Socialism, Sex, and the Culture of Aestheticism in Britain, 1880-1914

Socialism, Sex, and the Culture of Aestheticism in Britain, 1880-1914

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-246

  Livesey, Ruth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Britain; Early modernism; Literary culture; Oscar Wilde; Political aesthetic; Roger Fry; Sexual conventions; Socialism; Virginia Woolf; William Morris

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925447786     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197263983.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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253. George Bernard Shaw, 'The Jevonian Criticism of Marx', Today, 3/12 (Jan. 1885)
254. Phillip Wicksteed, 'The Jevonian Criticism of Marx (a Rejoinder)', Today, 3/15 (April 1885), 173-6.
255. Stanley Pierson, Marxism and the Origins of British Socialism: The Struggle for Consciousness (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973), pp. 59-89, 174-98
256. Karen Hunt, Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question, 1884-1911 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
257. Sydney Olivier, 'Perverse Socialism IF', Today, 6/34 (Aug. 1886), 114
258. Sydney Olivier, 'Perverse Socialism F', Today, 6/32 (Aug. 1886), 51.
259. H. H. Champion, 'Socialists of the Arm Chair', Today, 6/35 (Oct. 1886), 151.
260. Jeffrey Spear, 'Political Questing: Ruskin, Morris and Romance', in Robert Hewison (ed.), New Approaches to Ruskin (London: Routledge, 1981), pp. 174-93
261. Jeffrey Spear, Dreams of an English Eden: Ruskin and his Tradition in Social Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 223-34.
262. K. Manton, 'The Fellowship of the New Life: English Ethical Socialism Reconsidered', History of Political Thought, 24 (2003), 282-304.
263. Mark Bevir, 'British Socialism and American Romanticism', English Historical Review, 110 (1995), 878-901 (pp. 878-92).
264. Ian Britain, Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, 1884-1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 25-52.
265. Percival Chubb, 'The Two Alternatives', Today, 8/46 (Sept. 1887), 72-7
266. Isabella Ford, On the Threshold (London: Arnold, 1895), p. 29.
267. Ford, Threshold, pp. 10, 52.
268. Carolyn Steedman, 'Fictions of Engagement: Eleanor Marx, Biographical Space', in John Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx: Life, Work, Contacts (London: Ashgate, 2000), pp. 23-39.
269. Frederic Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Socially Symbolic Act, 2nd edn. (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 104.
270. Liselotte Glage, Clementina Black: A Study in Social History and Literature (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitatlag, 1981).
271. Talia Schaffer, '"Nothing but Foolscap and Ink": Inventing the New Woman', in Angelique Richardson and Chris Willis (eds.), The New Woman in Fiction and Fact (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 39-51
272. Sally Ledger, The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siecle (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 1-3
273. Angelique Richardson, Love and Eugenics in the Late Nineteenth Century: Rational Reproduction and the New Woman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 186-9
274. Clementina Black, 'On Marriage: A Criticism', Fortnightly Review, 47 (1890), 586-94 (p. 593).
275. Clementina Black, 'The Organisation of Working-Women', Fortnightly Review, 46 (1889), 695-704 (p. 696).
276. Deborah Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets: Women, Representation and the City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 205.
277. Liz Stanley, Feminism and Friendship: Two Essays on Olive Schreiner, Studies in Sexual Politics, 8 (Manchester: Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, 1985).
278. Richard Garnett, Constance Garnett: A Heroic Life (London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1991).
279. June Hannam, Isabella Ford (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), p. 28.
280. Garnett, Constance Garnett, p. 53.
281. Standish Meachum, Toynbee Hall and Social Reform, 1880-1914: The Search for Community (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1987)
282. Seth Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 228-78.
283. Rosemary Feurer, 'The Meaning of Sisterhood: The British Women's Movement and Protective Labour Legislation, 1870-1914', Victorian Studies, 31 (1988), 233-60
284. Philippa Levine, Feminist Lives in Victorian England: Private Roles and Public Commitment (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), pp. 157-75.
285. Ellen Mappen, Helping Women at Work: The Women's Industrial Council, 1889-1914 (London: Hutchinson, 1985).
286. The Women's Union Journal: The Organ of the Women's Protective and Provident League, 11 (July 1886), 70.
287. Linda Hunt Beckman, Amy Levy: Her Life and Letters (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 257.
288. Kali Israel, Names and Stories: Emilia Dilke and Victorian Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
289. Israel, Names and Stories, pp. 198-240.
290. Clementina Black, 'Organisation of Working-Women', pp. 698, 695.
291. Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx: The Crowded Years 1884-1898 (London: Virago, 1976), p. 268.
292. Henry Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (London: Macmillan, 1963)
293. Yvonne Kapp, The Air of Freedom: The Birth of New Unionism (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989).
294. Clementina Black, The Chocolate Makers' Strike', Fortnightly Review, 48 (1890), 305-14 (p. 311).
295. Kapp, Eleanor Marx, pp. 261-420
296. Hannam, Isabella Ford, pp. 33-2.
297. Black, 'Chocolate Makers' Strike', p. 311.
298. Diana Maltz, 'Engaging Delicate Brains: Vernon Lee and Kit Anstruther-Thompson's Psychological Aesthetics', in Talia Schaffer and Kathy Alexis Psomiades (eds.), Women and British Aestheticism (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 1999), pp. 211-29.
299. Ford, Threshold, p. 30.
300. Ann Heilmann, New Woman Fiction: Women Writing First-Wave Feminism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 60.
301. Clementina Black, A New Way of Housekeeping (London: Collins, 1918), p. 38.
302. Feurer, 'Meaning of Sisterhood' and Ruth Livesey, 'The Politics of Work: Feminism, Professionalisation and Women Inspectors of Factories and Workshops, 1890-1914', Women's History Review, 13 (2004), 233-63.
303. Clementina Black 'An Appreciation', in A Modern Humanist: Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Kirkman Gray, ed. Henry Bryan Binns (London: A. C. Fifield, 1910), p. 63.
304. Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between the Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971).
305. Emma Francis, 'Why Wasn't Amy Levy More of a Socialist? Levy and Clementina Black', in Nadia Valman and Naomi Hetherington (eds.), Critical Essays on Amy Levy (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, forthcoming).
306. Kapp, Eleanor Marx, p. 395.
307. Stephen N. Fox and Clementina Black, The Truck Acts: What they do and what they ought to do (London: Women's Trade Union Association, 1894)
308. Clementina Black, Sweated Industry and the Minimum Wage (London: Duckworth, 1907)
309. Clementina Black, 'Legislative Proposals', in D. J. Shackleton (ed.), Woman in Industry from Seven Points of View (London: Duckworth, 1908), pp. 183-207
310. Clementina Black and Mrs Carl Meyer, The Makers of Our Clothes: A Case for Trade Boards (London: Duckworth, 1909); Clementina Black (ed.), Married Women's Work (London: G. Bell, 1915).
311. Lynne Hapgood, 'The Novel and Political Agency: Socialism and the Work of Margaret Harkness, Constance Howell and Clementina Black, 1888-1896', Literature and History, 5 (1996), 37-53.
312. Clementina Black, The Princess Desiree (London: Longmans, 1896), p. 5.
313. Jameson, Political Unconscious, p. 104.
314. Amanda Hodgson, The Romances of William Morris (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)
315. Florence Boos, 'An Aesthetic Ecocommunist: Morris the Red and Morris the Green', in Peter Faulkener and Peter Preston (eds.), William Morris: Centenary Essays (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1999), 21-49.
316. Carole Silver, The Romance of William Morris (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1982), p. xv.
317. Thompson, William Morris, pp. 504
318. Ian Britain, Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 168-72
319. Tom Steele, Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club, 1893-1923 (Aldershot: Scolar, 1990), p. 137.
320. Ann Ardis, Modernism and Cultural Conflict, 1880-1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 143-71
321. Wallace Martin, The New Age under Orage: Chapters in English Cultural History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967).
322. Stephen Yeo, 'A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883-1896', History Workshop Journal 4 (1977), 5-55.
323. Mark Bevir, 'British Socialism and American Romanticism', English Historical Review, 110 (1995), 878-901.
324. Isabella Ford, On the Threshold (London: Edward Arnold, 1895), p. 29.
325. Bernard Shaw: Collected Letters, ed. Dan H. Laurence, 4 vols. (London: Max Reinhardt, 1965-1988), ii. 145.
326. James Ramsay MacDonald, 'The New Fellowship', Seed-time, 12 (1892), 1-3 (p. 1).
327. H. S. Salt, The Logic of Vegetarianism (London: Ideal Publishing Union, 1899), p. 104
328. Stephen Winsten, Salt and his Circle with a Preface by George Bernard Shaw (London: Hutchinson, 1951).
329. Salt, Logic, pp. 107, 14.
330. Edward Carpenter, Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure and Other Essays (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1889), p. 14.
331. Edward Carpenter, England's Ideal and Other Papers on Social Subjects (London: SwanSonnenschein, 1887), p. 94.
332. Winsten, Salt, p. 9
333. George Bernard Shaw, 'A Sunday in the Surrey Hills', Pall Mall Gazette (1888).
334. Winsten, Salt, p. 10.
335. Frank Harris, Bernard Shaw: An Unauthorized Biography Based on First-Hand Information (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1931), p. 103.
336. Salt, Logic, p. ii.
337. Henry Stephens Salt, Percy Bysshe Shelley: Poet and Pioneer (London: W. Reeves, 1896)
338. Timothy Morton, Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
339. Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, i. 1856-1898: The Search for Love (London: Chatto &Windus, 1988), p. 84.
340. Kathryn Gleadle, 'The Age of Physiological Reformers: Rethinking Women and Domesticity in the Age of Reform', in A. Burns and J. Innes (eds.), Rethinking the Age of Reform: Britain, 1780-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
341. Henry Fowler, Vegetarianism the Radical Cure for Intemperance (New York: n.publ., 1879)
342. Brian Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom: Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), ch. 2.
343. Winsten., Salt, p. 216.
344. Arouna Ouedraogo, 'Food and the Purification of Society: Dr Paul Carton and Vegetarianism in Interwar France', Social History of Medicine, 14 (2001), 223-45.
345. James Eli Adams, Dandies and Desert Saints: Styles of Victorian Masculinity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995)
346. Frederick Kirchoff, William Morris:The Construction of a Male Self 1856-1872 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1990).
347. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1850-1930 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), pp. 186-96.
348. Adams, Dandies, p. 2.
349. Diana Maltz, British Aestheticism and the Urban Working Classes, 1870-1900:Beauty for the People (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005), pp. 93-6
350. Edward Carpenter, Towards Democracy (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1892).
351. Sheila Rowbotham and Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and the New Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis (London: Pluto, 1977)
352. Tony Brown (ed.), Edward Carpenter and Late Victorian Radicalism (London: Frank Cass, 1990), p. 14.
353. Scott McCracken, 'Writing the Body: Edward Carpenter, George Gissing and Late-Nineteenth Century Realism', in Brown (ed.), Carpenter, pp. 178-204
354. Edward Carpenter, My Days and Dreams: Being Autobiographical Notes (London: George Allen &Unwin, 1916), p. 167.
355. Carpenter, Civilisation, pp. 44, 35-6.
356. Peter Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983)
357. Collini, Public Moralists, pp. 82-3.
358. Bowler, Eclipse of Darwinism, p. 73.
359. Edward Carpenter, Towards Democracy (Manchester: John Heywood, 1883)
360. Edward Carpenter, The Art of Creation: Essays on the Self and its Powers (London: George Allen, 1904), pp. 10, 33.
361. William Morris, 'Prologue: The Earthly Paradise', Selected Poems (Manchester: Carcanet, 1992), p. 88.
362. Carpenter, Civilisation, p. 136.
363. Samuel Smiles, Character (London: John Murray, 1871).
364. Yeo, 'New Life', p. 12.
365. Carpenter, England's Ideal, p. 128.
366. Carpenter, Civilisation, p. 15.
367. Carpenter, England's Ideal, p. 84
368. Carpenter, Art of Creation, p. 247.
369. Carpenter, The Art of Creation, p. 247.
370. Carpenter, England's Ideal, p. 44
371. Carpenter, Civilisation, p. 93.
372. Carpenter, My Days, p. 103.
373. Walt Whitman: 'go freely with powerful uneducated people...and your very flesh shall be a great poem', 'Preface', Leaves of Grass (1855).
374. Carpenter, My Days, p. 105
375. Carpenter, England's Ideal, p. 36.
376. Matt Cook, London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 133-42.
377. Edward Carpenter, The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1908), p. 115.
378. George Bernard Shaw, Back to Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch (New York: Brentano, 1921), p. 293.
379. George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman: A Comedy and a Philosophy (1903; repr. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), p. 139.
380. Shaw, Methuselah, p. xix.
381. Bowler, Eclipse of Darwinism, p. 105.
382. Gareth Griffith, Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 1.
383. Harris, Bernard Shaw, p. 107
384. Alfred Silver, Bernard Shaw: The Darker Side (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982).
385. S. William Beck, 'The Great Underclothing Question', New Review, 11 (1894), 534-42 (p. 536).
386. W. M. Green, 'Dr Lahmann's Sanitorium', Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review (1904), 277-80
387. Beck, 'Underclothing', p. 538.
388. Lewis Tomalin, 'The Great Underclothing Question-A Rejoinder', New Review, 11 (1894), 606-11
389. Tomalin, 'Rejoinder', p. 609.
390. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 1 (1976; repr. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), p. 18.
391. Shaw, Man and Superman, pp. 229-30.
392. Harris, Bernard Shaw, p. 104.
393. George Bernard Shaw, Major Barbara (1905; repr. London: Penguin, 1945), p. xii.
394. Shaw, Man and Superman, p. 20.
395. George Bernard Shaw, 'G.B.S. Vivisected', Saturday Review (14 May 1898).
396. Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 87.
397. Adams, Dandies, p. 25.
398. Shaw, Methuselah, p. xiii.
399. Olive Schreiner: Letters, ed. Richard Rive (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 147.
400. Laura Chrisman, 'Allegory, Feminist Thought and the Dreams of Olive Schreiner', in Brown (ed.), Edward Carpenter, pp. 126-51
401. Mark Bevir, 'Fabianism, Permeation and Independent Labour', Historical Journal, 39 (1996), 179-96.
402. Griffith, Socialism and Superior Brains, p. 104.
403. Shaw, Man and Superman, p. 245.
404. Lawrence Danson, Wilde's Intentions: The Artist in bis Criticism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), p. 162.
405. Arthur J. Penty, 'Aestheticism and History', New Age (2 April 1914), 683-4.
406. The Restoration of the Gild System (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1906), p. viii
407. Wallace Martin, The New Age under Orage: Chapters in English Cultural History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967), pp. 108-92.
408. Virginia Woolf, Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown (London: Hogarth Press, 1924), p. 5.
409. Peter Stanksy, On or About December 1910: Early Bloomsbury and its Intimate World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
410. Ruth Robbins, 'The Genders of Socialism: Eleanor Marx and Oscar Wilde' in John Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx: Eife, Work, Contacts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), pp. 99-113.
411. A. J. Penty, Tradition and Modernism in Politics (London: Sheed & Ward, 1937), p. 58.
412. Nikolaus Pevsner, Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius (London: Faber & Faber, 1936).
413. Ann Ardis, Modernism and Cultural Conflict, 1880-1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
414. Morag Shiach, Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890-1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
415. Linda Dowling, Language and Decadence in the Victorian Fin de Steele (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 238.
416. Jonathan Freedman, Professions of Taste: Henry James, British Aestheticism and Commodity Culture (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 128.
417. Dowling, Language and Decadence, pp. 3-4
418. Linda Dowling, The Vulgarization of Art: The Victorians and Aesthetic Democracy (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 1996), p. 61.
419. Morris, 'How I Became a Socialist', p. 279.
420. E. P. Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (rev. edn. New York: Pantheon, 1976), pp. 33-8
421. Fiona MacCarthy, William Morris: A Life for our Times (London: Faber & Faber, 1994), pp. 69-70.
422. John Ruskin, The Stones of Venice, II. vi. 4 in The Complete Works of John Ruskin, ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, 39 vols. (London: George Allen, 1903-1912), x. 183.
423. Robert Hewison, John Ruskin: The Argument of the Eye (London: Thames & Hudson, 1976)
424. Alexandra Wettlaufer, In the Mind's Eye: The Visual Imperative in Diderot, Baudelaire and Ruskin (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003)
425. Susan P. Casteras (ed.), John Ruskin and the Victorian Eye (New York: Harry Abrams/Phoenix Art Museum, 1993).
426. Walter Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance (London: Macmillan, 1873), p. 213.
427. Ruth Kinna, William Morris and the Art of Socialism (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000), pp. 79-87.
428. Linda Dowling, The Vulgarization of Art: The Victorians and Aesthetic Democracy (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 1996), pp. 60-2; Thompson, William Morris, pp. 192-243.
429. Dowling, Vulgarization, p. 59.
430. Freedman, Professions of Taste, pp. 59-64.
431. Freedman, Professions of Taste, p. xxi.
432. Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1987), pp. 165-200.
433. Peter Stansky, Redesigning the World: William Morris, the 1880s and the Arts and Crafts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 171-262
434. Regenia Gagnier, The Insatiability of Human Wants: Economics and Aesthetics in Market Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 123, 167.
435. Josephine Guy, The British Avant Garde: The Theory and Politics of Tradition (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), p. 135
436. Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man under Socialism (London: Journeyman, 1988), p. 29.
437. William Morris, Socialists at Play: An Address to the Entertainment of the Socialist League (London: Socialist League, 1885).
438. Anne Janowitz, Lyric and Labour in the English Romantic Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 199.
439. Morris, 'How we Live', p. 21.
440. Morris, 'Aims of Art', p. 85
441. William Morris, News from Nowhere (1891; repr. London: Routledge, 1992), p. 39.
442. Patrick Brantlinger, 'News from Nowhere: Morris's Socialist Anti-Novel', Victorian Studies, 19 (1975), 35-19.
443. Dowling, Vulgarization, pp. 70-2
444. Lawrence Danson, Wilde's Intentions: The Artist in his Criticism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), p. 163
445. Josephine Guy, '"The Soul of Man Under Socialism": A (Con)Textual History' in Joseph Bristow (ed.), Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), pp. 61-83 (p. 64).
446. Guy, 'Soul of Man', p. 67.
447. Wilde, 'Soul of Man', p. 64.
448. Robbins, 'Genders of Socialism', p. 107.
449. Regenia Gagnier, Idylls of the Marketplace: Oscar Wilde and the Victorian Public (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1986), p. 29
450. Wilde, 'Soul of Man', p. 29.
451. Freedman, Professions of Taste, p. 36.
452. Jeffrey Spear, Dreams of an English Eden: Ruskin and his Tradition in Social Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 223-34
453. Thompson, William Morris, pp. 331-65.
454. Ernest Belfort Bax, The Religion of Socialism: Essays in Modern Socialist Criticism (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1887), p. 92.
455. 'Unscientific Socialism', Today, 1/3 (March 1884), 192-304.
456. Bax, Religion of Socialism, p. 100.
457. Morris, 'How I Became a Socialist', p. 281.
458. Morris, 'The Socialist Ideal: Art', CW, xxxiii. 256.