The Left and the Catholic Question in Spain

West European Politics

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1982, Pages 32-54

  Mujal León, Eusebio ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84925975159     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: 17439655     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402388208424356     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. The phrase may be found in David Martin's ‘The Religious Condition of Europe’, in Salvador Giner and Margaret Scotford Archer (eds.), Contemporary Europe, Social Structures and Cultural Patterns. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978, pp. 228–87.
2. Spain had 50 per cent of its active population in 1939 engaged in agriculture; by 1977 that proportion had dropped to 20.7 per cent. Jose Felix Tezanos, Estructura de Clases y Conflictos de Poder en la Espafia Postfranquista. Madrid: Cuademos para el Diálogo, 1978, p. 233.
3. Juan Linz, ‘Europe's Southern Frontier; Evolving Trends Toward What?’, Daedalus, Vol.108, No. 1, (Winter 1979), p. 180.
4. Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth. New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1943, pp. 37–56, presents a brilliant analysis of the Church in Spanish society.
5. Reyes Mate Ruperez and J.M. Arbeloa, ‘La Critica de la Religión en el Socialismo Español', Sistema, No. 31, (July 1979), pp. 85–104.
6. See, for example, Jose Diaz, Tres Anõs de Lucha. Paris: Colección Ebro, 1970, p. 313; on the question of expropriation, see pp. 163–4.
7. The text, entitled, ‘Episcopado Español a los Obispos de Todo el Mundo: Sobre la Guerra de España’, may be found in Jesus Iribarren (ed.), Documentos Colectivos del Episcopado Espaol, 1870–1974. Madrid: Editorial Catdlica, 1974, pp. 220–42.
8. Max Gallo, Historia de la España Franquista. Paris: Ediciones Ruedo Ibérico, 1972, p. 137 for the phrase and Juan Jose Ruiz Rico, ElPapel Politico de la Iglesia Católica en la España de Franco. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, 1977.
9. See Jose Chao, Después de Franco, España, Madrid: Ediciones Fellmar, 1976, pp. 69–72 for an exhaustive list of those measures. Popularisation of the term ‘National Catholic’ is attributed to Jose Maria Gonzdlez Ruiz by Fernando Urbina in ‘Formas de Vida de la Iglesia en España: 1939-1975’, in Rafael Belda et al., Iglesiay Sociedaden Espana, 1939–1975. Madrid: Editorial Popular, 1977, p.85. Use of it goes back to the 1940s, but without the later connotations.
10. Ramon Chao, La Iglesia en el Franquismo. Madrid: Ediciones Fellmar, 1976, p. 83.
11. Jose Castaño Colomer, La JOC en Espana (1946–1970). Salamanca: Ediciones Sigueme, 1978, pp. 77–81.
12. William P. Ebenstein, Church and State under Franco. Research Monograph No. 8, Center of International Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, 1960.
13. The point is developed by Guy Hermet in ‘Les Fonctions Politiques des organisations religieuses dans les regimes a pluralisme limité’, Revue Française de Science Politique Vol. XXIII, June 1973, pp.439-73.
14. See Carlo Felice Casula, Cattolici-Comunisti e sinistra cristiana, 1938–45. Bologna: II Mulino, 1976.
15. Felix Montiel in Nuestra Bandera, No. 15, (February 1947), pp. 127–38.
16. Programa del Partido Comunisia de Españo (V Congreso) (1954), p. 13.
17. Dolores Ibárurri, Informe del CC al ‘Quinto Congreso del PCE. (1954). pp. 98, 152.
18. He used the phrase in the book/interview Demain l'Espagne. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1974, p. 166.
19. John XXIII, Pacem in Terris. New York: Paulist Press, 1963, paragraphs 159–60 (edited by William J. Gibbons, S.J.).
20. Santiago Carrillo, Despues de Franco, Que?. Paris: Editions Sociales, 1965, pp. 75–83.
21. Santiago Carrillo, Nuevos Enfoques a Problemas de Hoy. Paris: Editions Sociales, 1967, pp. 116–39.
22. Ibid., pp. 121–2.
23. Le Monde, 4 November, 1970. Carrillo had made a similar formulation in late 1963, at a PCE Central Committee plenum. See Los Marxistas Españoles y la Religion. Madrid: Editorial Cuadernos para el Diálogo, 1977, p. 84.
24. Mundo Obrero, 19 March, 1975.
25. ‘Declaración del Comite Central del Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya’ dated September 1976. Also to be found in the Appendix, pp. 201–11, of Alfonso Carlos Comin, Cristianos en el Partido, Comunistas en la Iglesia. Barcelona: Editorial Laia, 1977.
26. The quotes are from Victor Manuel Arbeloa, ‘Posiciones politicas ante el cristianismo y la Iglesia’, Pastoral Misionera, Vol. XI, No. 8, (November-December 1975), p. 729.
27. See the article by Anibal in El Socialista, second half January 1974. It was in answer to an earlier one by J. Borrás in El Socialista, second half November 1973 and elicited a response from B. Alonso in the same paper, issue of second half February 1974.
28. El Socialista, second half January 1975.
29. El Socialista, first half June 1975.
30. Programa de Transicián: La Enseñanza (27th PSOE Congress, 1974), p.6.
31. See the chapter ‘The Past as Prelude’ in Eusebio Mujal-León, Communism and Political Change in Spain. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, forthcoming.
32. Reyes Mate, El Desafio Socialista. Salamanca: Ediciones Sigueme, 1975, p. 148.
33. This theme is evident in the letters he issued in the Madrid diocese and collected under the title Los Cristianos y la Politico. Madrid: Servicio Editorial del Arzobispado de Madrid-Alcali, 1977. Also of interest is the Tarancdn interview with Mundo (Barcelona), 28 February, 1976.
34. Cited in Edouard Bailby, España Hacia la Democracia? Barcelona: Editorial Argos, 1977, P-97.
35. The estimate of priests’ salaries is made in Cambio 16 (Madrid), 18 September 1977. During the period 1939–74, the state spent 4.5 billion pesetas on ecclesiastical buildings. El Europeo (Madrid), 26 July, 1975.
36. The text of this statement by the Permanent Commission of the Episcopal Conference is in El Pais, 23 April 1977.
37. For example, the Sintesis Actualizada del III Informe FOESSA 1978. Madrid: Euramérica, 1978, p. 306, reported that the proportion of believers had dropped from 80 per cent in 1970 to 63 per cent in 1975. Of interest too is the discussion in Chapters 3–5 in Paulina Almerich et al., Cambio Social y Religión en España. Barcelona: Editorial Fontanella, 1975.
38. Richard Gunther, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad, ‘Party Strategies and Mass Cleavages in the 1979 Spanish Election’, a paper presented at the 1980 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, p. 9. In a manuscript entitled, ‘Religion and Politics in Spain’ (n.p., n.d.), p. 26, Juan Linz has noted that the sizeable ‘non-practising contingent of UCD voters probably inhibits the Centro from adopting too pro-Church a position on many issues’.
39. On the proportions, see Gunther et al., p. 11.
40. See the excellent article by Carlos Huneuus of Heidelberg University entitled ‘La Unión de Centro Democratico, un partido consocional', Revista de Politica Comparada, No. 3, (Winter 1980–81), pp. 163–92.
41. Gunther et al., p. 8.
42. El Pais, January 1981, p. 31.
43. Peter McDonough and Antonio Lopez Pina, ‘Democracy and Disenchantment in Spanish Politics’, in Paul Allen Beck et al. (eds.), Mass Politics in Industrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming, pp. 15 and 37.
44. One form of the argument is made by Linz in the Daedalus article cited earlier; a variation, by Antonio Lopez Pina and Peter McDonough in ‘Religiosity and Ideology in Spain’, a paper presented at the Conference of Europeanists, March 1979, pp. 3–4. The reader is also referred to Guy Michelat and Michel Simon, ‘Religion, Class, and Politics’, Comparative Politics, Vol. X, No. 1, (October 1977), pp. 159–86, and to Arend Lijphart, ‘Religious vs. Linguistic vs. Class Voting: The “Crucial Experiment” of Comparing Belgium, Canada, South Africa, and Switzerland', American Political Science Review, Vol.73, No. 2 (June 1979), pp. 442–58.
45. Samuel Barnes, Antonio Lopez Pina, and Peter McDonough, ‘The Spanish Public in Transition’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 11, No. 1, (January 1981), p. 57.
46. Ibid.
47. Gunther et al., p. 9.
48. Jose Felix Tezanos, ‘El Espacio politico y sociológico del socialismo español', Sistema, No. 32, (September 1979), p. 60.
49. Ibid., p. 69.
50. Gunther et al., p. 11.
51. Tezanos, ‘El Espacio politico’, p. 70.
52. Ibid., p. 71.
53. Contrast the 1976 programme and the essay ‘Ensenanza y Socialismo’ by Luis Gomez Llorente in Equipo Jaime Vera (eds.),‘ La Alternativa Socialista del PSOE. Madrid: Cuadernos para el Dialogo, 1777, pp. 107–36, with the statement in Felipe Gonzalez, Socialismo es Libertad. Barcelona: Galba Ediciones, 1978, pp. 133–47.