Women's health and fertility, family planning and pregnancy in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: A report from a south-eastern European Expert Meeting

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 959-968

  Ntali, Stella ^a   Damjanov, Nemanja ^b   Drakakis, Peter ^c   Ionescu, Ruxandra ^d   Kalinova, Desislava ^e   Rashkov, Rasho ^e   Malamitsi Puchner, Ariadne ^f   Mantzaris, Gerassimos ^g   Michala, Lina ^c   Pamfil, Cristina ^h   Rednic, Simona ^h   Tektonidou, Maria G ^c   Tsiodras, Sotirios ⁱ   Vassilopoulos, Dimitrios ^c   Vojinovic, Jelena ^j   Bertsias, George K ^k,l   Boumpas, Dimitrios T ^c,l,m  

^a Ippokration Hospital Thessaloniki   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^d CAROL DAVILA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

^e MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOFIA   (Bulgaria)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^g EVANGELISMOS HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^h IULIU HATIEGANU UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

ⁱ NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^j UNIVERSITY OF NI   (Serbia)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^l INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY   (Greece)

^m BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (Greece)

more..

Author keywords

Adolescence; Autoimmune diseases; Family planning; Fertility; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; RITUXIMAB; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; BREAST CANCER; BREAST FEEDING; CANCER SCREENING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CONTRACEPTION; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG SAFETY; EUROPE; FAMILY PLANNING; FEMALE FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; LUNG CANCER; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; MENOPAUSE; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; MYOSITIS; NEONATAL LUPUS; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PATIENT EDUCATION; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; URINE INCONTINENCE; WOMEN'S HEALTH; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; FERTILITY; FERTILITY PRESERVATION; IMMUNOLOGY; INFERTILITY THERAPY; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; ORGANIZATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RHEUMATIC DISEASES; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CONGRESSES AS TOPIC; FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES; FEMALE; FERTILITY; FERTILITY PRESERVATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; PREGNANCY; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED; RHEUMATIC DISEASES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 84925286193     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: 1593098X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. HARVEY N, DENNISON E, COOPER C: Osteoporosis: impact on health and economics. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6: 99-105.
2. EATON NR, KEYES KM, KRUEGER RF et al.: An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample. J Abnorm Psychol 2012; 121: 282-8.
3. SHAW LJ, BUGIARDINI R, MERZ CNB: Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1561-75.
4. DENG DY: Urinary incontinence in women. Med Clin North Am 2011; 95: 101-09.
5. TORIOLA AT, COLDITZ GA: Trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality in the United States: implications for prevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138: 665-73.
6. VESCO KK, WHITLOCK EP, EDER M, BURDA BU, SENGER CA, LUTZ K: Risk factors and other epidemiologic considerations for cervical cancer screening: a narrative review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 698-705, W216.
7. CRAMER DW: The epidemiology of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26: 1-12.
8. SMITH RA, BROOKS D, COKKINIDES V, SASLOW D, BRAWLEY OW: Cancer screening in the United States, 2013: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines, current issues in cancer screening, and new guidance on cervical cancer screening and lung cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin 2013; 63: 88-105.
9. MOK CC, HO LY, FONG LS, TO CH: Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 659-64.
10. VILLA LL: HPV prophylactic vaccination: The first years and what to expect from now. Cancer Lett 2011; 305: 106-12.
11. DELIGEOROGLOU E, CREATSAS G: Menstrual disorders. Endocr Dev 2012; 22: 160-70.
12. SWEET MG, SCHMIDT-DALTON TA, WEISS PM, MADSEN KP: Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Am Fam Physician 2012; 85: 35-43.
13. AMY J-J, TRIPATHI V: Contraception for women: an evidence based overview. BMJ 2009; 339: b2895.
14. SÁNCHEZ-GUERRERO J, URIBE AG, JIMÉ-NEZ-SANTANA L et al.: A trial of contraceptive methods in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2539-49.
15. LATEEF A, PETRI M: Hormone replacement and contraceptive therapy in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2012; 38: J170-6.
16. BAYER LL, HILLARD PJA: Use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system for medical indications in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2013; 52: S54-S58.
17. McLAREN JF: Infertility evaluation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2012; 39: 453-63.
18. PANAY N, KALU E: Management of premature ovarian failure. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23: 129-40.
19. PROPST AM, BATES GW, Jr.: Evaluation and treatment of anovulatory and unexplained infertility. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2012; 39: 507-19.
20. ANDERSON RA, WALLACE WHB: Fertility preservation in girls and young women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75: 409-19.
21. MURK W, SELI E: Fertility preservation as a public health issue: an epidemiological perspective. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23: 143-50.
22. RAGAB A, BARAKAT R, RAGHEB M, STATE O, BADAWY A: Subfertility treatment in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 32: 569-71.
23. STEEGERS EA, von DADELSZEN P, DUVEKOT JJ, PIJNENBORG R: Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2010; 376: 631-44.
24. IMBASCIATI E, TINCANI A, GREGORINI G et al.: Pregnancy in women with pre-existing lupus nephritis: predictors of fetal and maternal outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 519-25.
25. NEWFIELD E: Third-trimester pregnancy complications. Prim Care 2012; 39: 95-113.
26. NELSON HD: Menopause. Lancet 2008; 371: 760-70.
27. MANSON JE, CHLEBOWSKI RT, STEFANICK ML et al.: Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013; 310: 1353-68.
28. YAZDANY J, TRUPIN L, KAISER R et al.: Contraceptive counseling and use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a gap in health care quality? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63: 358-65.
29. PETRI M, KIM MY, KALUNIAN KC et al.: Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2550-8.
30. CULWELL KR, CURTIS KM, DEL CARMEN CRAVIOTO M: Safety of contraceptive method use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114: 341-53.
31. FARR SL, FOLGER SG, PAULEN ME, CURTIS KM: Safety of contraceptive methods for women with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Contraception 2010; 82: 64-71.
32. GEVA E, LERNER-GEVA L, BURKE M, VARDINON N, LESSING JB, AMIT A: Undiagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus in a cohort of infertile women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 51: 336-40.
33. VINET E, LABRECQUE J, PINEAU CA et al.: A population-based assessment of live births in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 557-9.
34. JAWAHEER D, ZHU JL, NOHR EA, OLSEN J: Time to pregnancy among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: 1517-21.
35. SKOMSVOLL JF, OSTENSEN M, BASTE V, IRGENS LM: Number of births, interpregnancy interval, and subsequent pregnancy rate after a diagnosis of inflammatory rheumatic disease in Norwegian women. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 2310-14.
36. KATZ PP: Childbearing decisions and family size among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 217-23.
37. CLOWSE ME, CHAKRAVARTY E, COSTENBADER KH, CHAMBERS C, MICHAUD K: Effects of infertility, pregnancy loss, and patient concerns on family size of women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64: 668-74.
38. CHAKRAVARTY EF, COLÓN I, LANGEN ES et al.: Factors that predict prematurity and preeclampsia in pregnancies that are complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1897-904.
39. HENES M, HENES JC, NEUNHOEFFER E et al.: Fertility preservation methods in young women with systemic lupus erythematosus prior to cytotoxic therapy: experiences from the FertiPROTEKT network. Lupus 2012; 21: 953-58.
40. YINON Y, PAUZNER R, DULITZKY M, ELIZUR SE, DOR J, SHULMAN A: Safety of IVF under anticoagulant therapy in patients at risk for thrombo-embolic events. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12: 354-58.
41. GONZALEZ C, BOADA M, DEVESA M, VEIGA A: Concise review: fertility preservation: an update. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1: 668-72.
42. SALAMA M, WINKLER K, MURACH KF, SEEBER B, ZIEHR SC, WILDT L: Female fertility loss and preservation: threats and opportunities. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 598-608.
43. ALLERSMA T, FARQUHAR C, CANTINEAU AE: Natural cycle in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for subfertile couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD010550.
44. REID GJ, SIU SC, McCRINDLE BW, IRVINE MJ, WEBB GD: Sexual behavior and reproductive concerns among adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2008; 125: 332-38.
45. BRITTO MT, ROSENTHAL SL, TAYLOR J, PASSO MH: Improving rheumatologists' screening for alcohol use and sexual activity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154: 478-83.
46. GOMELLA T, CUNNINGHAM M, EYAL F: Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs, Sixth Edition (LANGE Clinical Science): McGraw-Hill Professional; 2009.
47. MEKINIAN A, LACHASSINNE E, NICAISEROLAND P et al.: European registry of babies born to mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 217-22.
48. PIKWER M, BERGSTROM U, NILSSON JA, JACOBSSON L, TURESSON C: Early menopause is an independent predictor of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 378-81.
49. SAMMARITANO LR: Menopause in patients with autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11: A430-6.
50. CRAVIOTO MD, DURAND-CARBAJAL M, JIMENEZ-SANTANA L, LARA-REYES P, SEUC AH, SANCHEZ-GUERRERO J: Efficacy of estrogen plus progestin on menopausal symptoms in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63: 1654-63.
51. BUYON JP, PETRI MA, KIM MY et al.: The effect of combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy on disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 953-62.
52. HICKMAN RA, GORDON C: Causes and management of infertility in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 1551-58.
53. CLOWSE MEB, MAGDER L, WITTER F, PETRI M: Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 3640-47.
54. ZHAO C, ZHAO J, HUANG Y et al.: Newonset systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32: 815-22.
55. CLOWSE MEB, JAMISON M, MYERS E, JAMES AH: A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199: 127.e1--27.e6.
56. NILI F, MCLEOD L, O'CONNELL C, SUTTON E, McMILLAN D: Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus: a populationbased study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013; 35: 323-28.
57. SMYTH A, OLIVEIRA GHM, LAHR BD, BAILEY KR, NORBY SM, GAROVIC VD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 2060-68.
58. CLOWSE MEB, MAGDER LS, WITTER F, PETRI M: The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 514-21.
59. KONG NCT: Pregnancy of a lupus patient--a challenge to the nephrologist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 268-72.
60. CIMAZ R, SPENCE DL, HORNBERGER L, SILVERMAN ED: Incidence and spectrum of neonatal lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of infants born to mothers with anti-Ro autoantibodies. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 678-83.
61. MORETTI D, CIMAZ R, VANNUCCI G, MARINO A, DE MARTINO M, GRECO A: Cutaneous neonatal lupus: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2013.
62. IZMIRLY PM, LLANOS C, LEE LA, ASKANASE A, KIM MY, BUYON JP: Cutaneous manifestations of neonatal lupus and risk of subsequent congenital heart block. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 1153-57.
63. LLANOS C, IZMIRLY PM, KATHOLI M et al.: Recurrence rates of cardiac manifestations associated with neonatal lupus and maternal/fetal risk factors. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 3091-97.
64. GLEICHER N, ELKAYAM U: Preventing congenital neonatal heart block in offspring of mothers with anti-SSA/Ro and SSB/La antibodies: a review of published literature and registered clinical trials. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12: 1039-45.
65. IZMIRLY PM, COSTEDOAT-CHALUMEAU N, PISONI CN et al.: Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. Circulation 2012; 126: 76-82.
66. IZMIRLY PM, KIM MY, LLANOS C et al.: Evaluation of the risk of anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus in fetuses of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus exposed to hydroxychloroquine. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69: 1827-30.
67. TUNKS RD, CLOWSE ME, MILLER SG, BRANCAZIO LR, BARKER PC: Maternal autoantibody levels in congenital heart block and potential prophylaxis with antiinflammatory agents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208: 64 e1-7.
68. MIYAKIS S, LOCKSHIN MD, ATSUMI T et al.: International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.
69. WIJETILLEKA S, SCOBLE T, KHAMASHTA M: Novel insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 24: 473-81.
70. LOCKSHIN MD, KIM M, LASKIN CA et al.: Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome by the presence of lupus anticoagulant, but not anticardiolipin antibody, in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 2311-18.
71. RUFFATTI A, TONELLO M, VISENTIN MS et al.: Risk factors for pregnancy failure in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome treated with conventional therapies: a multicentre, case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 1684-89.
72. BRAMHAM K, THOMAS M, NELSON-PIERCY C, KHAMASHTA M, HUNT BJ: First-trimester low-dose prednisolone in refractory antiphospholipid antibody-related pregnancy loss. Blood 2011; 117: 6948-51.
73. BRANCH W, OTF Report of the Obstetric APS Task Force: 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies, 13th April 2010. Lupus 2011; 20: 158-64.
74. EMPSON M, LASSERE M, CRAIG J, SCOTT J: Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD002859.
75. MAK A, CHEUNG MW-L, CHEAK AA-C, HO RC-M: Combination of heparin and aspirin is superior to aspirin alone in enhancing live births in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and meta-regression. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49: 281-88.
76. ZIAKAS PD, PAVLOU M, VOULGARELIS M: Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 1256-62.
77. de MAN YA, DOLHAIN RJEM, VAN DE GEIJN FE, WILLEMSEN SP, HAZES JMW: Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 59: 1241-48.
78. REED SD, VOLLAN TA, SVEC MA: Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatoid arthritis in Washington State. Matern Child Health J 2006; 10: 361-66.
79. SIGNORE C, SPONG CY, KROTOSKI D, SHINOWARA NL, BLACKWELL SC: Pregnancy in women with physical disabilities. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 935-47.
80. WALLENIUS M, SKOMSVOLL JF, IRGENS LM et al.: Pregnancy and delivery in women with chronic inflammatory arthritides with a specific focus on first birth. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: 1534-42.
81. SPINILLO A, BENEVENTI F, RAMONI V et al.: Prevalence and significance of previously undiagnosed rheumatic diseases in pregnancy. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 918-23.
82. WALLENIUS M, SALVESEN KA, DALTVEIT AK, SKOMSVOLL JF: Rheumatoid arthritis and outcomes in first and subsequent births based on data from a national birth registry. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013.
83. de MAN YA, HAZES JMW, van der HEIDE H et al.: Association of higher rheumatoid arthritis disease activity during pregnancy with lower birth weight: results of a national prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 3196-206.
84. OSTLIE IL, DALE O, MÖLLER A: From childhood to adult life with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29: 445-52.
85. WALLENIUS M, SKOMSVOLL JF, IRGENS LM et al.: Fertility in women with chronic inflammatory arthritides. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 1162-67.
86. CHEN JS, FORD JB, ROBERTS CL, SIMPSON JM, MARCH LM: Pregnancy outcomes in women with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52: 1119-25.
87. LUI NL, HAROON N, CARTY A et al.: Effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 2011; 38: 2442-4.
88. ØSTENSEN M, FUHRER L, MATHIEU R, SEITZ M, VILLIGER PM: A prospective study of pregnant patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis using validated clinical instruments. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 1212-17.
89. TARABORELLI M, RAMONI V, BRUCATO A et al.: Brief report: successful pregnancies but a higher risk of preterm births in patients with systemic sclerosis: an Italian multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 1970-77.
90. CHAKRAVARTY EF: Vascular Complications of Systemic Sclerosis during Pregnancy. Int J Rheumatol 2010; 2010.
91. MINIATI I, GUIDUCCI S, MECACCI F, MELLO G, MATUCCI-CERINIC M: Pregnancy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47 Suppl 3: iii16--iii18.
92. AIKAWA NE, SALLUM AM, LEAL MM, BONFA E, PEREIRA RM, SILVA CA: Menstrual and hormonal alterations in juvenile dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010; 28: 571-5.
93. CHOPRA S, SURI V, BAGGA R, THAMI MR, SHARMA A, BAMBERY P: Autoimmune inflammatory myopathy in pregnancy. Medscape J Med 2008; 10: 17.
94. SILVA CA, SULTAN SM, ISENBERG DA: Pregnancy outcome in adult-onset idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 1168-72.
95. VÁNCSA A, PONYI A, CONSTANTIN T, ZEHER M, DANKÓ K: Pregnancy outcome in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatol Int 2007; 27: 435-39.
96. HYRICH KL, VERSTAPPEN SM: Biologic therapies and pregnancy: the story so far. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013.
97. OSTENSEN M, FORGER F: How safe are anti-rheumatic drugs during pregnancy? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 470-5.
98. KURIYA B, HERNANDEZ-DIAZ S, LIU J, BERMAS BL, DANIEL G, SOLOMON DH: Patterns of medication use during pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63: 721-8.
99. VIKTIL KK, ENGELAND A, FURU K: Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: a cohort study among 150,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 41: 196-201.
100. PALMSTEN K, HERNANDEZ-DIAZ S, KURIYA B, SOLOMON DH, SETOGUCHI S: Use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64: 1730-8.
101. MARTINEZ LOPEZ JA, LOZA E, CARMONA L: Systematic review on the safety of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis regarding the reproductive system (fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding). Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009; 27: 678-84.
102. CHAMBERS CD, JOHNSON DL, ROBINSON LK et al.: Birth outcomes in women who have taken leflunomide during pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 1494-503.
103. CASSINA M, JOHNSON DL, ROBINSON LK et al.: Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to leflunomide before or during pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64: 2085-94.
104. DIAV-CITRIN O, OTCHERETIANSKI-VOLODARSKY A, SHECHTMAN S, ORNOY A: Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to TNF-alpha-inhibitors: A prospective, comparative, observational study. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 43C: 78-84.
105. GISBERT JP, CHAPARRO M: Safety of anti-TNF agents during pregnancy and breastfeeding in women with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1426-38.
106. MARCHIONI RM, LICHTENSTEIN GR: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor therapy and fetal risk: a systematic literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 2591-602.
107. VERSTAPPEN SM, KING Y, WATSON KD, SYMMONS DP, HYRICH KL, BSRBR Control Centre Consortium BSRBR: Anti-TNF therapies and pregnancy: outcome of 130 pregnancies in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: 823-6.
108. VINET E, PINEAU C, GORDON C, CLARKE AE, BERNATSKY S: Biologic therapy and pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61: 587-92.
109. OJEDA-URIBE M, AFIF N, DAHAN E et al.: Exposure to abatacept or rituximab in the first trimester of pregnancy in three women with autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32: 695-700.
110. SANGLE SR, LUTALO PM, DAVIES RJ, KHAMASHTA MA, D'CRUZ DP: B-cell depletion therapy and pregnancy outcome in severe, refractory systemic autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2013; 43: 55-9.
111. CHAKRAVARTY EF, MURRAY ER, KELMAN A, FARMER P: Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to rituximab. Blood 2011; 117: 1499-506.
112. DUNSON DB, COLOMBO B, BAIRD DD: Changes with age in the level and duration of fertility in the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 1399-403.
113. FADDY MJ, GOSDEN RG, GOUGEON A, RICHARDSON SJ, NELSON JF: Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in midlife: implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod 1992; 7: 1342-6.
114. MENKEN J, TRUSSELL J, LARSEN U: Age and infertility. Science 1986; 233: 1389-94.
115. MOSHER WD: Fecundity and infertility in the United States. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 181-2.
116. HAZES JMW, COULIE PG, GEENEN V et al.: Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: evolution of disease activity and pathophysiological considerations for drug use. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 1955-68.
117. MAHADEVAN U, CUCCHIARA S, HYAMS JS et al.: The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation: pregnancy and pediatrics. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 214--23; quiz 24.