The modern russian city: An Historiographical Analysis

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1977, Pages 39-76

  Hamm, Michael F ^a  

^a CENTRE COLLEGE   (United States)

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EID: 84925907597     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: 15526771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614427700400103     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. G. I. Shreider, “Gorod i gorodovoe polozhenie 1870 goda” [The City and the Municipal Statute of 1870], in Istoriia Rossii v XIX veke [The History of Russia in the 19th Century] (9 vols; St. Petersburg, n.d.), 4: 4.
2. William L. Blackwell, “Modernization and Urbanization in Russia: A Comparative View,” in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Russian History (Lexington, KY, 1976), 303, 305.
3. V. V. Sviatlovskii, Zhilishchnyi vopros [The Problem of Housing], (5 vols; St. Petersburg, 1902), 4: 60.
4. S. Frederick Starr, Decentralization and Self-Government in Russia, 1830-1870 (Princeton, 1972), 6-9.
5. Reginald E. Zelnik, Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855-1870 (Stanford, 1971), 241-242, 251.
6. A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za 100 let [The Population of Russia Over the Last 100 Years] (Moscow, 1956), 87.
7. Chauncy D. Harris, Cities of the Soviet Union. Studies in Their Functions, Size, Density, and Growth (Chicago, 1970), 234, Table 25. This is the most thorough study of Russian urban growth and typology from the mid-nineteenth century to the present.
8. David J. M. Hooson, “The Growth of Cities in Pre-Soviet Russia,” in R. P. Beckinsale and J. M. Houston eds., Urbanization and Its Problems-Essays in Honour of E. W. Gilbert (Oxford, 1970), 272.
9. Richard H. Rowland, “Urban In-Migration in Late Nineteenth-Century Russia,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 116-117.
10. Ranaan Weitz, ed., Urbanization and the Developing Countries. Report on the Sixth Rehovot Conference (New York, 1973), 6.
11. Hooson, 258.
12. Rowland, 120
13. Adna F. Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1899), cited by Rowland, 120-121.
14. Rowland, 121.
15. Robert A. Lewis and Richard H. Rowland, “A Further Investigation of Urbanization and Industrialization in Pre-Revolutionary Russia,” The Professional Geographer 26, 2 (May 1974), 179.
16. Roger L. Thiede, “Industry and Urbanization in New Russia from 1860 to 1910,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 136.
17. Roger L. Thiede, “Urbanization and Industrialization in Pre-Revolutionary Russia,” The Professional Geographer, 25, 1 (February 1973), 17.
18. Lewis and Rowland, 177-178. Thiede responds that none of the data is “undeniably accurate,” including the 1897 census, which has been called wholly incorrect in many areas. He calls for “thorough qualitative studies of the Empire, province by province.” See The Professional Geographer, 26, 2 (May 1974), 212-213.
19. Barbara Ann Anderson, “Internal Migration in a Modernizing Society: The Case of Late Nineteenth Century European Russia” (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1974), 88.
20. Theodore H. Von Laue, “Russian Labor Between Field and Factory 1892-1903,” in California Slavic Studies (Berkeley, 1964), 3: 42.
21. Robert Gohstand, “The Shaping of Moscow by Nineteenth-Century Trade,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 165.
22. G. I. Shreider, “Gorodskaia kontr'-reforma 11 iiunia 1892 goda” [The Municipal Counter-Reform of 11 June 1892], in Istoriia Rossii v XIX veke, 5: 220.
23. Anatole Kopp, Town and Revolution. Soviet Architecture and City Planning 1971-1935, [tr. Thomas E. Burton] (New York, 1970), 34.
24. Frederick W. Skinner, “Trends in Planning Practices: The Building of Odessa, 1794-1917,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 140, 144.
25. Quoted in Kopp, 24.
26. For example, see A. Trofimov, Rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii 1861-1894 gg. [The Workers' Movement in Russia 1861-1894] (Moscow, 1957), 23-24.
27. For example, see V. S. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia i tsarizm v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, 1914-1917 [The Russian Bourgeoisie and Tsarism During the First World War] (Leningrad, 1967)
28. A. L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny [The Economic Situation in Russia during the First World War] (Moscow, 1973).
29. S. N. Prokopovich, “Krest'ianstvo i poreformennaia fabrika” [The Peasantry and the Post-Reform Factory], in A. K. Dzhivelegov, ed., Velikaia reforma [The Great Reform] (Moscow, 1911) 6: 276.
30. Gaston V. Rimlinger, “Autocracy and the Factory Order in Early Russian Industrialization,” Journal of Economic History, 20 1 (March 1960), 71.
31. Reginald E. Zelnik, “The Peasant and the Factory,” in Wayne S. Vucinich, ed., The Peasant in Nineteenth Century Russia (Stanford, 1968), 186.
32. Leopold Haimson, “The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 19051917,” in Slavic Review, 23, 4 (December 1964) I, 629.
33. Michael F. Hamm, “The Breakdown of Urban Modernization: A Prelude to the Revolutions of 1917,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 182-183.
34. Quoted from a 1913 observer by Skinner, 153.
35. Hamm, 197
36. Zelnik, Labor and Society, 385.
37. Hamm, 197.
38. K. I. Lander, “Gorod i gorodskoe samoupravlenie v Pribaltiiskom krae v pervoi polovine XIX veka” [The City and Self-Government in the Baltic Region during the First Half of the 19th Century], in Istoriia Rossii v XIX v., 4: 43.
39. Harris, 239.
40. See Harris, 256-267 for tables documenting the growth of the 200 largest cities since 1867.
41. Harris, 401.
42. T. I. Zaslavskaia, ed., Migratsiia seliskogo naseleniia [Migration of the Rural Population] (Moscow, 1970), 153-165.
43. R. V. Tatevosov, “Metody analiza mezhraionnoi migratsii v SSSR v sviazi s protsessom urbanizatsii” [Analytical Methods of Inter-regional Migration in Relation to Soviet Urbanization], in Valentei, Problemy urbanizatsii, 106-107.
44. See Zaslavskaia, 161-165.
45. Tatevosov. 110.
46. V. I. Staroverov, Gorod ili derevnia [The City or the Countryside] (Moscow, 1972), 5-6.
47. Larmin, et al., 43.
48. Helen Desfosses Cohn, “Population Policy in the USSR,” in Problems of Communism, 22, 4: 43.
49. Staroverov, 63.
50. Cohn, 47.
51. M. M. Babaev, “Kriminologicheskie issledovaniia problem migratsii naseleniia” [Criminological Research on the Problems of Migration], in Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i Pravo [Soviet State and Law], 3 (1968), 86-90.
52. Walter D. Connor, Deviance in Soviet Society. Crime, Delinquency, and Alcoholism (New York, 1972), 173.
53. V. F. Medvedev and S. A. Pol'skii, “Problemy planirovaniia i regulirovanie rosta bol'shikh gorodov” [Problems of Planning and Regulating the Growth of Large Cities], in Valentei, Problemy urbanizatsii, 89.
54. B. Michael Frolic, “The Soviet Study of Soviet Cities,” in The Journal of Politics, 32, 3: 685.
55. Staroverov, 75
56. Frolic, 684-685.
57. V. Perevedentsev, “What Kind of City is Advantageous,” in Literaturnaia gazeta [Literary News] 38 (20 September 1967); [tr. in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 19, 38 (1967), 5].
58. Cited by V. Ivanov, “Urbanization: Present and Future,” Voprosy ekonomiki [Problems of Economics], 11 (1969), 38.
59. D. G. Khodzhaev and B. S. Khorev, “Kontseptsiia edinoi sistemy rasseleniia i planovoe regulirovanie rosta gorodov v SSSR” [An Idea for One System of Settlement and Planned Regulation of City Growth in the USSR], in Valentei, Problemy urbanizatsii, 23.
60. Staroverov, 79.
61. V. Perevedentsev. “The Future of the Small City: 50,000,000 Live Here,” in Literaturnaia gazeta, 3 (January 17, 1968); tr. in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 20, 3 (1968), 12.
62. Medvedev and Pol'skii, 88-99.
63. Perevedentsev, “The Future of the Small City,” 12.
64. Perevedentsev, in Ivanovo, Urbanzation, 39.
65. Frolic, 685-686.
66. D. Valentei and B. Khorev, “Questions of Economic Theory: The Problems of the Cities,” in Ekonomicheskeia gazeta [Economic News], 29 (1967); [tr. in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 19, 38 (1967), 5].
67. S. Frederick Starr, “The Revival and Schism of Urban Planning in Twentieth-Century Russia,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 222-223.
68. Kopp, 1.
69. Milka Bliznakov, “Urban Planning in the U.S.S.R.: Integrative Theories,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 243.
70. From Izvestiia, 22 November 1925. Cited by Kopp, 63.
71. Le Corbusier, The Radiant City (New York, 1967), 74.
72. Kopp, 144
73. G. A. Gradov, Gorod i byt (Moscow, 1968), 49.
74. Kopp, 153.
75. Bliznakov, 248-249.
76. Gradov, 57.
77. See L. Kogan and V. Vardosanidze, “Novye zhilye raionyi sotsial'no-kul'turnye sviazi v krupneishem gorode” [Social and Cultural Relations in New Housing Regions in the Larger Cities], in Arkhitektura SSSR, 8 (1976), 32.
78. Kopp, 185.
79. Bliznakov, 254.
80. Gradov, 140.
81. For example, see E. Levina and E. Syrkina, “Reflections on the Microdistrict,” Zvezda [Star], 10 (1966); [tr. in Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 19, 3 (1967), 35].
82. Alfred John DiMaio, Jr., Soviet Urban Housing. Problems and Policies (New York, 1974), 62-63. He notes, however, that of the 800 housing designs available to Soviet architects and planners, scarcely 10% have ever been used because of pressure from industrial interests to standardize (73-74).
83. Cited by William Taubman, Governing Soviet Cities. Bureaucratic Politics and Urban Development in the USSR (New York, 1973), 25.
84. Taubman, 63.
85. DiMaio, 15.
86. A. Tomsen, “Zhilishchnyi vopros:-vazhnaia sotsial'naia problema sovremennosti” [The Housing Question: An Important Social Problem of Our Time], Voprosy filosofii [Problems of Philosophy], 12 (1959), 22-34; DiMaio, 2.
87. DiMaio, 199.
88. David T. Cattell, “Soviet Cities and Consumer Welfare Planning,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 258, 262.
89. DiMaio, 200.
90. Taubman, 22
91. Cattell, 259-264.
92. Taubman, 24.
93. Frolic, “Soviet Study of Soviet Cities,” 693.
94. Kopp, 168.
95. Cited in Taubman, 59.
96. Frolic, “Soviet Studies of Soviet Cities,” 675.
97. Harris, 30-31.
98. Roland J. Fuchs, “Soviet Urban Geography-An Appraisal of Postwar Research,” in Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 54, 2 (1964), 285.
99. Frolic, “Soviet Study of Soviet Cities,” 680.
100. B. M. Frolic, “The New Moscow City Plan,” in Hamm, The City in Russian History, 284-285.
101. Frolic, “Soviet Study of Soviet Cities,” 689.
102. Blackwell, 324.
103. Taubman, 113. Traditionally, Soviet city government has “been viewed more as administration than politics” and “the standard conception of Party-dominated urban governance persists” (5). For example, Frolic emphasizes the “basic fact of Party dominance over decision-making” which encourages “national uniformity in [city] decision-making.” See “Decision Making in Soviet Cities,” 39. Conversely, Taubman cites “the dilemma of city officials who must cope with conflicting instructions from higher Party bureaus,” and emphasizes that industrial interests often continue to be more influential in city affairs than the Party (5).
104. For example, see Ivanov, 43.
105. See Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 19, 3 (1967), 35-36.
106. V. V. Kirillov, “Idei rekonstruktsii Moskvy v proektakh 20-kh-nachala 30-kh godov XX v” [Ideas for the Reconstruction of Moscow in the Projects of the 1920s and Early 1930s], in V. L. Ianina, ed., Russkii gorod [The Russian City] (Moscow, 1976), 214.
107. Frolic, “The New Moscow City Plan,” 284.