House of Commons, at St. Margaret’s, Westminster, on Thursday, January XXX, 1772 (London: Henry Hughs, 1772), 10, 11-12.
135. Gerald M. Straka, Anglican Reaction to the Revolution of 1688 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1962), 65-79
136. John Spurr, “‘Virtue, Religion and Government’: The Anglican Uses of Providence,” in Tim Harris, Paul Seaward, and Mark Goldie, eds., The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 29-47.
137. Clark, English Society, especially 83-104.
138. William Cobbett and T. C. Hansard, The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803, 36 vols. (London: T. C. Hansard, 1813), 17: 312-19
139. Scots Magazine 34, no. 3 (March 1772): 131-32.
140. Edmund Law, The Grounds of a Particular Providence, a Sermon Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in the Abby Church Westminster, on Wednesday, January XXX, 1771 (London: J. Robson, 1771).
141. John Hinchliffe, A Sermon Preached Before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in the Abby Church of Westminster, on Saturday, January XXX, MDCCLXXIII (London: J. Robson, 1773), 11.
142. Brownlow North, A Sermon Preached Before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in the Abbey Church Westminster, on Monday, January 30, 1775 (London: J. Robson, 1775), 17.
143. William Markham, A Sermon Preached before the House of Lords, in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Monday, January 31, 1774 (London: T. Payne, 1774), 16.
144. William Warburton, “A Sermon, Preached before the Right Honourable the House of Lords, January 30, 1760,” in Works, 5: 299-317.
145. London Magazine 45, no. 5 (May 1774): 228-30.
146. London Magazine 43, no. 3 (March 1774): 141.
147. John Campbell, A Political Survey of Britain, 2 vols. (London: Printed for the Author, 1774), 1: 452, 638.
148. “Seasonable Advice to the Landholders and Farmers in Scotland,” Scots Magazine 31, no. 12 (December 1769): 651-52.
149. Ned C. Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture, 1680-1760 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997), 177.
150. Daniel Watson, A Sermon Preached on Occasion of the Brief for the American Colonies (London: J. Richardson, 1763). The sermon was also printed in separate editions in Newcastle and York in 1763.
151. Samuel Chandler, A Sermon Preached at Gloucester, Thursday, November 29, 1759, Being the Day of the Provincial Anniversary Thanksgiving (Boston: Green and Russell, 1759), 27
152. Samuel Haven, The Supreme Influence of the Son of God, in appointing, directing, and terminating the Reign of Princes, A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of King GEORGE the Second, and the Happy Accession of His Majesty King George the Third, to the Imperial Throne of Great-Britain, Delivered at Portsmouth, January 25th, 1761 (Portsmouth, N.H.: D. Fowle, 1761), 17
153. Nathaniel Taylor, Praise Due to God for all the Dispensations of his Wise and Holy Providence, A Sermon Preached at Crown-Point, at the Close of the Campaign, 1762 (New Haven: J. Parker and Company, 1762), 9.
154. Samuel Woodward, A Sermon, Preached OCTOBER 9, 1760, … On Occasion of the Reduction of Montreal and the entire Conquest of CANADA (Boston: Benjamin Mecom, 1760).
155. James Horrocks, Upon the Peace: A Sermon, Preach’d at the Church of PETSWORTH, in the County of Gloucester, on August the 25th (Williamsburg: Joseph Royle, 1763), 5, 9.
156. Eli Forbes, God the Strength and Salvation of his People illustrated in a Sermon, Preached October 9, 1760 (Boston: Edes and Gill, 1761), 33.
157. James Lockwood, A Sermon Preached at Weathersfield, July 6, 1763, Being the Day Appointed for a Public Thanksgiving (New Haven: James Parker, 1763), 8, 33, 34.
158. John F. Berens, “‘Good News from a Far Country’: A Note on Divine Providence and the Stamp Act Crisis,” Church History 45, no. 3 (1976): 308-15.
159. Charles Chauncy, A Discourse on “the good News from a far Country” (Boston: Kneeland and Adams for Thomas Leverett, 1766), 28.
160. Nathaniel Appleton, A Thanksgiving Sermon, on the Total Repeal of the Stamp-Act, Preached in Cambridge, New England, May 20th (Boston: Edes and Gill, 1766), 29, 22-23.
161. Benjamin Throop, A Thanksgiving Sermon, Upon the Occasion of the glorious News of the repeal of the STAMP ACT (New-London: Timothy Green, 1766), 6, 9.
162. Thomas Plant, Joyful News to America, A Poem ([Philadelphia]: n.p., 1766), 6
163. William Patten, A Discourse Delivered at Halifax in the County of Plymouth, July 24th 1766 (Boston: D. Kneeland for Thomas Leverett, 1766), 20, 14, 15.
164. David S. Rowland, Divine Providence Illustrated and Improved, A Thanksgiving Discourse Preached (by Desire) in the PRESBYTERIAN, or Congregational Church in Providence, N.E., Wednesday June 4, 1766 (Providence, R.I.: Sarah Goddard, and Company, 1766), 8-9, 12, 14.
165. Joseph Warren, An Oration, Delivered March 5th, 1772, … to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March, 1770 (Boston: Edes and Gill, 1772), 7, 18.
166. John Hancock, An Oration, Delivered March 5, 1774, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston, to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770 (Boston: Edes and Gill, 1774), 20, 15.
167. Joseph Warren, An Oration Delivered March Sixth, 1775. At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March, 1770 (Boston: Edes and Gill, 1775), 6-9.
168. Smith’s Sermon, “Greatly engrossed the conversation of the Public.” London Chronicle, September 14-16, 1775, 265-66.
169. John Wesley, A Calm Address to our American Colonies (London: R. Hawes, 1775), 19-23.
170. Monthly Review 53, no. 2 (August 1775): 189-90.
171. Samuel West, A Sermon Preached before the Honorable Council, and the Honorable House of Representatives (Boston: John Gill, 1776), 56, 57
172. West, An Anniversary Sermon, Preached at Plymouth, December 22nd, 1777, in Grateful Memory of the First Landing of our Pious New-England Ancestors (Boston: Draper and Folsom, 1778), 44.
173. Eve Kornfeld, “From Republicanism to Liberalism: The Intellectual Journey of David Ramsay,” Journal of the Early Republic 9 (1989): 289-313
174. Karen O’Brien, Narratives of Enlightenment: Cosmopolitan History from Voltaire to Gibbon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 204-33.
175. David Ramsay, An Oration on the Advantages of American Independence (Charlestown: John Wells, 1778), 14, 20, 17, 18.
176. Boston Gazette, February 10, 1777, 3.
177. Sylvanus Conant, An Anniversary Sermon Preached at Plymouth, December 23, 1776 (Boston: Thomas and John Fleet, 1777), 14
178. Rowland Connecticut Gazette, April 14, 1775, 4.
179. Peter Thacher, An Oration Delivered at Watertown, March 5 1776, To Commemorate the Bloody Massacre at Boston (Watertown: Benjamin Edes, 1776), 14.
180. John Murray, Nehemiah or, The Struggle for Liberty Never in Vain, when Managed with Virtue and Perseverance (Newbury: John Mycall, 1779), 18.
181. Continental Journal, June 22, 1780, 2.
182. Boston Gazette, May 8, 1780, 1
183. Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 114-57.
184. Nancy L. Rhoden, Revolutionary Anglicanism: The Colonial Church of England Clergy during the American Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1999).
185. Robert Smith, The Obligations of the Confederate States of North America to Praise God (Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, 1782), 28.
186. Paine, American Crisis, Number V (Lancaster: John Dunlap, 1778), 21-23.
187. Jacob Green, A Sermon Delivered at Hanover (in New-Jersey), April 22nd 1778 (Chatham: Shepard Kollock, 1779), 16
188. Essex Journal, March 8, 1776, 4-5
189. New York Journal, April 18, 1776, 1
190. New England Chronicle, November 28, 1776, 1.
191. Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
192. Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)
193. “‘The Peculiar Smiles of Heaven’: Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607-1865,” Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 2003, 154-57.
194. Timothy Dwight, A Sermon Preached at Northampton, on the Twenty-Eighth of November, 1781 (Hartford: Nathaniel Patten, 1781), 27
195. Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor (New Haven: Thomas and Samuel Green, 1783), 34-36.
196. Charles Turner, Due Glory to be Given to God (Boston: T. and J. Fleet, 1783), 29.
197. Clarke Garrett, “The Spiritual Odyssey of Jacob Duché,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 119, no. 2 (1975): 143-55.
198. Duché’s Observations on a Variety of Subjects, Literary, Moral and Religious (Philadelphia: John Dunlap, 1774), especially 106-7.
199. Duché, The Duty of Standing Fast in our Spiritual and Temporal Liberties (Philadelphia: James Humphreys, 1775), 23.
200. Duché, The American Vine: A Sermon, Preached in Christ Church, Philadelphia (Philadelphia: James Humphreys, 1775), 16, 21.
201. Myles Cooper, National Humiliation and Repentance Recommended, and the Causes of the Present Rebellion in America Assigned (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1777), 15.
202. Reminiscences of an American Loyalist, 1738-1789 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925).
203. Robert G. Walker, “Jonathan Boucher: Champion of the Minority,” William and Mary Quarterly 2, no. 1 (1945): 3-14
204. Philip Evanson, “Jonathan Boucher: The Mind of an American Loyalist,” Maryland Historical Magazine 58, no. 2 (1963): 123-36
205. Anne Young Zimmer and Alfred H. Kelly, “Jonathan Boucher: Constitutional Conservative,” Journal of American History 58, no. 4 (1972): 897-922.
206. Jonathan Boucher, “On Schisms and Sects,” in A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution in Thirteen Discourses, Preached in North America between the Years and 1775 (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1797), 46-88, 79.
207. Boucher, “On Reducing the Revenue of the Clergy,” in Causes and Consequences, 222.
208. James C. Spalding, “Loyalist as Royalist, Patriot as Puritan: The American Revolution as a Repetition of the English Civil Wars,” Church History 45, no. 3 (1976): 329-40.
209. Richard Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America (London: T. Cadell, 1776), 98.
210. Henry P. Ippel, “Blow the Trumpet, Sanctify the Fast,” Huntington Library Quarterly 44 (1980-81): 43-60
211. Ippel, “British Sermons and the American Revolution,” Journal of Religious History 12, no. 2 (1982): 181-205.
212. Paul Langford, “The English Clergy and the American Revolution,” in Eckhart Hellmuth, ed., The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford: German Historical Institute of London and Oxford University Press, 1990), 275-307.
213. Scots Magazine 38, no. 10 (October 1776): 519.
214. Robert Pool Finch’s A Sermon, Preached in the Church of St. Michael, Cornhill (London:W. Oliver, 1779), 21.
215. Richard Price, A Sermon, Delivered to a Congregation of Protestant Dissenters, at Hackney (London: T. Cadell, 1779), 28.
216. J. C. D. Clark English Society, 1660-1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics During the Ancien Regime, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 256-300.
217. Joshua Toulmin, The American War Lamented, A Sermon Preached at Taunton (London: J. Johnson, 1776) 13, 14.
218. William Thom, The Revolt of the Ten Tribes, A Sermon Preached in the Church of Govan, on the Forenoon of the Public Fast (Glasgow: Robert Chapman and Alexander Duncan, 1778), 44.
219. John Butler, A Sermon Preached before the Honourable House of Commons (London: T. Cadell, 1777), 13.
220. John Ross, A Sermon Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (London: T. Payne and Son, 1779), 20, 21.
221. Miles Atkinson, The Necessity of a National Reformation, A Sermon Occasioned by the Present Critical State of the Nation (Leeds: John Binns, 1779), 17-18.
222. John Butler, A Sermon Preached before the House of Lords (London: T. Cadell, 1778), 13.
223. Richard de Courcy, National Troubles a proper Ground for National Humiliation (Shrewsbury: T. Wood, 1776), 75, 10
224. John Moore, A Sermon Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (London: J. Robson, 1781), 10, 18.
225. Caleb Evans, The Remembrance of Former Days, A Sermon Preached at Broad-Mead, Bristol (Bristol: William Pine, 1779), 48.
226. John Newton, The Guilt and Danger of Such a Nation as This (London: J. Buckland, 1781), 32-33.
227. Richard Price, A Discourse Addressed to a Congregation at Hackney (London: T. Cadell, n.d.), 16.
228. Allan Raymond, “‘I fear God and honour the King’: John Wesley and the American Revolution,” Church History 45, no. 3 (1976): 316-28.
229. John Wesley, Some Account of the Late Work of God in North-America, in a Sermon on Ezekiel i. 16 (London: R. Hawes, 1778).
230. Robert Hodgson, The Life of the Right Reverend Beilby Porteus (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1811).
231. Beilby Porteus, A Sermon Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (London: T. Payne and Son, 1778), 5, 8, 10-11.
232. Porteus, “The Necessity of National Reformation, Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, on the General Fast,” in Porteus, Sermons on Several Subjects, 2 vols. (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1817), 1: 247-67, 254, 263.
233. John Wesley, A Calm Address to the Inhabitants of England (London: J. Fry and Co., 1777), 15
234. London Magazine 46, no. 3 (March 1777): 159-60.
235. Gazetteer, February 19, 1778, 2.
236. George Walker, A Sermon, Preached to a Congregation of Protestant Dissenters, at Nottingham (London: J. Johnson, 1778), 1, 4.
237. Rees David, The Hypocritical Fast, with its Design and Consequences (Norwich: J. Crouse, 1781), 12.
238. James Murray, Sermons for the General Fast Day (London: J. Adams, 1781), iii, 41-43.
239. Ebenezer Radcliff, A Sermon Preached at Walthamstow, December 13, 1776 (London: J. Johnson, 1776), 12, 26.
240. Thomas Leland, A Sermon, Preached before the University of Dublin, on Friday the 13th of December, 1776 (Dublin: William Hallhead, 1777), 14, 20.
241. Gazetteer, January 14, 1778, 2.
242. “A Layman,” The Church an Engine of the State: A Sermon Not Preached on the Late General Fast, 1778 (London: J. Almon, 1778), 6.
243. George Horne, A Sermon, Preached before the University of Oxford, at St. Mary’s, on Wednesday, Feb. 21, 1781 (Oxford: D. Prince and J. Cooke, 1781), 19-20.
244. Newcome Cappe, A Sermon, Preached on Wednesday the 21st of February, 1781 (York: A. Ward, 1781), 15.
245. William Thom, Achan’s Trespass, in the Accursed Thing, Considered (Edinburgh: John Robertson, 1779), 41.
246. Cappe, A Sermon Preached on the Eighth of February, 1782, 6
247. John Disney, A Sermon, Preached in the Parish Church of Swinderby, in the County of Lincoln (London: J. Johnson, 1782), 9.
248. Monthly Review 65, no. 4 (October 1781): 319.
249. Samuel Parr, A Discourse on the Late Fast (London: J. Dodsley and H. Payne, 1781), 29, 30.
250. Maryland Journal, July 22, 1783, 1
251. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, 39 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938), 27: 259-89.
252. Boston Gazette, October 13, 1783, 1.
253. David Tappan, A Discourse Delivered at the Third Parish in Newbury, on the First of May, 1783 (Salem: Samuel Hall, 1783), 12.
254. George Pretyman, A Sermon Preached before the Honourable House of Commons, at St. Margaret’s, Westminster, on Thursday, July 19, 1784 (London: B. White, 1784)
255. Edward Smallwell, A Sermon Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, in the Abbey Church, Westminster, on Thursday, July 30, 1784 (Oxford: J. and J. Fletcher, 1784).
256. William Keate, A Sermon Preached upon the Occasion of the General Thanksgiving, for the Late Peace, July 29th, 1784 (Bath: S. Hazard, 1784), 23, 19.
257. Thomas Scott, A Thanksgiving Sermon, Preached July 29, 1784, at the Parish Church of Olney, Bucks (Northampton: Thomas Dicey, 1784), 25.
258. Gilbert Wakefield, A Sermon Preached at Richmond in Surry on July 29th 1784, the Day Appointed for a General Thanksgiving on Account of the Peace (London: J. Johnson, 1784), 16.
259. Richard Watson, “A Sermon, Preached before the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, January 30, 1784,” in Watson, Sermons on Political Occasions, 158-59.
260. Andrew Burnaby, A Sermon, Preached in Greenwich Church, on Thursday, July 29, 1784, the Day Appointed for a National Thanksgiving (London: T. Payne, 1784), 14.
261. P. J. Marshall, “Britain without America-a Second Empire?” in Marshall, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 576-96.
262. Richard Price, Additional Observations on the Nature and Value of Civil Liberty, and the War with America (London: T. Cadell, 1777), 87.
263. Adam Ferguson, Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh: A. Kincaid & J. Bell, 1767).
264. Ferguson, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by Dr. Price, intitled Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty (London: T. Cadell, 1776), 59.
265. D. O. Thomas and Bernard Peach, eds., The Correspondence of Richard Price, 3 vols. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1983-94), 2: 185, 233.
266. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
267. James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).
268. William King Atkinson, An Oration, Delivered at Dover, New-Hampshire, on the Fourth of July 1791 (Dover: E. Ladd, 1791), 16, 21
269. Thomas Crafts Jr., An Oration, Pronounced July 4th, 1791, At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston (Boston: Benjamin Russell, 1791), 13.
270. Burke The Rights of Man (London: J. S. Jordan, 1791), vii-x.
271. François Furet, Revolutionary France, 1770-1880, trans. Antonia Nevill (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 101-26.
272. Publicola, Observations on Paine’s Rights of Man (Edinburgh: J. Dickson, 1792).
273. John Quincy Adams, An Oration, Pronounced July 4th, 1793, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston (Boston: Benjamin Edes & Son, 1793), 19, 21.
274. Samuel Worcester, An Oration, Delivered at the College Chapel, Hanover, on the Anniversary of American Independence (Hanover, N.H.: Dunham and True, 1795), 8, 9, 11
275. William Jones, An Oration, Pronounced at Concord, The Fourth of July, 1794 (Concord, Mass.: Nathaniel Coverly, 1794), 19
276. John McKnight, God the Author of Promotion: A Sermon Preached in the New Presbyterian Church, New-York, on the 4th July, 1794 (New York:William Durell, 1794), 15
277. Morgan J. Rhees, An Oration, Delivered at Greenville, Head-Quarters of the Western Army, North West of the Ohio (Philadelphia: Lang and Ustick, 1795), 3.
278. Samuel Miller, Christianity The Grand Source, and the Surest Basis, of Political Liberty: A Sermon, Preached in New-York, July 4th, 1793 (New York: Thomas Greenleaf, 1793), 31-34.
279. Enos Hitchcock’s “As rational beings, and as Christians, we should recollect, that from partial evil, it is the glory of the Supreme Ruler to bring forth general good.” An Oration, In Commemoration of the INDEPENDENCE of the United States of America (Providence, R.I.: J. Carter, 1793), 14.
280. Samuel Miller, A Sermon, Delivered in the New Presbyterian Church, New York, July Fourth, 1795 (New York: Thomas Greenleaf, 1795), 22, 31.
281. Edward Bangs, An Oration, Delivered at Worcester, on the Fourth of July, 1791 (Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas, 1791), 14-15.
282. Hitchcock, An Oration, In Commemoration of the INDEPENDENCE of the United States of America, 14.
283. William Smith, An Oration, Delivered in St. Philip’s Church, Before the Inhabitants of Charleston, South-Carolina, on the Fourth of July, 1796 (Charleston: W. P. Young, 1796), 13, 25-26.
284. George R. Burrill, An Oration, Delivered in the Benevolent Congregational Meeting House, on the Fourth of July 1797 (Providence, R.I.: Carter and Wilkinson, 1797), 13.
285. Samuel Rockwell, An Oration, Delivered at the Celebration of American Independence, at Salisbury, Fourth July, Ninety-Seven (Litchfield, Conn.: T. Collier, 1797), 9.
286. Noah Webster, An Oration Pronounced Before the Citizens of New-Haven, on the Anniversary of the Independence of the United States, July 4th 1798 (New Haven: T. and S. Green, 1798), 3
287. John Wells, An Oration, Delivered on the Fourth of July, 1798, at St. Paul’s Church, Before the Young Men of the City of New-York (New York: McLean and Lang, 1798), 12
288. Cushing Otis, An Oration, Pronounced at Scituate, July 4, 1800 (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1800), 9.
289. William J. Hobby, An Oration, Delivered at St. Paul’s Church, Augusta, on the Fourth of July, 1798 (Augusta, Ga.: John Erdman Smith, 1800), 15, 22.
290. John Callender, An Oration, Pronounced July 4, 1797, At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston (Boston: Benjamin Edes, 1797), 12
291. Theodore Dwight, An Oration Spoken at Hartford On the Anniversary of American Independence (Hartford, Conn.: Hudson and Goodwin, 1798), 30
292. Samuel Austin, An Oration, Pronounced at Worcester, on the Fourth of July, 1798 (Worcester: Leonard Worcester, 1798), 33
293. James Gould, An Oration, Pronounced at Litchfield, On the Anniversary of the Independence of the United States of America (Litchfield, Conn.: T. Collier, 1798), 24-26
294. John Lathrop Jr., An Oration, Pronounced on the 4th Day of July, 1798 (Dedham, Mass.: Minerva Press, 1798), 10
295. Josiah Quincy, An Oration, Pronounced July 4, 1798 (Boston: John Russell, 1798), 18.
296. Thomas Peabody Grosvenor, An Oration, Delivered at the Town of Claverack, on the Fourth of July, 1801 (Hudson, N.Y.: Balance Press, 1801), 13.
297. John Rogers, An Oration, Pronounced at Campton, New Hampshire, on the Fourth of July, 1803 (Concord, Mass.: George Hough, 1803), 10, 13.
298. John Lowell Jr., An Oration, Pronounced July 4, 1799 (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1799), 6, 16.
299. Joseph Hall, An Oration, Pronounced July 4, 1800 (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1800), 12.
300. Jonathan Maxcy, An Oration, Delivered in the First Congregational Meeting-House, at Providence, on the Fourth of July, 1799 (Providence, R.I.: John Carter, 1799), 8.
301. William Brown, An Oration, Spoken at Hartford, On the Anniversary of American Independence, July 4th, A.D. 1799 (Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1799), 8, 20.
302. A Sermon, Delivered May 9th, 1798, Being the Day Recommended for Solemn Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer (Boston: Samuel Hall, 1798).
303. John Cotton Smith, An Oration, Pronounced at Sharon, On the Anniversary of American Independence, 4th of July, 1798 (Litchfield, Conn.: T. Collier, 1798)
304. Elijah Parish, An Oration, Delivered at Byfield, July 4, 1799 (Newburyport, Mass.: Angier March, 1799)
305. Thomas Grant, A Sermon, Delivered at Flemington, on the 4th of July 1799 (Trenton: G. Craft, 1799).
306. Murrin, “The Jeffersonian Triumph and American Exceptionalism,” Journal of the Early Republic 20, no. 1 (2000): 1-25, at 8-12.
307. Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 53-79.
308. John Leland, An Oration, Delivered at Cheshire, July 5 1802, on the Celebration of Independence (Pittsfield, Mass.: Phinehas Allen, 1802), 2.
309. Ezekiel Bacon, An Oration, Delivered at Williamstown, on the 4th of July, 1799 (Bennington: Anthony Haswell, 1799), 21.
310. Elihu Palmer, The Political Happiness of Nations, An Oration (New York: n.p., 1800).
311. Chauncey Lee, An Oration, Delivered at Lansingburgh, on the Fourth of July, AD 1797 (Lansingburgh, N.Y.: R. Moffitt and Co., 1797), 13, 16.
312. George I. Eacker, An Oration, Delivered at the Request of the Officers of the Brigade of the City and County of New York, and of the County of Richmond (New York: William Durell, 1801), 7, 18.
313. Benjamin Bennett, An Anniversary Address, Delivered At Middletown Point Church, on Monday the fifth of July, 1802, on the subject of American Independence (New York: G. Forman, 1802), 5, 13, 17.
314. John E. Anderson, An Oration, Delivered in St. Paul’s Church, Augusta, on the Fourth of July, 1801 (Augusta: William J. Bunce, 1801), 8.
315. Timothy Hilliard, An Oration, Pronounced before the Inhabitants of Portland, July 4th, 1803 (Portland, Maine: B. A. Jenks, 1803), 13, 16.
316. Benjamin Franklin Thompson, An Oration, Delivered before the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, of Brookhaven, L.I., And a Numerous Assemblage of Citizens, on the 36th Anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1811 (Brooklyn: Alden Spooner, 1811).
317. William Crafts, An Oration, Delivered in St. Michael’s Church, Before the Inhabitants of Charleston, South Carolina, on the Fourth of July, 1812 (Charleston: W. P. Young, 1812), 5, 25.
318. Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 93-100.
319. Charles Jared Ingersoll, An Oration, Delivered at Mr. Harvey’s Spring Garden, Before a Very Numerous Meeting of Democratic Citizens, July 4, 1812 (Philadelphia: John Binns, 1812), 3-7.
320. Abiel Holmes, An Address, Delivered Before the Washington Benevolent Society, at Cambridge, 5 July, 1813 (Cambridge, Mass.: Hilliard and Metcalf, 1813)
321. Samuel C. Allen, An Oration, Delivered at Greenfield, July 6, 1812 (Greenfield, Mass.: Denio and Phelps, 1812).
322. Lemuel Shaw, An Oration, Delivered at Boston, July 4, 1815 (Boston: John Eliot, 1815)
323. Nathaniel Chauncey, An Oration, Delivered before the Washington Association of Philadelphia, and the Washington Benevolent Society of Philadelphia, on the Fourth of July, 1815 (Philadelphia: Office of the United States Gazette, 1815)
324. Andrew Bigelow, An Oration, Delivered before the Washington Benevolent Society, at Cambridge, July 4, 1815 (Cambridge, Mass.: Hilliard and Metcalf, 1815).
325. James T. Austin, An Oration, Pronounced at Lexington, Mass., in Commemoration of the Independence of the United States of America, and the Restoration of Peace, 4th July 1815 (Boston: Rowe and Hooper, 1815), 19.
326. Phinehas White, An Oration, Delivered at Dummerston, VT., July 4, 1815 (Brattleboro, Vt.: n.p., 1815), 16
327. Samuel Berrian, An Oration, Delivered before the Tammany Society, Or Columbian Order, Hibernian Provident, Columbian, and Shipwright’s Societies, in the City of New-York, on the Fourth Day of July, 1815 (New York: John Low, 1815), 27-28.
328. Price’s Britain’s Happiness, and the Proper Improvement of it (London: A. Millar and R. Griffiths, 1759).
329. Richard Price, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, Delivered on Nov. 4, 1789 … To the Society for Commemorating the Revolution in Great Britain (London: G. Stafford for T. Cadell, 1789), 40, 8, 13.
330. Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (Middletown, Conn.:Wesleyan University Press, 1982), 5-9.
331. Jedidiah Morse, A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States, on Indian Affairs (New Haven: S. Converse, 1822), 65.
332. John A. Andrew, Rebuilding the Christian Commonwealth: New England Congregationalists and Foreign Missions, 1800-1830 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1976)
333. Clifton Jackson Phillips, Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half-Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969)
334. William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 43-61.
335. Minutes of the Fifth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour in the United States (Philadelphia: William P. Gibbons, 1835), 27.
336. Minutes of the Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Colour, in the United States (New York: Published by Order of the Convention, 1834), 31.
337. “Fourth of July,” Genius of Universal Emancipation 1 (3rd ser.), no. 4 (July 1830): 49.
338. Liberator, January 1, 1831, 1.
339. Thoughts on African Colonization or, An Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles and Purposes of the American Colonization Society together with the Resolutions, Addresses and Remonstrances of the Free People of Color, 2 vols. (Boston: Garrison and Knapp, 1832), 1: 3-4.
340. John L. Thomas, The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison, a Biography (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 91-104, 114-54.
341. “Error Corrected,” African Repository 5, no. 7 (September 1829): 215-16.
342. Roger L. Nichols, Black Hawk and the Warrior’s Path (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1992).
343. Anthony F. C. Wallace, Prelude to Disaster: The Course of Indian-White Relations Which Led to the Black Hawk War of 1832 (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1970).
344. “Black Hawk,” Rock Spring Baptist, reprinted in Niles Weekly Register, October 27, 1832, 132.
345. “Black Hawk,” American Monthly Magazine 8, no. 3 (September 1836): 268-79.
346. Henry Ward Beecher, “Our Blameworthiness,” in Freedom and War: Discourses on Topics Suggested by the Times (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863), 57-83, at 66-69.
347. Isaac McCoy, History of Baptist Indian Missions: Embracing Remarks on the Former and Present Condition of the Aboriginal Tribes Their settlement within the Indian Territory and their Future Prospects (Washington, D.C., and New York: William M. Morrison and H. & S. Raynor, 1840), 586, 581.
348. Christian Advocate, May 6, 1831, 142
349. Missionary Herald 32, no. 11 (November 1836): 444
350. McCoy, “Plea for the Aboriginals,” Western Christian Advocate, March 29, 1839, 196.
351. Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1965), 120-34.
352. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail, 113-15.
353. McKenney and Hall, History of the Indian Tribes of North America, with Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs, Embellished with One Hundred and Twenty Portraits, vols. (Philadelphia: Daniel Rice and James G. Clark, 1844).
354. Herman J. Viola, Thomas L. McKenney, Architect of America’s Early Indian Policy: 1816-1830 (Chicago: Sage Books, 1974)
355. Thomas L. McKenney, Memoirs, Official and Personal (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973), vii-xxvii.
356. Frederick Webb Hodge, Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall, The Indian Tribes of North America (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1933), 1: vii-lxi
357. Viola, Thomas L. McKenney, 251-80
358. “McKenney and Hall’s History,” North American Review 47, no. 100 (July 1838): 134-48, 136, 148.
359. James Pollock, Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 28th Cong., 2nd sess. (House), January 22, 1845, 355
360. Archibald S. Linn, Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 2nd sess. (House), April 13, 1842, 13.
361. Joseph J. McDowell, Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 29th Cong., 1st sess. (House), January 5, 1846, 77.
362. Albert Gallatin, Peace with Mexico (New York: Bartlett and Welford, 1847), 12.
363. Lilian Handlin, George Bancroft: The Intellectual as Democrat (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 214-16.
364. George Ashmun, Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st sess. (House), April 10, 1848, 480
365. Daniel S. Dickinson, Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 30th Cong., 2nd sess. (Senate), February 28, 1849, 298.
366. Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.:William B. Eerdmans, 1996), 159-60.
367. George Ashmun, Appendix to the Congressional Globe.
368. Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st sess. (House), August 29, 1850, 1701.
369. Appendix to the Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st sess. (House), August 30, 1850, 1274.
370. Lydia Child, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans (Boston: Allen and Ticknor, 1833), 228.
371. James Brewer Stewart, Wendell Philllips: Liberty’s Hero (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 117-45
372. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 313-36, 326-29.
373. “Confederate Divinity,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1861, 2.
374. Harry S. Stout “The American Jeremiad Divided against Itself,” 2005.
375. Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863-1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 1-48
376. Kurt O. Berends, “Confederate Sacrifice and the ‘Redemption’ of the South,’” in Beth Barton Schweiger and Donald B. Matthews, eds., Religion in the American South: Protestants and Others in History and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 99-123.
377. Ferdinand Jacobs, A Sermon for the Times, Preached in Fairview Presbyterian Church, Perry Country, Alabama, On Thursday, June 13, 1861, 3.
378. C. S. Vedder, “Offer Unto God Thanksgiving,” A Sermon Delivered in the Summerville Presbyterian Church, on Sunday, July 28, 1861 (Charleston: Evans & Cogwell, 1861), 9
379. Stephen Elliott, New Wine Not to be Put into Old Bottles: A Sermon Preached in Christ Church, Savannah, On Friday, February 28th, 1862 (Savannah: John M. Cooper & Co., 1862), 16.
380. Benjamin Morgan Palmer, “National Responsibility Before God,” in David B. Chesebrough, ed., “God Ordained This War”: Sermons on the Sectional Crisis, 1830-1865 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 201-20, at 204-5.
381. Alexander Stephens, “Speech Delivered on the 21st of March, 1861, in Savannah, known as ‘The Corner Stone Speech,’ Reported in the Savannah Republican,” in Henry Cleveland, ed., Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private, With Letters and Speeches Before, During, and Since the War (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1866), 717-29, at 722.
382. James Warley Miles, God in History: A Discourse Delivered Before the Graduating Class of the College of Charleston, on Sunday Evening, March 29, 1863 (Charleston: Evans & Cogswell, 1863), 26.
383. Michael O’Brien Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810-1860, 2 vols. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 2: 1098-1114.
384. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders’ Worldview (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 585-95.
385. Isaac Taylor Tichenor, Fast-Day Sermon, Delivered before the General Assembly of the State of Alabama, August 21, 1863 (Montgomery: Montgomery Advertiser Book and Job Printing Office, 1863), 13.
386. John T. Wightman, The Glory of God, the Defence of the South: A Discourse Delivered in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Yorkville, S.C., July 28th, 1861, the Day of National Thanksgiving for the Victory at Manassas (Charleston: Evans & Cogswell, 1861), 6.
387. Stephen Elliott, God’s Presence with our Army at Manassas! A Sermon, Preached in Christ Church, Savannah, on Sunday, July 28th (Savannah: W. Thorne Williams, 1861), 21.
388. J. C. Mitchell, A Sermon Delivered in the Government Street Church, on the National Fast, June 13, 1861 (Mobile: Farrow & Dennett, 1861), 19.
389. Calvin H. Wiley, Life in the South: A Companion to Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson, 1852).
390. Wiley, Scriptural Views of National Trials or, The True Road to The Independence and Peace of the Confederate States of America (Greensboro, N.C.: Sterling, Campbell & Albright, 1863), 16, 172, 173, 178.
391. Francis Blair’s “Hon. F. P. Blair to His Constituents,” New York Times, October 18, 1862, 2.
392. Gurley’s African Repository 40, no. 1 (January 1864): 57-60.
393. African Repository 41, no. 2 (February 1865): 53-58.
394. Julian M. Sturtevant, The Lessons of our National Conflict: Address to the Alumni of Yale College, at their Annual Meeting, July 24, 1861 (New Haven: Thomas J. Stafford, 1861), 21.
395. Frederick G. Clark, Thankfulness: Its Occasions and Responsibilities, A Sermon Preached in the West Twenty-Third Street Presbyterian Church, City of New-York, on Thanksgiving-Day, Nov. 28th, 1861 (New York: Ivison, Phinney & Co., 1861), 17, 23.
396. Samuel Osgood, “Victory,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 25, no. 146 (July 1862): 265-70, at 268.
397. Osgood, “Our Prophets,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 26, no. 154 (March 1863): 526-31, at 531.
398. Osgood, “Our Lessons in Statesmanship,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 30, no. 178 (March 1865): 475-81, at 476, 477.
399. Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (New York: Burdick Brothers, 1857).
400. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 732-34
401. Hugh C. Bailey, Hinton Rowan Helper, Abolitionist-Racist (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1965)
402. George M. Fredrickson, “Hinton Rowan Helper, Antislavery Racist,” in Fredrickson, ed., The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1988), 28-53.
403. Helper, Nojoque: A Question for a Continent (New York: George W. Carleton & Co., 1867), 212.
404. Helper, The Negroes in Negroland The Negroes in America and Negroes Generally also the Several Races of White Men, Considered as the Involuntary and Predestined Supplanters of the Black Races (New York: G.W. Carleton, 1868).
405. Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Memoir of William Henry Channing (London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co., 1887), 324.
406. William B. Gravely, Gilbert Haven, Methodist Abolitionist: A Study in Race, Religion and Reform, 1850-1880 (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1973).
407. Gilbert Haven, National Sermons: Sermons, Speeches and Letters on Slavery and Its War: From the Passage of the Fugitive Slave Bill to the Election of President Grant (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1869), 291-316, at 292, 306-7.
408. Haven, “The State a Christian Brotherhood,” April 2, 1863, 317-60
409. “The War and the Millennium,” November 26, 1863, 373-92
410. “Why Grant Will Succeed,” May 15, 1864, 393-406.
411. Haven, “Jefferson Davis and Pharaoh,” April 12, 1865, 529-50, at 531, 548-49.
412. Haven, “America in Africa, Part II,” North American Review 125, no. 259 (November-December 1877): 517-28, at 526.
413. Haven, “The Union of All America I,” Independent, December 5, 1878, 7
414. “The Union of All America II,” Independent, December 12, 1878, 1.
415. Haven, “The Nation of America,” Independent, July 10, 1879, 13.
416. Haven, “The World War,” sermon preached on the Massachusetts Fast Day, April 4, 1864, in National Sermons, 438-72, at 469.
417. James Brewer Stewart, Wendell Phillips: Liberty’s Hero (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 315-19.
418. Phillips, “The Scholar in a Republic,” in Phillips, Speeches, Lectures and Letters, Second Series (Boston: Lee and Shepard Publishers, 1891), 330-64, at 337, 350-51.
419. Merline Pitre, “Frederick Douglass and the Annexation of Santo Domingo,” Journal of Negro History 62, no. 4 (1977): 390-400.
420. “Santo Domingo,” in Douglass Papers, 5: 342-55, 604-5.
421. Waldo E. Martin Jr., The Mind of Frederick Douglass (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 175-80.
422. Haygood, Our Brother in Black, 242.
423. Woodrow Wilson, “A Campaign Address in Jersey City, New Jersey,” May 25, 1912, in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 69 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966-94), 24: 434-44, at 443.
424. Walter F. Merrill, ed., The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 5: Let the Oppressed Go Free, 1861-1867 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 307-9.
425. “William Lloyd Garrison,” Chicago Tribune, November 17, 1865, 4.
426. “Misrepresentation or Misconception: A Letter from William Lloyd Garrison,” Independent, February 8, 1866, 1.
427. “Meeting of the New England Anti-Slavery Convention,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 15, 1867, 1.
428. Independent, May 16, 1867, 1.
429. “Public Breakfast to Wm. Lloyd Garrison,” National Anti-Slavery Standard, July 27, 1867, 1.
430. Garrison, “Pariah-ism and Slavery,” Independent, April 12, 1866, 1.
431. The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce, 12 vols. (New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911), 7: 269-70.
432. W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870 (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1896), 197-98.