Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects

Archives of Virology

Volumn 160, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 893-908

  Spandole, Sonia ^a   Cimponeriu, Dănuţ ^a   Berca, Lavinia Mariana ^b   Mihăescu, Grigore ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST   (Romania)

^b Food And Bioresource Institute   (Romania)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANELLOVIRIDAE; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; GENETICS; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS GENOME;

ANELLOVIRUS; ANIMALS; DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; GENOME, VIRAL; HUMANS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; PHYLOGENY;

EID: 84925534859     PISSN: 03048608     EISSN: 14328798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2363-9     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. (2012) Family—Anelloviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ (eds) Virus taxonomy. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 331–341
2. Afkari R, Pirouzi A, Mohsenzadeh M, Azadi M, Jafari M (2012) Molecular detection of TT virus and SEN virus infections in hemodialysed patients and blood donors in south of Iran. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 55:478–480
3. Al-Moslih MI, Perkins H, Hu YW (2007) Genetic relationship of Torque Teno virus (TTV) between humans and camels in United Arab Emirates (UAE). J Med Virol 79:188–191
4. Alavi S, Sharifi Z, Valeshabad AK, Nourbakhsh K, Shamsian BS, Arzanian MT, Safarisharari A, Navidinia M (2011) Clinical outcomes of Torque teno virus-infected thalassemic patients with and without hepatitis C virus infection. Korean J Hematol 46:123–127
5. Allain JP (2000) Emerging viral infections relevant to transfusion medicine. Blood Rev 14:173–181
6. Alzahrani AJ, Dela Cruz DM, Obeid OE, Bukhari HA, Al-Qahtani AA, Al-Ahdal MN (2009) Molecular detection of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and torque teno viruses in drug users in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 81:1343–1347
7. Ataei B, Emami Naeini A, Khorvash F, Yazdani MR, Javadi AA (2012) Prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus infection in hemodialysis patients and injection drug users compared to healthy blood donors in Isfahan, Iran. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012:671927
8. Bagaglio S, Sitia G, Prati D, Cella D, Hasson H, Novati R, Lazzarin A, Morsica G (2002) Mother-to-child transmission of TT virus: sequence analysis of non-coding region of TT virus in infected mother-infant pairs. Arch Virol 147:803–812
9. Ball JK, Curran R, Berridge S, Grabowska AM, Jameson CL, Thomson BJ, Irving WL, Sharp PM (1999) TT virus sequence heterogeneity in vivo: evidence for co-infection with multiple genetic types. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 7):1759–1768
10. Bando M, Ohno S, Oshikawa K, Takahashi M, Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y (2001) Infection of TT virus in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 95:935–942
11. Biagini P, Gallian P, Attoui H, Cantaloube JF, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X (1999) Determination and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences from TT virus isolates. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 2):419–424
12. Biagini P, Gallian P, Attoui H, Cantaloube JF, Touinssi M, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X (2001) Comparison of systems performance for TT virus detection using PCR primer sets located in non-coding and coding regions of the viral genome. J Clin Virol 22:91–99
13. Biagini P (2004) Human circoviruses. Vet Microbiol 98:95–101
14. Biagini P, Gallian P, Cantaloube JF, Attoui H, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X (2006) Distribution and genetic analysis of TTV and TTMV major phylogenetic groups in French blood donors. J Med Virol 78:298–304
15. Biagini P, Uch R, Belhouchet M, Attoui H, Cantaloube JF, Brisbarre N, de Micco P (2007) Circular genomes related to anelloviruses identified in human and animal samples by using a combined rolling-circle amplification/sequence-independent single primer amplification approach. J Gen Virol 88:2696–2701
16. Biagini P (2009) Classification of TTV and related viruses (anelloviruses). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 331:21–33
17. Borkosky SS, Whitley C, Kopp-Schneider A, zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM (2012) Epstein-Barr virus stimulates torque teno virus replication: a possible relationship to multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 7:e32160
18. Brown KE, Wong S, Young NS (1997) Prevalence of GBV-C/HGV, a novel ‘hepatitis’ virus, in patients with aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 97:492–496
19. Calcaterra S, Zaniratti MS, Serraino D, Peroni M, Abbate I, Cappiello G, Piselli P, Pavia C, Rezza G, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR (2001) Cervicovaginal shedding of TT virus in HIV-infected women. J Hum Virol 4:343–345
20. Campo N, Torre E, Brizzolara R, Sinelli N, Russo R, Puppo F, Picciotto A (2000) Prevalence of TT virus (TTV) infection in patients at high risk of parenterally transmitted viruses. J Hepatol 32:185
21. Carducci A, Verani M, Lombardi R, Casini B, Privitera G (2011) Environmental survey to assess viral contamination of air and surfaces in hospital settings. J Hosp Infect 77:242–247
22. Chan PK, Chik KW, Li CK, Tang NL, Ming MS, Cheung JL, Ng KC, Yuen PM, Cheng AF (2001) Prevalence and genotype distribution of TT virus in various specimen types from thalassaemic patients. J Viral Hepat 8:304–309
23. Chan PK, Tam WH, Yeo W, Cheung JL, Zhong S, Cheng AF (2001) High carriage rate of TT virus in the cervices of pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 32:1376–1377
24. Charlton M, Adjei P, Poterucha J, Zein N, Moore B, Therneau T, Krom R, Wiesner R (1998) Prevalence of TT-virus infection in North American blood donors, patients with fulminant hepatic failure and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology 28:263a–263a
25. Charlton M, Adjei P, Poterucha J, Zein N, Moore B, Therneau T, Krom R, Wiesner R (1998) TT-virus infection in North American blood donors, patients with fulminant hepatic failure, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology 28:839–842
26. Chattopadhyay S, Das BC, Gupta RK, Kar P (2005) Presence of TT virus infection in chronic hepatitis patients from a hospital in New Delhi, India. Indian J Med Res 122:29–33
27. Chikasue K, Kimura M, Ikeda K, Ohnishi T, Kawanishi S, Iio T, Kataoka M, Arao Y (2012) Detection of Torque teno virus DNA in exhaled breath by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Med Okayama 66:387–397
28. Chu CC, Zhang L, Dhayalan A, Agagnina BM, Magli AR, Fraher G, Didier S, Johnson LP, Kennedy WJ, Damle RN, Yan XJ, Patten PE, Teichberg S, Koduru P, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai KR, Chiorazzi N (2011) Torque teno virus 10 isolated by genome amplification techniques from a patient with concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia and polycythemia vera. Mol Med 17:1338–1348
29. Chung JY, Han TH, Koo JW, Kim SW, Seo JK, Hwang ES (2007) Small anellovirus infections in Korean children. Emerg Infect Dis 13:791–793
30. Cibulski SP, Teixeira TF, de Sales Lima FE, do Santos HF, Franco AC, Roehe PM (2014) A novel Anelloviridae species detected in Tadarida brasiliensis bats: first sequence of a chiropteran anellovirus. Genome Announc 2
31. Cimponeriu D, Ion DA, Spandole S, Apostol P, Toma M, Radu I, Panduru N, Belc N, Berca LM, Adascalului M, Niculae OM, Burcos T, Popa E, Popa I, Stanilescu S, Belusica L, Cristian S (2013) Potential implication of genetic polymorphisms and Torque teno virus in sporadic breast cancer. Rom Biotechnol Lett 18:7889–7896
32. Costa MR, Costa IP, Devalle S, Castro AR, Freitas SZ (2012) Prevalence and genetic diversity of torque teno virus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a reference service in Mato Grosso do Sul. Rev Bras Reumatol 52:49–54
33. Davidson F, MacDonald D, Mokili JL, Prescott LE, Graham S, Simmonds P (1999) Early acquisition of TT virus (TTV) in an area endemic for TTV infection. J Infect Dis 179:1070–1076
34. de Oliveira JC, Nasser TF, Oda JM, Aoki MN, Carneiro JL, Barbosa DS, Reiche EM, Watanabe MA (2008) Detection of TTV in peripheral blood cells from patients with altered ALT and AST levels. New Microbiol 31:195–201
35. De Paula VS, Diniz-Mendes L, Villar LM, Luz SL, Silva LA, Jesus MS, da Silva NM, Gaspar AM (2007) Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from the Amazon Basin. Water Res 41:1169–1176
36. de Villiers EM, Schmidt R, Delius H, zur Hausen H (2002) Heterogeneity of TT virus related sequences isolated from human tumour biopsy specimens. J Mol Med (Berl) 80:44–50
37. de Villiers EM, Bulajic M, Nitsch C, Kecmanovic D, Pavlov M, Kopp-Schneider A, Lohr M (2007) TTV infection in colorectal cancer tissues and normal mucosa. Int J Cancer 121:2109–2112
38. Deng X, Terunuma H, Handema R, Sakamoto M, Kitamura T, Ito M, Akahane Y (2000) Higher prevalence and viral load of TT virus in saliva than in the corresponding serum: another possible transmission route and replication site of TT virus. J Med Virol 62:531–537
39. Desai M, Pal R, Deshmukh R, Banker D (2005) Replication of TT virus in hepatocyte and leucocyte cell lines. J Med Virol 77:136–143
40. Desai MM, Pal RB, Banker DD (2005) Molecular epidemiology and clinical implications of TT virus (TTV) infection in Indian subjects. J Clin Gastroenterol 39:422–429
41. Devalle S, Niel C (2004) Distribution of TT virus genomic groups 1–5 in Brazilian blood donors, HBV carriers, and HIV-1-infected patients. J Med Virol 72:166–173
42. Diniz-Mendes L, Paula VS, Luz SL, Niel C (2008) High prevalence of human Torque teno virus in streams crossing the city of Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. J Appl Microbiol 105:51–58
43. Erker JC, Leary TP, Desai SM, Chalmers ML, Mushahwar IK (1999) Analyses of TT virus full-length genomic sequences. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 7):1743–1750
44. Fabrizi F, Martin P, Lunghi G, Locatelli F (2001) TT virus infection in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). J Nephrol 14:80–87
45. Focosi D, Maggi F, Albani M, Macera L, Ricci V, Gragnani S, Di Beo S, Ghimenti M, Antonelli G, Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Petrini M (2010) Torquetenovirus viremia kinetics after autologous stem cell transplantation are predictable and may serve as a surrogate marker of functional immune reconstitution. J Clin Virol 47:189–192
46. Fornai C, Maggi F, Vatteroni ML, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2001) High prevalence of TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like minivirus in cervical swabs. J Clin Microbiol 39:2022–2024
47. Foschini MP, Morandi L, Macchia S, DalMonte PR, Pession A (2001) TT virus-related acute recurrent hepatitis. Histological features of a case and review of the literature. Virchows Arch 439:752–755
48. Gallian P, Berland Y, Olmer M, Raccah D, de Micco P, Biagini P, Simon S, Bouchouareb D, Mourey C, Roubicek C, Touinssi M, Cantaloube JF, Dussol B, de Lamballerie X (1999) TT virus infection in French hemodialysis patients: study of prevalence and risk factors. J Clin Microbiol 37:2538–2542
49. Gallian P, Biagini P, Zhong S, Touinssi M, Yeo W, Cantaloube JF, Attoui H, de Micco P, Johnson PJ, de Lamballerie X (2000) TT virus: a study of molecular epidemiology and transmission of genotypes 1, 2 and 3. J Clin Virol 17:43–49
50. Galmes J, Li Y, Rajoharison A, Ren L, Dollet S, Richard N, Vernet G, Javouhey E, Wang J, Telles JN, Paranhos-Baccala G (2012) Potential implication of new torque teno mini viruses in parapneumonic empyema in children. Eur Respir J 42:470
51. Garbuglia AR, Iezzi T, Capobianchi MR, Pignoloni P, Pulsoni A, Sourdis J, Pescarmona E, Vitolo D, Mandelli F (2003) Detection of TT virus in lymph node biopsies of B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease, and its association with EBV infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 16:109–118
52. Gergely P Jr, Blazsek A, Danko K, Ponyi A, Poor G (2005) Detection of TT virus in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1050:304–313
53. Gergely P Jr, Pullmann R, Stancato C, Otvos L Jr, Koncz A, Blazsek A, Poor G, Brown KE, Phillips PE, Perl A (2005) Increased prevalence of transfusion-transmitted virus and cross-reactivity with immunodominant epitopes of the HRES-1/p28 endogenous retroviral autoantigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 116:124–134
54. Gergely P Jr, Perl A, Poor G (2006) Possible pathogenic nature of the recently discovered TT virus: does it play a role in autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Autoimmun Rev 6:5–9
55. Gerner P, Oettinger R, Gerner W, Falbrede J, Wirth S (2000) Mother-to-infant transmission of TT virus: prevalence, extent and mechanism of vertical transmission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:1074–1077
56. Girard C, Ottomani L, Ducos J, Dereure O, Carles MJ, Guillot B (2007) High Prevalence of Torque teno (TT) virus in classical Kaposi’s sarcoma. Acta Derm Venereol 87:14–17
57. Griffin JS, Plummer JD, Long SC (2008) Torque teno virus: an improved indicator for viral pathogens in drinking waters. Virol J 5:112
58. Griffiths P (1999) Time to consider the concept of a commensal virus? Rev Med Virol 9:73–74
59. Hafez MM, Shaarawy SM, Hassan AA, Salim RF, Abd El Salam FM, Ali AE (2007) Prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) genotypes among HCC patients in Qaluobia governorate. Virol J 4:135
60. Hallett RL, Clewley JP, Bobet F, McKiernan PJ, Teo CG (2000) Characterization of a highly divergent TT virus genome. J Gen Virol 81:2273–2279
61. Haramoto E, Katayama H, Oguma K, Ohgaki S (2005) Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:2403–2411
62. Haramoto E, Katayama H, Oguma K, Yamashita H, Nakajima E, Ohgaki S (2005) One-year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in wastewater treatment plants in Japan. Water Res 39:2008–2013
63. Heller F, Zachoval R, Koelzer A, Nitschko H, Froesner GG (2001) Isolate KAV: a new genotype of the TT-virus family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289:937–941
64. Hijikata M, Takahashi K, Mishiro S (1999) Complete circular DNA genome of a TT virus variant (isolate name SANBAN) and 44 partial ORF2 sequences implicating a great degree of diversity beyond genotypes. Virology 260:17–22
65. Hino S (2002) TTV, a new human virus with single stranded circular DNA genome. Rev Med Virol 12:151–158
66. Hirata D, Kaneko N, Iwamoto M, Yoshio T, Okazaki H, Mimori A, Masuyama J, Minota S (1998) Infection with an unenveloped DNA virus (TTV) associated with non-A to G hepatitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 37:1361–1362
67. Hsieh SY, Wu YH, Ho YP, Tsao KC, Yeh CT, Liaw YF (1999) High prevalence of TT virus infection in healthy children and adults and in patients with liver disease in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 37:1829–1831
68. Hsu HY, Ni YH, Chen HL, Kao JH, Chang MH (2003) TT virus infection in healthy children, children after blood transfusion, and children with non-A to E hepatitis or other liver diseases in Taiwan. J Med Virol 69:66–71
69. Hu YW, Al-Moslih MI, Al Ali MT, Khameneh SR, Perkins H, Diaz-Mitoma F, Roy JN, Uzicanin S, Brown EG (2005) Molecular detection method for all known genotypes of TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like viruses in thalassemia patients and healthy individuals. J Clin Microbiol 43:3747–3754
70. Hu ZJ, Lang ZW, Zhou YS, Yan HP, Huang DZ, Chen WR, Luo ZX (2002) Clinicopathological study on TTV infection in hepatitis of unknown etiology. World J Gastroenterol 8:288–293
71. Huang LY, Oystein Jonassen T, Hungnes O, Grinde B (2001) High prevalence of TT virus-related DNA (90 %) and diverse viral genotypes in Norwegian blood donors. J Med Virol 64:381–386
72. Huang YH, Wu JC, Chiang TY, Chan YJ, Huo TI, Huang YS, Hwang SJ, Chang FY, Lee SD (2000) Detection and viral nucleotide sequence analysis of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in acute fulminant and non-fulminant hepatitis. J Viral Hepat 7:56–63
73. Hussain T, Manzoor S, Waheed Y, Tariq H, Hanif K (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus genome from Pakistani isolate and incidence of co-infection among HBV/HCV infected patients. Virol J 9:320
74. Ikeda H, Takasu M, Inoue K, Okamoto H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1999) Infection with an unenveloped DNA virus (TTV) in patients with acute or chronic liver disease of unknown etiology and in those positive for hepatitis C virus RNA. J Hepatol 30:205–212
75. Inami T, Konomi N, Arakawa Y, Abe K (2000) High prevalence of TT virus DNA in human saliva and semen. J Clin Microbiol 38:2407–2408
76. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses., King AMQ (2012) Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, London
77. Irshad M, Mandal K, Singh S, Agarwal SK (2010) Torque teno virus infection in hemodialysis patients in North India. Int Urol Nephrol 42:1077–1083
78. Irving WL, Ball JK, Berridge S, Curran R, Grabowska AM, Jameson CL, Neal KR, Ryder SD, Thomson BJ (1999) TT virus infection in patients with hepatitis C: frequency, persistence, and sequence heterogeneity. J Infect Dis 180:27–34
79. Ishikawa T, Hamano Y, Okamoto H (1999) Frequent detection of TT virus in throat swabs of pediatric patients. Infection 27:298
80. Iso K, Suzuki Y, Takayama M (2001) Mother-to-infant transmission of TT virus in Japan. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 75:11–19
81. Itoh M, Shimomura H, Fujioka S, Miyake M, Tsuji H, Ikeda F, Tsuji T (2001) High prevalence of TT virus in human bile juice samples: importance of secretion through bile into feces. Dig Dis Sci 46:457–462
82. Itoh N, Matsumura N, Ogi A, Nishide T, Imai Y, Kanai H, Ohno S (2000) High prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis syndrome associated with herpes simplex virus in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol 129:404–405
83. Jelcic I, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Hunziker A, Zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM (2004) Isolation of multiple TT virus genotypes from spleen biopsy tissue from a Hodgkin’s disease patient: genome reorganization and diversity in the hypervariable region. J Virol 78:7498–7507
84. Jiang XJ, Luo KX, He HT (2000) Intrahepatic transfusion-transmitted virus detected by in situ hybridization in patients with liver diseases. J Viral Hepat 7:292–296
85. Jones MS, Kapoor A, Lukashov VV, Simmonds P, Hecht F, Delwart E (2005) New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome. J Virol 79:8230–8236
86. Kadayifci A, Guney C, Uygun A, Kubar A, Bagci S, Dagalp K (2001) Similar frequency of TT virus infection in patients with liver enzyme elevations and healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pract 55:434–436
87. Kakkola L, Bonden H, Hedman L, Kivi N, Moisala S, Julin J, Yla-Liedenpohja J, Miettinen S, Kantola K, Hedman K, Soderlund-Venermo M (2008) Expression of all six human Torque teno virus (TTV) proteins in bacteria and in insect cells, and analysis of their IgG responses. Virology 382:182–189
88. Kanda T, Yokosuka O (1999) Clinical feature of TTV-related hepatitis. Nihon Rinsho 57:1330–1334
89. Kato H, Mizokami M, Orito E, Ohno T, Hayashi K, Nakano T, Kato T, Tanaka Y, Sugauchi F, Mukaide M, Ueda R (2000) Lack of association between TTV viral load and aminotransferase levels in patients with hepatitis C or non-B-C. Scand J Infect Dis 32:259–262
90. Kazi A, Miyata H, Kurokawa K, Khan MA, Kamahora T, Katamine S, Hino S (2000) High frequency of postnatal transmission of TT virus in infancy. Arch Virol 145:535–540
91. Khudyakov YE, Cong ME, Nichols B, Reed D, Dou XG, Viazov SO, Chang J, Fried MW, Williams I, Bower W, Lambert S, Purdy M, Roggendorf M, Fields HA (2000) Sequence heterogeneity of TT virus and closely related viruses. J Virol 74:2990–3000
92. Kikuchi K, Miyakawa H, Abe K, Kako M, Katayama K, Fukushi S, Mishiro S (2000) Indirect evidence of TTV replication in bone marrow cells, but not in hepatocytes, of a subacute hepatitis/aplastic anemia patient. J Med Virol 61:165–170
93. Kincaid RP, Burke JM, Cox JC, de Villiers EM, Sullivan CS (2013) A human torque teno virus encodes a microRNA that inhibits interferon signaling. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003818
94. Leary TP, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK (1999) Improved detection systems for TT virus reveal high prevalence in humans, non-human primates and farm animals. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 8):2115–2120
95. Leppik L, Gunst K, Lehtinen M, Dillner J, Streker K, de Villiers EM (2007) In vivo and in vitro intragenomic rearrangement of TT viruses. J Virol 81:9346–9356
96. Lin HH, Kao JH, Lee PI, Chen DS (2002) Early acquisition of TT virus in infants: possible minor role of maternal transmission. J Med Virol 66:285–290
97. Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Mariscal LF, de Lucas S, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Casqueiro M, Castillo I, Bartolome J, Herrero M, Manzano ML, Pardo M, Carreno V (2000) Presence of TTV DNA in serum, liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis. J Viral Hepat 7:440–447
98. Luo K, Zhang L (2001) Enteric transmission of transfusion-transmitted virus. Chin Med J (Engl) 114:1201–1204
99. Luo K, He H, Liu Z, Liu D, Xiao H, Jiang X, Liang W, Zhang L (2002) Novel variants related to TT virus distributed widely in China. J Med Virol 67:118–126
100. Maggi F, Fornai C, Morrica A, Casula F, Vatteroni ML, Marchi S, Ciccorossi P, Riente L, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (1999) High prevalence of TT virus viremia in Italian patients, regardless of age, clinical diagnosis, and previous interferon treatment. J Infect Dis 180:838–842
101. Maggi F, Fornai C, Vatteroni ML, Siciliano G, Menichetti F, Tascini C, Specter S, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2001) Low prevalence of TT virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of viremic patients with central nervous system disorders. J Med Virol 65:418–422
102. Maggi F, Fornai C, Zaccaro L, Morrica A, Vatteroni ML, Isola P, Marchi S, Ricchiuti A, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2001) TT virus (TTV) loads associated with different peripheral blood cell types and evidence for TTV replication in activated mononuclear cells. J Med Virol 64:190–194
103. Maggi F, Pistello M, Vatteroni M, Presciuttini S, Marchi S, Isola P, Fornai C, Fagnani S, Andreoli E, Antonelli G, Bendinelli M (2001) Dynamics of persistent TT virus infection, as determined in patients treated with alpha interferon for concomitant hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 75:11999–12004
104. Maggi F, Fornai C, Tempestini E, Andreoli E, Lanini L, Vatteroni ML, Pistello M, Marchi S, Antonelli G, Bendinelli M (2003) Relationships between TT virus infection and hepatitis C virus response to interferon therapy in doubly infected patients. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 17:176–182
105. Maggi F, Marchi S, Fornai C, Tempestini E, Andreoli E, Lanini L, Vatteroni ML, Bellini M, De Bortoli N, Costa F, Pistello M, Specter S, Bendinelli M (2003) Relationship of TT virus and Helicobacter pylori infections in gastric tissues of patients with gastritis. J Med Virol 71:160–165
106. Maggi F, Pifferi M, Fornai C, Andreoli E, Tempestini E, Vatteroni M, Presciuttini S, Marchi S, Pietrobelli A, Boner A, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2003) TT virus in the nasal secretions of children with acute respiratory diseases: relations to viremia and disease severity. J Virol 77:2418–2425
107. Maggi F, Andreoli E, Lanini L, Fornai C, Vatteroni M, Pistello M, Presciuttini S, Bendinelli M (2005) Relationships between total plasma load of torquetenovirus (TTV) and TTV genogroups carried. J Clin Microbiol 43:4807–4810
108. Maggi F, Tempestini E, Lanini L, Andreoli E, Fornai C, Giannecchini S, Vatteroni M, Pistello M, Marchi S, Ciccorossi P, Specter S, Bendinelli M (2005) Blood levels of TT virus following immune stimulation with influenza or hepatitis B vaccine. J Med Virol 75:358–365
109. Maggi F, Andreoli E, Lanini L, Meschi S, Rocchi J, Fornai C, Vatteroni ML, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2006) Rapid increase in total torquetenovirus (TTV) plasma viremia load reveals an apparently transient superinfection by a TTV of a novel group 2 genotype. J Clin Microbiol 44:2571–2574
110. Maggi F, Andreoli E, Riente L, Meschi S, Rocchi J, Delle Sedie A, Vatteroni ML, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Specter S, Bendinelli M (2007) Torquetenovirus in patients with arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46:885–886
111. Manni F, Rotola A, Caselli E, Bertorelle G, Di Luca D (2002) Detecting recombination in TT virus: a phylogenetic approach. J Mol Evol 55:563–572
112. Mariscal LF, Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Ortiz-Movilla N, de Lucas S, Bartolome J, Carreno V (2002) TT virus replicates in stimulated but not in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Virology 301:121–129
113. Martinez NM, Garcia F, Alvarez M, Bernal MC, Piedrola G, Hernandez J, Maroto MC (2000) TT virus DNA in serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and semen of patients infected by HIV. AIDS 14:1464–1466
114. Massau A, Martins C, Nachtigal GC, Araujo AB, Rossetti ML, Niel C, da Silva CM (2012) The high prevalence of Torque teno virus DNA in blood donors and haemodialysis patients in southern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107:684–686
115. Matsubara H, Michitaka K, Horiike N, Yano M, Akbar SM, Torisu M, Onji M (2000) Existence of TT virus DNA in extracellular body fluids from normal healthy Japanese subjects. Intervirology 43:16–19
116. Matsubara H, Michitaka K, Horiike N, Kihana T, Yano M, Mori T, Onji M (2001) Existence of TT virus DNA and TTV-like mini virus DNA in infant cord blood: mother-to-neonatal transmission. Hepatol Res 21:280–287
117. Mi Z, Yuan X, Pei G, Wang W, An X, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Peng F, Li S, Bai C, Tong Y (2014) High-throughput sequencing exclusively identified a novel Torque teno virus genotype in serum of a patient with fatal fever. Virol Sin 29:112–118
118. Miyamoto M, Takahashi H, Sakata I, Adachi Y (2000) Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia and transfusion-transmitted virus infection. Intern Med 39:1068–1070
119. Miyata H, Tsunoda H, Kazi A, Yamada A, Khan MA, Murakami J, Kamahora T, Shiraki K, Hino S (1999) Identification of a novel GC-rich 113-nucleotide region to complete the circular, single-stranded DNA genome of TT virus, the first human circovirus. J Virol 73:3582–3586
120. Moen EM, Sleboda J, Grinde B (2002) Real-time PCR methods for independent quantitation of TTV and TLMV. J Virol Methods 104:59–67
121. Moen EM, Sleboda J, Grinde B (2002) Serum concentrations of TT virus and TT virus-like mini virus in patients developing AIDS. AIDS 16:1679–1682
122. Moriyama M, Matsumura H, Shimizu T, Shioda A, Kaneko M, Miyazawa K, Miyata H, Tanaka N, Uchida T, Arakawa Y (2001) Histopathologic impact of TT virus infection on the liver of type C chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in Japan. J Med Virol 64:74–81
123. Morrica A, Maggi F, Vatteroni ML, Fornai C, Pistello M, Ciccorossi P, Grassi E, Gennazzani A, Bendinelli M (2000) TT virus: evidence for transplacental transmission. J Infect Dis 181:803–804
124. Mushahwar IK, Erker JC, Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Simons JN, Birkenmeyer LG, Chalmers ML, Pilot-Matias TJ, Dexai SM (1999) Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: evidence for a new virus family infecting humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:3177–3182
125. Naoumov NV, Petrova EP, Thomas MG, Williams R (1998) Presence of a newly described human DNA virus (TTV) in patients with liver disease. Lancet 352:195–197
126. Niel C, Diniz-Mendes L, Devalle S (2005) Rolling-circle amplification of Torque teno virus (TTV) complete genomes from human and swine sera and identification of a novel swine TTV genogroup. J Gen Virol 86:1343–1347
127. Ninomiya M, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Lorenzo FR, Shimosegawa T, Okamoto H (2007) Identification and genomic characterization of a novel human torque teno virus of 3.2 kb. J Gen Virol 88:1939–1944
128. Ninomiya M, Takahashi M, Shimosegawa T, Okamoto H (2007) Analysis of the entire genomes of fifteen torque teno midi virus variants classifiable into a third group of genus Anellovirus. Arch Virol 152:1961–1975
129. Ninomiya M, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Shimosegawa T, Okamoto H (2008) Development of PCR assays with nested primers specific for differential detection of three human anelloviruses and early acquisition of dual or triple infection during infancy. J Clin Microbiol 46:507–514
130. Nishiguchi S, Enomoto M, Shiomi S, Tanaka M, Fukuda K, Tamori A, Tanaka T, Takeda T, Seki S, Yano Y, Otani S, Kuroki T (2000) TT virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease of unknown etiology. J Med Virol 62:392–398
131. Nishiyama S, Dutia BM, Stewart JP, Meredith AL, Shaw DJ, Simmonds P, Sharp CP (2014) Identification of novel anelloviruses with broad diversity in UK rodents. J Gen Virol 95:1544–1553
132. Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1997) A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:92–97
133. Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Aikawa T, Sugai Y, Konishi K, Akahane Y, Ukita M, Tanaka T, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1999) Quasispecies of TT virus (TTV) with sequence divergence in hypervariable regions of the capsid protein in chronic TTV infection. J Virol 73:9604–9608
134. Nuanualsuwan S, Cliver DO (2002) Pretreatment to avoid positive RT-PCR results with inactivated viruses. J Virol Methods 104:217–225
135. Ohto H, Ujiie N, Takeuchi C, Sato A, Hayashi A, Ishiko H, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H (2002) TT virus infection during childhood. Transfusion 42:892–898
136. Okamoto H, Akahane Y, Ukita M, Fukuda M, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1998) Fecal excretion of a nonenveloped DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion non-A-G hepatitis. J Med Virol 56:128–132
137. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Kato N, Ukita M, Ikeda H, Iizuka H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1998) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Hepatol Res 10:1–16
138. Okamoto H, Kato N, Iizuka H, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1999) Distinct genotypes of a nonenveloped DNA virus associated with posttransfusion non-A to G hepatitis (TT virus) in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Med Virol 57:252–258
139. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Tawara A, Takahashi M, Kishimoto J, Sai T, Sugai Y (2000) TT virus mRNAs detected in the bone marrow cells from an infected individual. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279:700–707
140. Okamoto H, Ukita M, Nishizawa T, Kishimoto J, Hoshi Y, Mizuo H, Tanaka T, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (2000) Circular double-stranded forms of TT virus DNA in the liver. J Virol 74:5161–5167
141. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Asabe S, Tsuda F, Yoshikawa A (2001) Heterogeneous distribution of TT virus of distinct genotypes in multiple tissues from infected humans. Virology 288:358–368
142. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Tawara A, Peng Y, Kishimoto J, Wang Y (2001) Genomic and evolutionary characterization of TT virus (TTV) in tupaias and comparison with species-specific TTVs in humans and non-human primates. J Gen Virol 82:2041–2050
143. Okamura A, Yoshioka M, Kubota M, Kikuta H, Ishiko H, Kobayashi K (1999) Detection of a novel DNA virus (TTV) sequence in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Med Virol 58:174–177
144. Okamura A, Yoshioka M, Kikuta H, Kubota M, Ma X, Hayashi A, Ishiko H, Kobayashi K (2000) Detection of TT virus sequences in children with liver disease of unknown etiology. J Med Virol 62:104–108
145. Okonechnikov K, Golosova O, Fursov M (2012) Unipro UGENE: a unified bioinformatics toolkit. Bioinformatics 28:1166–1167
146. Osiowy C, Sauder C (2000) Detection of TT virus in human hair and skin. Hepatol Res 16:155–162
147. Parras-Molto M, Suarez-Rodriguez P, Eguia A, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Lopez-Bueno A (2014) Genome sequence of two novel species of torque teno minivirus from the human oral cavity. Genome Announc 2
148. Peng YH, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Ishikawa T, Yoshikawa A, Okamoto H (2002) Analysis of the entire genomes of thirteen TT virus variants classifiable into the fourth and fifth genetic groups, isolated from viremic infants. Arch Virol 147:21–41
149. Pifferi M, Maggi F, Andreoli E, Lanini L, Marco ED, Fornai C, Vatteroni ML, Pistello M, Ragazzo V, Macchia P, Boner A, Bendinelli M (2005) Associations between nasal torquetenovirus load and spirometric indices in children with asthma. J Infect Dis 192:1141–1148
150. Pifferi M, Maggi F, Caramella D, De Marco E, Andreoli E, Meschi S, Macchia P, Bendinelli M, Boner AL (2006) High torquetenovirus loads are correlated with bronchiectasis and peripheral airflow limitation in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:804–808
151. Pinho-Nascimento CA, Leite JP, Niel C, Diniz-Mendes L (2011) Torque teno virus in fecal samples of patients with gastroenteritis: prevalence, genogroups distribution, and viral load. J Med Virol 83:1107–1111
152. Pisani G, Cristiano K, Wirz M, Bisso G, Beneduce F, Morace G, Rapicetta M, Gentili G (1999) Prevalence of TT virus in plasma pools and blood products. Br J Haematol 106:431–435
153. Pollicino T, Raffa G, Squadrito G, Costantino L, Cacciola I, Brancatelli S, Alafaci C, Florio MG, Raimondo G (2003) TT virus has a ubiquitous diffusion in human body tissues: analyses of paired serum and tissue samples. J Viral Hepat 10:95–102
154. Poovorawan Y, Theamboonlers A, Vimolket T, Jantaradsamee P, Kaew-in N, Hirsch P (1999) Detection of TTV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of intravenous drug users. Tohoku J Exp Med 188:47–54
155. Poovorawan Y, Tangkijvanich P, Theamboonlers A, Hirsch P (2001) Transfusion transmissible virus TTV and its putative role in the etiology of liver disease. Hepatogastroenterology 48:256–260
156. Prescott LE, MacDonald DM, Davidson F, Mokili J, Pritchard DI, Arnot DE, Riley EM, Greenwood BM, Hamid S, Saeed AA, McClure MO, Smith DB, Simmonds P (1999) Sequence diversity of TT virus in geographically dispersed human populations. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 7):1751–1758
157. Rivanera D, Lozzi MA, Idili C, Lilli D (2009) Prevalence of TT virus infection in Italian dialysis patients. Pathol Biol (Paris) 57:97–100
158. Rocchi J, Ricci V, Albani M, Lanini L, Andreoli E, Macera L, Pistello M, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Bendinelli M, Maggi F (2009) Torquetenovirus DNA drives proinflammatory cytokines production and secretion by immune cells via toll-like receptor 9. Virology 394:235–242
159. Rodriguez-Inigo E, Casqueiro M, Bartolome J, Ortiz-Movilla N, Lopez-Alcorocho JM, Herrero M, Manzarbeitia F, Oliva H, Carreno V (2000) Detection of TT virus DNA in liver biopsies by in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol 156:1227–1234
160. Roperto S, Paciello O, Paolini F, Pagnini U, Palma E, Di Palo R, Russo V, Roperto F, Venuti A (2009) Short communication: detection of human Torque teno virus in the milk of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J Dairy Sci 92:5928–5932
161. Ross RS, Viazov S, Runde V, Schaefer UW, Roggendorf M (1999) Detection of TT virus DNA in specimens other than blood. J Clin Virol 13:181–184
162. Saback FL, Gomes SA, de Paula VS, da Silva RR, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Niel C (1999) Age-specific prevalence and transmission of TT virus. J Med Virol 59:318–322
163. Safadi R, Or R, Ilan Y, Naparstek E, Nagler A, Klein A, Ketzinel-Gilaad M, Ergunay K, Danon D, Shouval D, Galun E (2001) Lack of known hepatitis virus in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia and outcome after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 27:183–190
164. Sampietro M, Tavazzi D, Martinez di Montemuros F, Cerino M, Zatelli S, Lunghi G, Orlandi A, Fargion S, Fiorelli G, Cappellini MD (2001) TT virus infection in adult beta-thalassemia major patients. Haematologica 86:39–43
165. Schroter M, Polywka S, Zollner B, Schafer P, Laufs R, Feucht HH (2000) Detection of TT virus DNA and GB virus type C/Hepatitis G virus RNA in serum and breast milk: determination of mother-to-child transmission. J Clin Microbiol 38:745–747
166. Schroter M, Laufs R, Zollner B, Knodler B, Schafer P, Feucht HH (2003) A novel DNA virus (SEN) among patients on maintenance hemodialysis: prevalence and clinical importance. J Clin Virol 27:69–73
167. Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Holmes EC (2006) Evolutionary basis of codon usage and nucleotide composition bias in vertebrate DNA viruses. J Mol Evol 62:551–563
168. Shibayama T, Masuda G, Ajisawa A, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Tsuda F, Okamoto H (2001) Inverse relationship between the titre of TT virus DNA and the CD4 cell count in patients infected with HIV. AIDS 15:563–570
169. Sospedra M, Zhao Y, zur Hausen H, Muraro PA, Hamashin C, de Villiers EM, Pinilla C, Martin R (2005) Recognition of conserved amino acid motifs of common viruses and its role in autoimmunity. PLoS Pathog 1:e41
170. Spandole S, Tudor A, Berca LM, Adascalului M, Niculae OM, Cimponeriu D, Mihaescu G (2013) Torque teno viruses DNA found in meat products4. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24, Suppl 1:S94–S95
171. Sugiyama K, Goto K, Ando T, Mizutani F, Terabe K, Kawabe Y, Wada Y (1999) Route of TT virus infection in children. J Med Virol 59:204–207
172. Szladek G, Juhasz A, Kardos G, Szoke K, Major T, Sziklai I, Tar I, Marton I, Konya J, Gergely L, Szarka K (2005) High co-prevalence of genogroup 1 TT virus and human papillomavirus is associated with poor clinical outcome of laryngeal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 58:402–405
173. Takahashi K, Hijikata M, Samokhvalov EI, Mishiro S (2000) Full or near full length nucleotide sequences of TT virus variants (Types SANBAN and YONBAN) and the TT virus-like mini virus. Intervirology 43:119–123
174. Takahashi K, Iwasa Y, Hijikata M, Mishiro S (2000) Identification of a new human DNA virus (TTV-like mini virus, TLMV) intermediately related to TT virus and chicken anemia virus. Arch Virol 145:979–993
175. Takahashi M, Asabe S, Gotanda Y, Kishimoto J, Tsuda F, Okamoto H (2002) TT virus is distributed in various leukocyte subpopulations at distinct levels, with the highest viral load in granulocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290:242–248
176. Takayama S, Miura T, Matsuo S, Taki M, Sugii S (1999) Prevalence and persistence of a novel DNA TT virus (TTV) infection in Japanese haemophiliacs. Br J Haematol 104:626–629
177. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729
178. Tanaka H, Okamoto H, Luengrojanakul P, Chainuvati T, Tsuda F, Tanaka T, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1998) Infection with an unenveloped DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion non-A to G hepatitis in hepatitis patients and healthy blood donors in Thailand. J Med Virol 56:234–238
179. Tanaka M, Nishiguchi S, Tanaka T, Enomoto M, Takeda T, Shiomi S, Kuroki T, Otani S (1999) Prevalence of TT virus in patients with fulminant hepatic failure in Japan. J Gastroenterol 34:589–593
180. Tanaka Y, Hayashi J, Ariyama I, Furusyo N, Etoh Y, Kashiwagi S (2000) Seroepidemiology of TT virus infection and relationship between genotype and liver damage. Dig Dis Sci 45:2214–2220
181. Tanaka Y, Primi D, Wang RY, Umemura T, Yeo AE, Mizokami M, Alter HJ, Shih JW (2001) Genomic and molecular evolutionary analysis of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) and its relationship to the TT virus family. J Infect Dis 183:359–367
182. Tokita H, Murai S, Kamitsukasa H, Yagura M, Harada H, Takahashi M, Okamoto H (2002) High TT virus load as an independent factor associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. J Med Virol 67:501–509
183. Touinssi M, Gallian P, Biagini P, Attoui H, Vialettes B, Berland Y, Tamalet C, Dhiver C, Ravaux I, De Micco P, De Lamballerie X (2001) TT virus infection: prevalence of elevated viraemia and arguments for the immune control of viral load. J Clin Virol 21:135–141
184. Tuveri R, Jaffredo F, Lunel F, Nalpa B, Pol S, Feray C, Marcellin P, Thibault V, Delagneau JF, Opolon P, Scarpa B, Brechot C, Thiers V (2000) Impact of TT virus infection in acute and chronic, viral- and non viral-related liver diseases. J Hepatol 33:121–127
185. Tyagi AK, Pradier A, Baumer O, Uppugunduri CR, Huezo-Diaz P, Posfay-Barbe KM, Roosnek E, Ansari M (2013) Validation of SYBR Green based quantification assay for the detection of human Torque Teno virus titers from plasma. Virol J 10:191
186. Ukita M, Okamoto H, Kato N, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M (1999) Excretion into bile of a novel unenveloped DNA virus (TT virus) associated with acute and chronic non-A-G hepatitis. J Infect Dis 179:1245–1248
187. Umemura T, Alter HJ, Tanaka E, Yeo AE, Shih JW, Orii K, Matsumoto A, Yoshizawa K, Kiyosawa K (2001) Association between SEN virus infection and hepatitis C in Japan. J Infect Dis 184:1246–1251
188. Umemura T, Tanaka E, Ostapowicz G, Brown KE, Heringlake S, Tassopoulos NC, Wang RY, Yeo AE, Shih JW, Orii K, Young NS, Hatzakis A, Manns MP, Lee WM, Kiyosawa K, Alter HJ (2003) Investigation of SEN virus infection in patients with cryptogenic acute liver failure, hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia, or acute and chronic non-A-E hepatitis. J Infect Dis 188:1545–1552
189. Vaidya SR, Chitambar SD, Arankalle VA (2002) Polymerase chain reaction-based prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and TT viruses in sewage from an endemic area. J Hepatol 37:131–136
190. Vasconcelos HC, Gomes SA, Cataldo M, Niel C (2003) Prevalence and genetic diversity of TT virus genotype 21 (YONBAN virus) in Brazil. Arch Virol 148:517–529
191. Vasilyev EV, Trofimov DY, Tonevitsky AG, Ilinsky VV, Korostin DO, Rebrikov DV (2009) Torque Teno Virus (TTV) distribution in healthy Russian population. Virol J 6:134
192. Verani M, Casini B, Battistini R, Pizzi F, Rovini E, Carducci A (2006) One-year monthly monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) in river water in Italy. Water Sci Technol 54:191–195
193. Verani M, Bigazzi R, Carducci A (2014) Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings. Am J Infect Control 42:758–762
194. Worobey M (2000) Extensive homologous recombination among widely divergent TT viruses. J Virol 74:7666–7670
195. Yokoyama H, Yasuda J, Okamoto H, Iwakura Y (2002) Pathological changes of renal epithelial cells in mice transgenic for the TT virus ORF1 gene. J Gen Virol 83:141–150
196. Yu Q, Shiramizu B, Nerurkar VR, Hu N, Shikuma CM, Melish ME, Cascio K, Imrie A, Lu Y, Yanagihara R (2002) TT virus: preferential distribution in CD19(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lack of viral integration. J Med Virol 66:276–284
197. Zhang H, Gao S, Lercher MJ, Hu S, Chen WH (2012) EvolView, an online tool for visualizing, annotating and managing phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res 40:W569–W572
198. Zheng MY, Lin Y, Li DJ, Ruan HB, Chen Y, Wu TT (2010) TTV and HPV co-infection in cervical smears of patients with cervical lesions in littoral of Zhejiang province. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 24:110–112
199. Zhong S, Yeo W, Lin CK, Lin XR, Tang MW, Johnson PJ (2001) Quantitative and genotypic analysis of TT virus infection in Chinese blood donors. Transfusion 41:1001–1007
200. Zhong S, Yeo W, Tang MW, Lin XR, Mo F, Ho WM, Hui P, Johnson PJ (2001) Gross elevation of TT virus genome load in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cancer patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 945:84–92
201. Zhong S, Yeo W, Tang M, Liu C, Lin XR, Ho WM, Hui P, Johnson PJ (2002) Frequent detection of the replicative form of TT virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells in cancer patients. J Med Virol 66:428–434
202. zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM (2005) Virus target cell conditioning model to explain some epidemiologic characteristics of childhood leukemias and lymphomas. Int J Cancer 115:1–5