Current staging and prognostic factors in melanoma

Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 215-227

  Bartlett, Edmund K ^a   Karakousis, Giorgos C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Melanoma; Prognosis; Prognostic factors; Sentinel lymph node; Staging

Indexed keywords

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; TUMOR MARKER;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BRAF GENE; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; DISEASE SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; GENDER; GENETIC VARIABILITY; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE BLOOD LEVEL; LYMPH VESSEL METASTASIS; MELANOMA; MICROMETASTASIS; MITOSIS RATE; ONCOGENE; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PERINEURAL INVASION; REGIONAL METASTASIS; RISK FACTOR; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; SURVIVAL RATE; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; TUMOR REGRESSION; TUMOR VOLUME; ULCER; BLOOD; GENETICS; HUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN TUMOR;

BIOMARKERS, TUMOR; HUMANS; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84925936934     PISSN: 10553207     EISSN: 15585042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2014.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Balch C.M., Gershenwald J.E., Soong S.J., et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. JClin Oncol 2009, 27:6199-6206.
2. Coit D.G., Andtbacka R., Anker C.J., et al. Melanoma. JNatl Compr Canc Netw 2012, 10:366-400.
3. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Gershenwald J.E., et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. JClin Oncol 2001, 19:3622-3634.
4. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1970, 172:902-908.
5. Barnhill R.L., Fine J.A., Roush G.C., et al. Predicting five-year outcome for patients with cutaneous melanoma in a population-based study. Cancer 1996, 78:427-432.
6. Clark W.H., Elder D.E., Guerry D., et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. JNatl Cancer Inst 1989, 81:1893-1904.
7. Balch C.M., Soong S., Ross M.I., et al. Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7:87-97.
8. Retsas S., Henry K., Mohammed M.Q., et al. Prognostic factors of cutaneous melanoma and a new staging system proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC): validation in a cohort of 1284 patients. Eur J Cancer 2002, 38:511-516.
9. Balch C.M., Wilkerson J.A., Murad T.M., et al. The prognostic significance of ulceration of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1980, 45:3012-3017.
10. Kim S.H., Garcia C., Rodriguez J., et al. Prognosis of thick cutaneous melanoma. JAm Coll Surg 1999, 188:241-247.
11. Balch C.M., Buzaid A.C., Soong S.J., et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. JClin Oncol 2001, 19:3635-3648.
12. Azzola M.F., Shaw H.M., Thompson J.F., et al. Tumor mitotic rate is a more powerful prognostic indicator than ulceration in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of 3661 patients from a single center. Cancer 2003, 97:1488-1498.
13. Thompson J.F., Soong S.J., Balch C.M., et al. Prognostic significance of mitotic rate in localized primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of patients in the multi-institutional American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging database. JClin Oncol 2011, 29:2199-2205.
14. Francken A.B., Shaw H.M., Thompson J.F., et al. The prognostic importance of tumor mitotic rate confirmed in 1317 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma and long follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol 2004, 11:426-433.
15. Gimotty P.A., Guerry D., Ming M.E., et al. Thin primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prognostic tree for 10-year metastasis is more accurate than American Joint Committee on Cancer staging. JClin Oncol 2004, 22:3668-3676.
16. Scolyer R.A., Shaw H.M., Thompson J.F., et al. Interobserver reproducibility of histopathologic prognostic variables in primary cutaneous melanomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:1571-1576.
17. Balch C.M., Gershenwald J.E., Soong S.J., et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors among 2,313 patients with stage III melanoma: comparison of nodal micrometastases versus macrometastases. JClin Oncol 2010, 28:2452-2459.
18. Pasquali S., Mocellin S., Mozzillo N., et al. Nonsentinel lymph node status in patients with cutaneous melanoma: results from a multi-institution prognostic study. JClin Oncol 2014, 32:935-941.
19. Bartlett E.K., Gupta M., Datta J., et al. Prognosis of patients with melanoma and microsatellitosis undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 2014, 21:1016-1023.
20. Barth A., Wanek L.A., Morton D.L. Prognostic factors in 1,521 melanoma patients with distant metastases. JAm Coll Surg 1995, 181:193-201.
21. Chapman P.B., Hauschild A., Robert C., et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. NEngl J Med 2011, 364:2507-2516.
22. Hodi F.S., O'Day S.J., McDermott D.F., et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. NEngl J Med 2010, 363:711-723.
23. Wolchok J.D., Kluger H., Callahan M.K., et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. NEngl J Med 2013, 369:122-133.
24. Sosman J.A., Kim K.B., Schuchter L., et al. Survival in BRAF V600-mutant advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib. NEngl J Med 2012, 366:707-714.
25. Balch C.M., Thompson J.F., Gershenwald J.E., et al. Age as a predictor of sentinel node metastasis among patients with localized melanoma: an inverse correlation of melanoma mortality and incidence of sentinel node metastasis among young and old patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2014, 21:1075-1081.
26. Balch C.M., Soong S.J., Gershenwald J.E., et al. Age as a prognostic factor in patients with localized melanoma and regional metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2013, 20:3961-3968.
27. Fadaki N., Li R., Parrett B., et al. Is head and neck melanoma different from trunk and extremity melanomas with respect to sentinel lymph node status and clinical outcome?. Ann Surg Oncol 2013, 20:3089-3097.
28. Joosse A., Collette S., Suciu S., et al. Superior outcome of women with stage I/II cutaneous melanoma: pooled analysis of four European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trials. JClin Oncol 2012, 30:2240-2247.
29. Joosse A., Collette S., Suciu S., et al. Sex is an independent prognostic indicator for survival and relapse/progression-free survival in metastasized stage III to IV melanoma: a pooled analysis of five European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized controlled trials. JClin Oncol 2013, 31:2337-2346.
30. Clark W.H., From L., Bernardino E.A., et al. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res 1969, 29:705-727.
31. Pontikes L.A., Temple W.J., Cassar S.L., et al. Influence of level and depth on recurrence rate in thin melanomas. Am J Surg 1993, 165:225-228.
32. Murali R., Shaw H.M., Lai K., et al. Prognostic factors in cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma: a study of 252 patients. Cancer 2010, 116:4130-4138.
33. Mays M.P., Martin R.C., Burton A., et al. Should all patients with melanoma between 1 and 2 mm Breslow thickness undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy?. Cancer 2010, 116:1535-1544.
34. Xu X., Chen L., Guerry D., et al. Lymphatic invasion is independently prognostic of metastasis in primary cutaneous melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:229-237.
35. Maurichi A., Miceli R., Camerini T., et al. Prediction of survival in patients with thin melanoma: results from a multi-institution study. JClin Oncol 2014, 32:2479-2485.
36. Quinn M.J., Crotty K.A., Thompson J.F., et al. Desmoplastic and desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma: experience with 280 patients. Cancer 1998, 83:1128-1135.
37. Ronan S.G., Eng A.M., Briele H.A., et al. Thin malignant melanomas with regression and metastases. Arch Dermatol 1987, 123:1326-1330.
38. Slingluff C.L., Vollmer R.T., Reintgen D.S., et al. Lethal "thin" malignant melanoma. Identifying patients at risk. Ann Surg 1988, 208:150-161.
39. Cintolo J.A., Gimotty P., Blair A., et al. Local immune response predicts survival in patients with thick (t4) melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2013, 20:3610-3617.
40. Thomas N.E., Busam K.J., From L., et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte grade in primary melanomas is independently associated with melanoma-specific survival in the population-based genes, environment and melanoma study. JClin Oncol 2013, 31:4252-4259.
41. Taylor R.C., Patel A., Panageas K.S., et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with cutaneous melanoma. JClin Oncol 2007, 25:869-875.
42. Clemente C.G., Mihm M.C., Bufalino R., et al. Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1996, 77:1303-1310.
43. Day C.L., Lew R.A., Mihm M.C., et al. Amultivariate analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients with lesions greater than or equal to 3.65 mm in thickness. The importance of revealing alternative Cox models. Ann Surg 1982, 195:44-49.
44. Elder D.E., Guerry D., VanHorn M., et al. The role of lymph node dissection for clinical stage I malignant melanoma of intermediate thickness (1.51-3.99 mm). Cancer 1985, 56:413-418.
45. Tuthill R.J., Unger J.M., Liu P.Y., et al. Risk assessment in localized primary cutaneous melanoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study evaluating nine factors and a test of the Clark logistic regression prediction model. Am J Clin Pathol 2002, 118:504-511.
46. Dai D.L., Martinka M., Li G. Prognostic significance of activated Akt expression in melanoma: a clinicopathologic study of 292 cases. JClin Oncol 2005, 23:1473-1482.
47. Fecker L.F., Geilen C.C., Tchernev G., et al. Loss of proapoptotic Bcl-2-related multidomain proteins in primary melanomas is associated with poor prognosis. JInvest Dermatol 2006, 126:1366-1371.
48. Mikhail M., Velazquez E., Shapiro R., et al. PTEN expression in melanoma: relationship with patient survival, Bcl-2 expression, and proliferation. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:5153-5157.
49. Rangel J., Torabian S., Shaikh L., et al. Prognostic significance of nuclear receptor coactivator-3 overexpression in primary cutaneous melanoma. JClin Oncol 2006, 24:4565-4569.
50. Salti G.I., Manougian T., Farolan M., et al. Micropthalmia transcription factor: a new prognostic marker in intermediate-thickness cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 2000, 60:5012-5016.
51. Hill B.R., Levi C. Elevation of a serum component in neoplastic disease. Cancer Res 1954, 14:513-515.
52. Campora E., Repetto L., Giuntini P., et al. LDH in the follow-up of stage I malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988, 24:277-278.
53. Deichmann M., Benner A., Bock M., et al. S100-Beta, melanoma-inhibiting activity, and lactate dehydrogenase discriminate progressive from nonprogressive American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV melanoma. JClin Oncol 1999, 17:1891-1896.
54. Flaherty K.T. Is it good or bad to find a BRAF mutation?. JClin Oncol 2011, 29:1229-1230.
55. Long G.V., Menzies A.M., Nagrial A.M., et al. Prognostic and clinicopathologic associations of oncogenic BRAF in metastatic melanoma. JClin Oncol 2011, 29:1239-1246.
56. Jakob J.A., Bassett R.L., Ng C.S., et al. NRAS mutation status is an independent prognostic factor in metastatic melanoma. Cancer 2012, 118:4014-4023.
57. Morton D.L., Thompson J.F., Cochran A.J., et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. NEngl J Med 2006, 355:1307-1317.
58. Karakousis G.C., Gimotty P.A., Czerniecki B.J., et al. Regional nodal metastatic disease is the strongest predictor of survival in patients with thin vertical growth phase melanomas: a case for SLN staging biopsy in these patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2007, 14:1596-1603.
59. Murali R., Haydu L.E., Quinn M.J., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin primary cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 2012, 255:128-133.
60. Warycha M.A., Zakrzewski J., Ni Q., et al. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma (
61. Wright B.E., Scheri R.P., Ye X., et al. Importance of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin melanoma. Arch Surg 2008, 143:892-899. [discussion: 899-900].
62. Mozzillo N., Pennacchioli E., Gandini S., et al. Sentinel node biopsy in thin and thick melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013, 20:2780-2786.
63. Scoggins C.R., Bowen A.L., Martin R.C., et al. Prognostic information from sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thick melanoma. Arch Surg 2010, 145:622-627.
64. Kesmodel S.B., Karakousis G.C., Botbyl J.D., et al. Mitotic rate as a predictor of sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with thin melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:449-458.
65. Bartlett E.K., Gimotty P.A., Sinnamon A.J., et al. Clark level risk stratifies patients with mitogenic thin melanomas for sentinel lymph node biopsy. Ann Surg Oncol 2014, 21:643-649.
66. Cecchi R., Buralli L., Innocenti S., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin melanomas. JDermatol 2007, 34:512-515.
67. Han D., Zager J.S., Shyr Y., et al. Clinicopathologic predictors of sentinel lymph node metastasis in thin melanoma. JClin Oncol 2013, 31:4387-4393.
68. Kunte C., Geimer T., Baumert J., et al. Prognostic factors associated with sentinel lymph node positivity and effect of sentinel status on survival: an analysis of 1049 patients with cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2010, 20:330-337.
69. Lowe J.B., Hurst E., Moley J.F., et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2003, 139:617-621.
70. Oliveira Filho R.S., Ferreira L.M., Biasi L.J., et al. Vertical growth phase and positive sentinel node in thin melanoma. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003, 36:347-350.
71. Ranieri J.M., Wagner J.D., Wenck S., et al. The prognostic importance of sentinel lymph node biopsy in thin melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2006, 13:927-932.