Self-expandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extracolonic cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Volumn 80, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 747-761.e75

  Van Hooft, Jeanin E ^a   Van Halsema, Emo E ^a   Vanbiervliet, Geoffroy ^b   Beets Tan, Regina G H ^c   Dewitt, John M ^d   Donnellan, Fergal ^e   Dumonceau, Jean Marc ^f   Glynne Jones, Robert G T ^g   Hassan, Cesare ^h   Jiménez Perez, Javier ⁱ   Meisner, Søren ^j   Muthusamy, V Raman ^k   Parker, Michael C ^l   Regimbeau, Jean Marc ^m   Sabbagh, Charles ^m   Sagar, Jayesh ⁿ   Tanis, Pieter J ^a   Vandervoort, Jo ^o   Webster, George J ^p   Manes, Gianpiero ^q   Barthet, Marc A ^r   Repici, Alessandro ^s   more..

^a ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b CENTRE HOSPITALIER UNIVERSITAIRE DE NICE   (France)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d INDIANA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e VANCOUVER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^f Gedyt Endoscopy Center ^*  (Argentina)

^g MOUNT VERNON CANCER CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^h CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

ⁱ Universidad Pública de Navarra   (Spain)

^j BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^l ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^m AMIENS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

ⁿ ROYAL SURREY COUNTY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^o OLV HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^p UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^q Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Centre   (Italy)

^r AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^s HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; COLON CANCER; COLON OBSTRUCTION; COLON STENT; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC COLONOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; ELECTIVE SURGERY; EMERGENCY SURGERY; ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSY; ENDOSCOPIST; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXTRACOLONIC CANCER; FLUOROSCOPY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; OBSTRUCTING COLONIC CANCER; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SELF EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENT; STENT MIGRATION; SURGICAL MORTALITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ABDOMINAL TUMOR; COLON; COLON TUMOR; COLONIC DISEASES; COMPLICATION; INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; RADIOGRAPHY; STENT;

ABDOMINAL NEOPLASMS; COLON; COLONIC DISEASES; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; COLONOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC; COLONOSCOPY; HUMANS; INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION; STENTS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84925463146     PISSN: 00165107     EISSN: 10976779     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.09.018     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:69-90.
2. Winner M, Mooney SJ, Hershman DL, et al. Incidence and predictors of bowel obstruction in elderly patients with stage IV colon cancer: A population-based cohort study. JAMA Surg 2013;148:715-22.
3. Jullumstro E, Wibe A, Lydersen S, et al. Colon cancer incidence, presentation, treatment and outcomes over 25 years. Colorectal Dis 2011;13:512-8.
4. Cheynel N, Cortet M, Lepage C, et al. Trends in frequency and management of obstructing colorectal cancers in a well-defined population. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:1568-75.
5. Frago R, Ramirez E, Millan M, et al. Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: A systematic review. Am J Surg 2014;207:127-38.
6. Fiori E, Lamazza A, De Cesare A, et al. Palliative management of malignant rectosigmoidal obstruction. Colostomy vs. endoscopic stenting: A randomized prospective trial. Anticancer Res 2004;24:265-8.
7. Dumonceau JM, Hassan C, Riphaus A, et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline Development Policy. Endoscopy 2012;44:626-9.
8. Yoon JY, Jung YS, Hong SP, et al. Clinical outcomes and risk factors for technical and clinical failures of self-expandable metal stent insertion for malignant colorectal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74: 858-68.
9. Kim JH, Ku YS, Jeon TJ, et al. The efficacy of self-expanding metal stents for malignant colorectal obstruction by noncolonic malignancy with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2013;56: 1228-32.
10. Song HY, Kim JH, Kim KR, et al. Malignant rectal obstruction within 5 cm of the anal verge: Is there a role for expandable metallic stent placement? Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:713-20.
11. Abbott S, Eglinton TW, Ma Y, et al. Predictors of outcome in palliative colonic stent placement for malignant obstruction. Br J Surg 2014;101:121-6.
12. Meisner S, Gonzalez-Huix F, Vandervoort JG, et al. Self-expandable metal stents for relieving malignant colorectal obstruction: shortterm safety and efficacy within 30 days of stent procedure in 447 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:876-84.
13. Choi JH, Lee YJ, Kim ES, et al. Covered self-expandable metal stents are more associated with complications in the management of malignant colorectal obstruction. Surg Endosc 2013;27:3220-7.
14. Donnellan F, Cullen G, Cagney D, et al. Efficacy and safety of colonic stenting for malignant disease in the elderly. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010;25:747-50.
15. Small AJ, Coelho-Prabhu N, Baron TH. Endoscopic placement of selfexpandable metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction: long-term outcomes and complication factors. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71: 560-72.
16. Geraghty J, Sarkar S, Cox T, et al. Management of large bowel obstruction with self-expanding metal stents: A multicentre retrospective study of factors determining outcome. Colorectal Dis 2014;16:476-83.
17. Biondo S, Pares D, Frago R, et al. Large bowel obstruction: predictive factors for postoperative mortality. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47: 1889-97.
18. Tekkis PP, Kinsman R, Thompson MR, et al. The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland study of large bowel obstruction caused by colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2004;240:76-81.
19. Tan KK, Sim R. Surgery for obstructed colorectal malignancy in an Asian population: predictors of morbidity and comparison between left- And right-sided cancers. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14:295-302.
20. Frager D, Rovno HD, Baer JW, et al. Prospective evaluation of colonic obstruction with computed tomography. Abdom Imaging 1998;23: 141-6.
21. Kodeda K, Nathanaelsson L, Jung B, et al. Population-based data from the Swedish Colon Cancer Registry. Br J Surg 2013;100:1100-7.
22. Mulder SA, Kranse R, Damhuis RA, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of synchronous colorectal cancer: A Dutch population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol 2011;35:442-7.
23. Latournerie M, Jooste V, Cottet V, et al. Epidemiology and prognosis of synchronous colorectal cancers. Br J Surg 2008;95:1528-33.
24. Papadopoulos V, Michalopoulos A, Basdanis G, et al. Synchronous and metachronous colorectal carcinoma. Tech Coloproctol(8 suppl 2004:97-100.
25. Park SH, Lee JH, Lee SS, et al. CT colonography for detection and characterisation of synchronous proximal colonic lesions in patients with stenosing colorectal cancer. Gut 2012;61:1716-22.
26. Cha EY, Park SH, Lee SS, et al. CT colonography after metallic stent placement for acute malignant colonic obstruction. Radiology 2010;254:774-82.
27. Lim SG, Lee KJ, Suh KW, et al. Preoperative colonoscopy for detection of synchronous neoplasms after insertion of self-expandable metal stents in occlusive colorectal cancer: comparison of covered and uncovered stents. Gut Liver 2013;7:311-6.
28. Vitale MA, Villotti G, d'Alba L, et al. Preoperative colonoscopy after self-expandable metallic stent placement in patients with acute neoplastic colon obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:814-9.
29. Nagata K, Ota Y, Okawa T, et al. PET/CT colonography for the preoperative evaluation of the colon proximal to the obstructive colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:882-90.
30. Pirlet IA, Slim K, Kwiatkowski F, et al. Emergency preoperative stenting versus surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc 2011;25: 1814-21.
31. van Hooft JE, Bemelman WA, Oldenburg B, et al. Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: A multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:344-52.
32. Sai VF, Velayos F, Neuhaus J, et al. Colonoscopy after CT diagnosis of diverticulitis to exclude colon cancer: A systematic literature review. Radiology 2012;263:383-90.
33. Currie A, Christmas C, Aldean H, et al. Systematic review of selfexpanding stents in the management of benign colorectal obstruction. Colorectal Dis 2014;16:239-45.
34. Brouwer R, MacDonald A, Matthews R, et al. Brush cytology for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:598-601.
35. Geramizadeh B, Hooshmand F, Kumar PV. Brush cytology of colorectal malignancies. Acta Cytol 2003;47:431-44.
36. Farouk R, Edwards J, Thorne M, et al. Brush cytology for the diagnosis of rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1996;83:1456-8.
37. Chun YJ, Yoon NR, Park JM, et al. Prospective assessment of risk of bacteremia following colorectal stent placement. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:1045-9.
38. Williams D, Law R, Pullyblank AM. Colorectal stenting in malignant large bowel obstruction: The learning curve. Int J Surg Oncol. Epub 2011 Oct 11.
39. Lee JH, Yoon JY, Park SJ, et al. The learning curve for colorectal stent insertion for the treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction. Gut Liver 2012;6:328-33.
40. Kim SY, Kwon SH, Oh JH. Radiologic placement of uncovered stents for the treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010;21:1244-9.
41. Kim H, Kim SH, Choi SY, et al. Fluoroscopically guided placement of self-expandable metallic stents and stent-grafts in the treatment of acute malignant colorectal obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008;19: 1709-16.
42. Shrivastava V, Tariq O, Tiam R, et al. Palliation of obstructing malignant colonic lesions using self-expanding metal stents: A singlecenter experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008;31:931-6.
43. Kim JH, Song HY, Li YD, et al. Dual-design expandable colorectal stent for malignant colorectal obstruction: comparison of flared ends and bent ends. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:248-54.
44. Alcantara M, Serra X, Bombardo J, et al. Colorectal stenting as an effective therapy for preoperative and palliative treatment of large bowel obstruction: 9 years' experience. Tech Coloproctol 2007;11:316-22.
45. Selinger CP, Ramesh J, Martin DF. Long-term success of colonic stent insertion is influenced by indication but not by length of stent or site of obstruction. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011;26:215-8.
46. Kim JW, Jeong JB, Lee KL, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes between endoscopic and radiologic placement of self-expandable metal stent in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. Korean J Gastroenterol 2013;61:22-9.
47. Sebastian S, Johnston S, Geoghegan T, et al. Pooled analysis of the efficacy and safety of self-expanding metal stenting in malignant colorectal obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2051-7.
48. de Gregorio MA, Laborda A, Tejero E, et al. Ten-year retrospective study of treatment of malignant colonic obstructions with selfexpandable stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;22:870-8.
49. Tanaka A, Sadahiro S, Yasuda M, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation for obstructive colorectal cancer: A basic study on morphologic and pathologic features associated with perforation. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:799-805.
50. Khot UP, Lang AW, Murali K, et al. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of colorectal stents. Br J Surg 2002;89:1096-102.
51. van Halsema EE, van Hooft JE, Small AJ, et al. Perforation in colorectal stenting: A meta-analysis and a search for risk factors. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;79:970-982 e7.
52. Zhang Y, Shi J, Shi B, et al. Comparison of efficacy between uncovered and covered self-expanding metallic stents in malignant large bowel obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2012;14:367-74.
53. Yang Z, Wu Q, Wang F, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and prospective studies comparing covered and bare self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of malignant obstruction in the digestive tract. Int J Med Sci 2013;10:825-35.
54. Kim BC, Han KS, Hong CW, et al. Clinical outcomes of palliative selfexpanding metallic stents in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. J Dig Dis 2012;13:258-66.
55. Manes G, De Bellis M, Fuccio L, et al. Endoscopic palliation in patients with incurable malignant colorectal obstruction by means of selfexpanding metal stent: Analysis of results and predictors of outcomes in a large multicenter series. Arch Surg 2011;146:1157-62.
56. Im JP, Kim SG, Kang HW, et al. Clinical outcomes and patency of selfexpanding metal stents in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction: A prospective single center study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008;23: 789-94.
57. Baron TH, Wong Kee Song LM, Repici A. Role of self-expandable stents for patients with colon cancer (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2012;75:653-62.
58. Cheung DY, Kim JY, Hong SP, et al. Outcome and safety of selfexpandable metallic stents for malignant colon obstruction: A Korean multicenter randomized prospective study. Surg Endosc 2012;26: 3106-13.
59. Park JK, Lee MS, Ko BM, et al. Outcome of palliative selfexpanding metal stent placement in malignant colorectal obstruction according to stent type and manufacturer. Surg Endosc 2011;25:1293-9.
60. Small AJ, Baron TH. Comparison of Wallstent and Ultraflex stents for palliation of malignant left-sided colon obstruction: A retrospective, case-matched analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:478-88.
61. Garcia-Cano J, Gonzalez-Huix F, Juzgado D, et al. Use of selfexpanding metal stents to treat malignant colorectal obstruction in general endoscopic practice (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2006;64:914-20.
62. Cho YK, Kim SW, Lee BI, et al. Clinical outcome of self-expandable metal stent placement in the management of malignant proximal colon obstruction. Gut Liver 2011;5:165-710.
63. Yao LQ, Zhong YS, Xu MD, et al. Self-expanding metallic stents drainage for acute proximal colon obstruction. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:3342-6.
64. Repici A, Adler DG, Gibbs CM, et al. Stenting of the proximal colon in patients with malignant large bowel obstruction: Techniques and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;66:940-4.
65. Kim JY, Kim SG, Im JP, et al. Comparison of treatment outcomes of endoscopic stenting for colonic and extracolonic malignant obstruction. Surg Endosc 2013;27:272-7.
66. Dronamraju SS, Ramamurthy S, Kelly SB, et al. Role of self-expanding metallic stents in the management of malignant obstruction of the proximal colon. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:1657-61.
67. Gainant A. Emergency management of acute colonic cancer obstruction. J Visc Surg 2012;149:3-10.
68. Cuffy M, Abir F, Audisio RA, et al. Colorectal cancer presenting as surgical emergencies. Surg Oncol 2004;13:149-57.
69. Moon SJ, Kim SW, Lee BI, et al. Palliative stent for malignant colonic obstruction by extracolonic malignancy: A comparison with colorectal cancer. Dig Dis Sci. Epub 2013 Sep 29.
70. Keranen I, Lepisto A, Udd M, et al. Stenting for malignant colorectal obstruction: A single-center experience with 101 patients. Surg Endosc 2012;26:423-30.
71. Kim BK, Hong SP, Heo HM, et al. Endoscopic stenting is not as effective for palliation of colorectal obstruction in patients with advanced gastric cancer as emergency surgery. Gastrointest Endosc 2012;75: 294-301.
72. Kim JH, Song HY, Park JH, et al. Metallic stent placement in the palliative treatment of malignant colonic obstructions: primary colonic versus extracolonic malignancies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;22:1727-32.
73. Trompetas V, Saunders M, Gossage J, et al. Shortcomings in colonic stenting to palliate large bowel obstruction from extracolonic malignancies. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010;25:851-4.
74. Keswani RN, Azar RR, Edmundowicz SA, et al. Stenting for malignant colonic obstruction: A comparison of efficacy and complications in colonic versus extracolonic malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;69:675-80.
75. Shin SJ, Kim TI, Kim BC, et al. Clinical application of self-expandable metallic stent for treatment of colorectal obstruction caused by extrinsic invasive tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:578-83.
76. Luigiano C, Ferrara F, Fabbri C, et al. Through-the-scope large diameter self-expanding metal stent placement as a safe and effective technique for palliation of malignant colorectal obstruction: A single center experience with a long-term follow-up. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011;46:591-6.
77. Almadi MA, Azzam N, Alharbi O, et al. Complications and survival in patients undergoing colonic stenting for malignant obstruction. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:7138-45.
78. Jung MK, Park SY, Jeon SW, et al. Factors associated with the longterm outcome of a self-expandable colon stent used for palliation of malignant colorectal obstruction. Surg Endosc 2010;24:525-30.
79. Stenhouse A, Page B, Rowan A, et al. Self expanding wall stents in malignant colorectal cancer: Is complete obstruction a contraindication to stent placement? Colorectal Dis 2009;11:854-8.
80. Song HY, Kim JH, Shin JH, et al. A dual-design expandable colorectal stent for malignant colorectal obstruction: results of a multicenter study. Endoscopy 2007;39:448-54.
81. Huang X, Lv B, Zhang S, et al. Preoperative colonic stents versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: A meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2014;18:584-91.
82. Cennamo V, Luigiano C, Coccolini F, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing endoscopic stenting and surgical decompression for colorectal cancer obstruction. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013;28: 855-63.
83. Cirocchi R, Farinella E, Trastulli S, et al. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery in the management of intestinal obstruction due to left colon and rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol 2013;22:14-21.
84. De Ceglie A, Filiberti R, Baron TH, et al. A meta-analysis of endoscopic stenting as bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer obstruction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013;88: 387-403.
85. Tan CJ, Dasari BV, Gardiner K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of self-expanding metallic stents as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for malignant left-sided large bowel obstruction. Br J Surg 2012;99:469-76.
86. Ye GY, Cui Z, Chen L, et al. Colonic stenting vs emergent surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:5608-15.
87. Zhang Y, Shi J, Shi B, et al. Self-expanding metallic stent as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2012;26:110-9.
88. Sagar J. Colorectal stents for the management of malignant colonic obstructions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:007378.
89. Ghazal AH, El-Shazly WG, Bessa SS, et al. Colonic endolumenal stenting devices and elective surgery versus emergency subtotal/total colectomy in the management of malignant obstructed left colon carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:1123-9.
90. Tung KL, Cheung HY, Ng LW, et al. Endo-laparoscopic approach versus conventional open surgery in the treatment of obstructing left-sided colon cancer: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial. Asian J Endosc Surg 2013;6:78-81.
91. Ho KS, Quah HM, Lim JF, et al. Endoscopic stenting and elective surgery versus emergency surgery for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: A prospective randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012;27:355-62.
92. Alcantara M, Serra-Aracil X, Falco J, et al. Prospective, controlled, randomized study of intraoperative colonic lavage versus stent placement in obstructive left-sided colonic cancer. World J Surg 2011;35: 1904-10.
93. Cheung HY, Chung CC, Tsang WW, et al. Endolaparoscopic approach vs conventional open surgery in the treatment of obstructing leftsided colon cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 2009;144:1127-32.
94. Govindarajan A, Naimark D, Coburn NG, et al. Use of colonic stents in emergent malignant left colonic obstruction: A Markov chain Monte Carlo decision analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:1811-24.
95. Sloothaak D, van den Berg M, Dijkgraaf M, et al. Recurrences after endoscopic stenting as treatment for acute malignant colonic obstruction in the Dutch Stent-In 2 trial. Conference: 21st United European Gastroenterology Week, October 12-16, 2013, Berlin.
96. Gorissen KJ, Tuynman JB, Fryer E, et al. Local recurrence after stenting for obstructing left-sided colonic cancer. Br J Surg 2013;100: 1805-9.
97. Sabbagh C, Browet F, Diouf M, et al. Is stenting as "a bridge to surgery" an oncologically safe strategy for the management of acute, left-sided, malignant, colonic obstruction? A comparative study with a propensity score analysis. Ann Surg 2013;258:107-15.
98. Iversen LH. Aspects of survival from colorectal cancer in Denmark. Dan Med J 2012;59:4428.
99. Symeonidis D, Christodoulidis G, Koukoulis G, et al. Colorectal cancer surgery in the elderly: limitations and drawbacks. Tech Coloproctol(15 suppl 1) 2011:47-50.
100. Guo MG, Feng Y, Zheng Q, et al. Comparison of self-expanding metal stents and urgent surgery for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction in elderly patients. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:2706-10.
101. Cui J, Zhang JL, Wang S, et al. A preliminary study of stenting followed by laparoscopic surgery for obstructing left-sided colon cancer [Chinese]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2011;14:40-3.
102. Lee GJ, Kim HJ, Baek JH, et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes after elective surgery following endoscopic stent insertion and emergency surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer. Int J Surg 2013;11: 442-6.
103. Kim S, Park Y, Lee K, et al. Optimal time of surgery after preoperative self-expandable metalic stent insertion for obstructive colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:853.
104. Liang TW, Sun Y, Wei YC, et al. Palliative treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction caused by advanced malignancy: A self-expanding metallic stent or surgery? A system review and meta-analysis. Surg Today 2014;44:22-33.
105. Zhao XD, Cai BB, Cao RS, et al. Palliative treatment for incurable malignant colorectal obstructions: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:5565-74.
106. Carne PW, Frye JN, Robertson GM, et al. Stents or open operation for palliation of colorectal cancer: A retrospective, cohort study of perioperative outcome and long-term survival. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47: 1455-61.
107. Karoui M, Charachon A, Delbaldo C, et al. Stents for palliation of obstructive metastatic colon cancer: impact on management and chemotherapy administration. Arch Surg 2007;142:619-23; discussion 623.
108. Fiori E, Lamazza A, Schillaci A, et al. Palliative management for patients with subacute obstruction and stage IV unresectable rectosigmoid cancer: colostomy versus endoscopic stenting: final results of a prospective randomized trial. Am J Surg 2012;204:321-6.
109. Gianotti L, Tamini N, Nespoli L, et al. A prospective evaluation of short-term and long-term results from colonic stenting for palliation or as a bridge to elective operation versus immediate surgery for large-bowel obstruction. Surg Endosc 2013;27:832-42.
110. Yoshida S, Watabe H, Isayama H, et al. Feasibility of a new selfexpandable metallic stent for patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. Dig Endosc 2013;25:160-6.
111. Huhtinen H, Varpe P, Karvonen J, et al. Late complications related to palliative stenting in patients with obstructing colorectal cancer. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol 2013;22:352-8.
112. Angenete E, Asplund D, Bergstrom M, et al. Stenting for colorectal cancer obstruction compared to surgeryda study of consecutive patients in a single institution. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012;27:665-70.
113. Meisner S, Gonzalez-Huix F, Vandervoort JG, et al. Self-expanding metal stenting for palliation of patients with malignant colonic obstruction: effectiveness and efficacy on 255 patients with 12- month's follow-up. Gastroenterol Res Pract. Epub 2012 Jun 11.
114. Yoon JY, Park SJ, Hong SP, et al. Outcomes of secondary selfexpandable metal stents versus surgery after delayed initial palliative stent failure in malignant colorectal obstruction. Digestion 2013;88: 46-55.
115. Yoon JY, Jung YS, Hong SP, et al. Outcomes of secondary stent-instent self-expandable metal stent insertion for malignant colorectal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:625-33.
116. Cennamo V, Fuccio L, Mutri V, et al. Does stent placement for advanced colon cancer increase the risk of perforation during bevacizumab-based therapy? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7: 1174-6.
117. Di Mitri R, Mocciaro F, Traina M, et al. Self-expandable metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction: Data from a retrospective regional SIED-AIGO study. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46:279-82.
118. Lee HJ, Hong SP, Cheon JH, et al. Long-term outcome of palliative therapy for malignant colorectal obstruction in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancers: endoscopic stenting versus surgery. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:535-42.
119. Canena JM, Liberato M, Marques I, et al. Sustained relief of obstructive symptoms for the remaining life of patients following placement of an expandable metal stent for malignant colorectal obstruction. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2012;104:418-25.
120. Fernandez-Esparrach G, Bordas JM, Giraldez MD, et al. Severe complications limit long-term clinical success of self-expanding metal stents in patients with obstructive colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1087-93.
121. Watt AM, Faragher IG, Griffin TT, et al. Self-expanding metallic stents for relieving malignant colorectal obstruction: A systematic review. Ann Surg 2007;246:24-30.
122. Young CJ, Suen MK, Young J, et al. Stenting large bowel obstruction avoids a stoma: consecutive series of 100 patients. Colorectal Dis 2011;13:1138-41.
123. van Hooft JE, Fockens P, Marinelli AW, et al. Early closure of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of endoscopic stenting versus surgery for stage IV left-sided colorectal cancer. Endoscopy 2008;40:184-91.
124. Ho YH, Siu SK, Buttner P, et al. The effect of obstruction and perforation on colorectal cancer disease-free survival. World J Surg 2010;34: 1091-101.
125. Suh JP, Kim SW, Cho YK, et al. Effectiveness of stent placement for palliative treatment in malignant colorectal obstruction and predictive factors for stent occlusion. Surg Endosc 2010;24:400-6.
126. Cennamo V, Luigiano C, Manes G, et al. Colorectal stenting as a bridge to surgery reduces morbidity and mortality in left-sided malignant obstruction: A predictive risk score-based comparative study. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44:508-14.
127. Jimenez-Perez J, Casellas J, Garcia-Cano J, et al. Colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery in malignant large-bowel obstruction: A report from two large multinational registries. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106: 2174-80.
128. Xinopoulos D, Dimitroulopoulos D, Theodosopoulos T, et al. Stenting or stoma creation for patients with inoperable malignant colonic obstructions? Results of a study and cost-effectiveness analysis. Surg Endosc 2004;18:421-6.