A history of aboriginal heritage protection legislation in South Australia

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 1-17

  Wiltshire, Kelly D ^a   Wallis, Lynley A ^a  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84925639230     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Foster R, “An Imaginary Dominion: The Representation and Treatment of Aborigines in South Australia, 1834-1911” (PhD thesis, Department of History, University of Adelaide, 1993) p 28.
2. Cameron R, A Little Flour and a Few Blankets: An Administrative History of Aboriginal Affairs in South Australia, 1834-2000 (State Records of South Australia, 2002) p 8.
3. Cameron R, n 2, p 14.
4. Cameron R, n 2, p 35.
5. Cameron R, n 2, p 50.
6. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 25 October (Government Printer, South Australia, 1962) p 1722.
7. Edwards R, “Legislation for the Protection of Aboriginal Relics in South Australia”, in McCarthy FD (ed), Aboriginal Antiquities in Australia: Their Nature and Preservation (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1970) p 160
8. Fitzpatrick P, “A Brief History of Aboriginal Legislation in South Australia” (Paper presented at a Heritage Working Group organised by Australian Archaeological Association of Consulting Archaeologists Inc and the Anthropology Society of South Australia, 1997).
9. Edwards, n 7, p 160.
10. Fitzpatrick, n 7;
11. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 22 September (Government Printer, South Australia, 1964) p 921.
12. McCarthy FD, “Aboriginal Relics and Their Preservation” (1938) 2 Mankind 120
13. Moser S, “Archaeology and Its Disciplinary Culture: The Professionalisation of Australian Prehistoric Archaeology” (PhD thesis, Department of Prehistory and Historic Archaeology, University of Sydney, 1995) p 89
14. Mulvaney DJ, “Human Factors in the Deterioration and Destruction of Antiquities and their Remedy”, in McCarthy FD (ed), Aboriginal Antiquities in Australia: Their Nature and Preservation (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1970) p 115.
15. Hemming S, “The Problem with Heritage: Translation, Transformation and Resistance”, in Worby G and Rigney LI (eds), Sharing Space: Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Responses to Story, Country and Rights (Australian Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, 2006) p 316.
16. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 11 August (Government Printer, South Australia, 1965) p 1022
17. Kijas J, An Historical Overview of Aboriginal Heritage Legislation in South Australia (Aboriginal Studies Graduate Diploma, South Australian College of Advanced Education, 1986) p 2.
18. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 3(1).
19. Fourmile H, “Aboriginal Heritage Legislation and Self-determination” (1989) 7 Australian Canadian Studies 50
20. Hemming, n 11
21. Hemming S and Trevorrow T, “Kungan Ngarrindjeri Yunnan: Archaeology, Colonialism and Re-claiming the Future” in Smith C and Wobst M (eds), Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice (Routledge, 2005)
22. Kijas, n 12, p 3
23. Ritchie D, “Australian Heritage Protection Laws: An Overview” in Finlayson J and Jackson-Nakano A (eds), Heritage and Native Title: Anthropological and Legal Perspectives (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1996) p 29.
24. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 23.
25. Under s 16 of the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA) the Minister can proclaim an area to be an Historic Reserve or a Prohibited Area in order to protect relics located within their designated boundaries. Historic Reserves are areas considered not to be endangered by the presence of visitors, and no permission is required to enter one. Prohibited Areas require the permission from the Minister to enter to prevent or control the entry of all persons who could interfere, expose and threaten the preservation of relics. Note
26. Under the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), it is an offence for anyone in South Australia, including indigenous peoples, to sell an artefact without Ministerial permission (s 27(2)). Note
27. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 12-24.
28. Ward GK, “Archaeology and Legislation in Australia” in Connah G (ed), Australian Field Archaeology: A Guide to Techniques (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1983) p 24.
29. Edwards, n 7, p 165.
30. Section 4(1) of the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act states that Indigenous people shall not be denied free access to and enjoyment of relics of their ancestors, as is sanctioned by their customary law. Note
31. Kijas, n 12, p 13.
32. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 18(b).
33. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 25(1).
34. Smith LJ, “A History of Aboriginal Heritage Legislation in South-east Australia” (2000) 50 Australian Archaeology 113.
35. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 27(1) and (2).
36. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 24(1).
37. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 22(1).
38. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 28(2).
39. Kijas, n 12, p iii.
40. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 7(1).
41. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), s 6(1) and (2).
42. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 12 September 1968 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1
43. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 3 June 1970 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 2
44. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 26 June 1970 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1).
45. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 18 June 1970 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1.
46. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 6 December 1968 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1
47. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 7 August 1970 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1), p 4.
48. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 28 June 1968 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1.
49. South Australian Government Gazette (21 March 1968) p 965
50. South Australian Government Gazette (11 April 1968) p 1198
51. South Australian Government Gazette (23 May 1968) p 1556.
52. South Australian Government Gazette (14 March 1969) p 1.
53. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire K, “Unfinished Business: The Lower Murray Lakes Archaeology Study within an Historical and Political Context” (BArch Hons thesis, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, 2006) p 169.
54. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, September 1981) p 1.
55. Edwards R, South Australian Museum Memorandum 9 June 1972 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1).
56. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 169.
57. Ellis RW, “South Australia: Existing Legislation and its Implementation” in Edwards R (ed), The Preservation of Australia’s Aboriginal Heritage: Report of National Seminar on Aboriginal Antiquities in Australia, May 1972 (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1975) p 9.
58. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, pp 170-171.
59. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 171.
60. Ellis RW, Rethinking the Paradigm: Cultural Heritage Management in Queensland (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, University of Queensland, 1994) p 15
61. Kijas n 12, p 13.
62. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 170.
63. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Advisory Board, Policy on Relics Administration 1971 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1).
64. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 23 November 1970 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1)
65. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 26 February 1971 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 6.
66. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Unit, Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 Newsletter 1973 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1.
67. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 168
68. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
69. Under s 6(2) of the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA), the Act specifies where the members of its board should come from and this did not include a representative from the Department of Mines. Note
70. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
71. Aboriginal Heritage Section, n 40, p 1.
72. Cameron R, n 2, p 66.
73. South Australian Museum Study: First Interim Report Findings and Recommendations June 1979 (State Records of South Australia, GRG 46/7).
74. Ellis B, Personal Correspondence, 29 March 1977 (South Australian Museum Archive, AA681/1).
75. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 169.
76. Fitzpatrick, n 7
77. Kijas n 12, p 38.
78. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
79. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 15 February (Government Printer, South Australia, 1979) p 2695.
80. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, n 60, p 2695.
81. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, n 60, p 2696.
82. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 21 February (Government Printer, South Australia, 1979).
83. As cited in Kijas, n 12, p 31.
84. South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 28 February (Government Printer, South Australia, 1979) p 3071.
85. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 168.
86. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
87. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
88. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
89. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 171.
90. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, December 1981) p 2.
91. Since a commencement date for the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1979 (SA) had never been set, the Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 (SA) was technically still law even though it had been repealed by the former. Even if this was the case the situation was untenable because its Advisory Board had been suspended and never reinstated. During this period, the confused status of the legislation led to a series of usual events and at one stage the Relics Unit staff were directed not to consult with Aboriginal people. Note
92. Fitzpatrick, n 7; Kijas, n 12.
93. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
94. Bramley J and Potezney V, “Meetings at Point McLeay and Meningie” (1983) 7 Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter, p 4
95. Fitzpatrick P and Coulthard D, “Meetings at Wamikata (Ernbella), Coober Pedy, Maree and Oodnadatta” (1983) 7 Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter, pp 5-6.
96. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, March 1982) p 1
97. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, March 1983) p 1
98. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, June 1983) p 1.
99. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, December 1982) p 3.
100. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, March 1983) p 1.
101. Aboriginal Heritage Section, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, June 1984) p 1.
102. Aboriginal Heritage Branch, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, September 1985) pp 1-2;
103. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
104. Fitzpatrick, n 7, p 6.
105. Aboriginal Heritage Branch, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, September 1987) p 1
106. Aboriginal Heritage Branch, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, December 1987) p 24.
107. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
108. Aboriginal Heritage Branch, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, June 1989) p 1.
109. Aboriginal Heritage Branch, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Aelaide, June 1988) p 1.
110. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 20 (1).
111. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 35(1).
112. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 35(2).
113. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 7.
114. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 19.
115. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 42.
116. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 21-23.
117. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 23.
118. Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), s 13.
119. Fitzpatrick, n 7. A similar situation use to exist in the now repealed Land (Planning and Environment) Act 1991 (ACT) in the Australian Capital Territory, where the only way for a developer to proceed in light of an Aboriginal site was to have the site entered into the ACT Heritage Register with provisions to allow for its destruction; hence that Act also served as a mechanism to legalise heritage destruction rather than preservation. Note
120. State Aboriginal Affairs, Annual Report 1992-1993 (Government Printer, South Australia) p 8.
121. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
122. State Aboriginal Affairs, Annual Report 1993-1994 (Government Printer, South Australia).
123. Fitzpatrick, n 7.
124. Roberts A, “Knowledge Power, Voice: An Investigation of Indigenous South Australian Perspectives of Archaeology” (PhD thesis, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Adelaide, 2003) p 291.
125. Trevorrow T and Hemming S, “Conversation: Kunggun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan – Listen to Ngarrindjeri People Talking”, in Worby G and Rigney LI (eds), Sharing Spaces: Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Responses to Story, Country and Rights (Australian Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, 2006) pp 295-304.
126. Draper N, Kumarangk (Hindmarsh Island, South Australia): Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Unpublished report prepared for the South Australian Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Adelaide and the Ngarrindjeri Traditional Owners of the Lower
127. Murray Region, 1996
128. Fergie D, “Federal Heritage Protection, Where to now? Cautionary Tales from South Australia”, in Finlayson J and Jackson-Nakano (eds), Heritage and Native Title: Anthropological and Legal Perspectives (Native Title Research Unit, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1996)
129. Saunders C, Report to the Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs on the Significant Aboriginal Area in the Vicinity of Goolwa and Hindmarsh Island (Kumarangk) (Unpublished report prepared for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Canberra, 1994).
130. Chapman v Tickner (1995) 55 FCR 316; 37 ALD 1; 133 ALR 74.
131. This finding was overturned by a later decision by Judge Van Doosa
132. Bell D, Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin: A World That Is, Was and Will Be Spinifex Press, 1998
133. Hemming and Trevorrow, n 14.
134. Hindmarsh Island Act 1996 (SA).
135. Hemming, n 11, p 318
136. Trevorrow and Hemming, n 100, p 301.
137. Hemming and Trevorrow, n 14, pp 247-248
138. Trevorrow and Hemming, n 100, p 303.
139. Cameron R, n 2, p 70.
140. Department for Administration and Information Services, “New Name for Department Leading Agenda for Change” (July 2003) 6 Talkabout 3.
141. Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, The DAARe Charter (Unpublished charter prepared for the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Adelaide, 2003).
142. Trevorrow T, as cited in Wiltshire K, “Unfinished Business: The Lower Murray Lakes Archaeology Study within an Historical and Political Context” (BArch Hons thesis, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, 2006) p 183.
143. Aboriginal Heritage Branch, Aboriginal Heritage Newsletter (Adelaide, 1991), p 1.
144. Ellis B, as cited in Wiltshire, n 39, p 171.
145. Cleere H, “Introduction: The Rationale of Archaeological Heritage Management”, in Cleere H (ed), Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World (Unwin Hyman, 1989) p 12
146. Kristiansen K, “Perspectives on Archaeological Heritage: History and Future”, in Cleere H (ed), Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World (Unwin Hyman, 1989) p 27
147. Smith L J, Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Cultural Heritage (Routledge, 2004).
148. Roberts A, Hemming S, Trevorrow T, Trevorrow G, Rigney M, Rigney G, Aguis L and Aguis R, “Nukun and Kungun Ngarrindjeri Ruwe (Look and Listen to Ngarrindjeri Country): An Investigation of Ngarrindjeri Perspectives to Archaeology in Relation to Native Title and Heritage Matters” (2005) 1 Australian Aboriginal Studies (Canberra) 47.
149. Hemming S, “River Murray Histories: Oral History, Archaeology and Museum Collections”, in Greenwood E, Nuemann K and Sartori A (eds), Work In Flux (History Department, University of Melbourne, 1995)
150. Hemming and Trevorrow, n 14
151. Hemming S, Wood V and Hunter R, “Researching the Past: Oral History and Archaeology at Swan Reach”, in Torrence R and Clarke A (eds), The Archaeology of Difference: Negotiating Cross-cultural Engagements in Oceania (Routledge, 2000).
152. Smith LT, Decolonising Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (University of Otago Press, 1999) p 56.
153. Ellis RW, n 46
154. Hemming, n 11
155. Hemming and Trevorrow, n 14.
156. Parrot H, “Legislation to Protect Australia’s Material Cultural Heritage: Guidelines for Cultural Resource Professionals” (1990) 31 Australian Archaeology 81.
157. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 14 March 1969 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1
158. Aboriginal and Historical Relics Advisory Board, Meeting Minutes 3 June 1970 (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1) p 1
159. Aboriginal and Historic Relics Unit, Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965 Newsletter (South Australian Museum Archives, AA861/1, 1975) p 1.