How Australia decides: Election reporting and the media

How Australia Decides: Election Reporting and the Media

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-324

  Young, Sally ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925051792     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511984778     Document Type: Book

References (516)

1. AAP [Australian Associated Press] (2005) ‘Fed: I know how Brogden feels, says Kernot’, 11 September.
2. ABA [Australian Broadcasting Authority] (2000) Commercial Radio Inquiry: Final Report, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib100654/commradinq_fin. pdf.
3. ABA [Australian Broadcasting Authority] (2001a) How News is Made in Australia, Sydney, ABA.
4. ABA [Australian Broadcasting Authority] (2001b) Sources of News and Current Affairs, Sydney, ABA.
5. ABA [Australian Broadcasting Authority] (2005) Investigation Report 19362, http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/aba/newspubs/radio_tv/investigations/broadcast_operations/documents/radio/2005/1362.pdf.
6. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (1998) Four Corners episode‘The uncertain eye’, 2 February.
7. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2002) ‘ABC valued by 91% of Australians - Newspoll’, Ultimo, NSW: ABC.
8. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2003) ‘Report of the independent complaints review panel’, Ultimo, NSW: ABC.
9. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2005) ‘ABC news and current affairs - accuracy and impartiality’, ABC Fact Sheet, Ultimo, NSW: ABC.
10. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2006) The Media Report, 9 March, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2006/1586075.htm.
11. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2007a) Annual Report 2006-07, Ultimo, NSW: ABC.
12. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2007b) Editorial Policies: March 2007, Ultimo, NSW: ABC.
13. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2008) ‘What is ABC News Radio?’, ABC, http://www.abc.net.au/newsradio/about/history.htm.
14. ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation] (2009) ABC Charter 1983, http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/ABCcharter.htm.
15. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (1997) ‘4172.0 - Cultural trends: a statistical overview’, Canberra, ABS.
16. ABS[Australian Bureau of Statistics] (1999) ‘Strong growth in home use of information technology: media release 63/99’, Canberra, ABS.
17. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2003) ‘4102.0 - Australian social trends, 2003-Paid work: longer working hours’, Canberra, ABS.
18. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2004) ‘Employee earnings and hours, May 2004’, Canberra, ABS.
19. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2006) ‘8146.0.55.001 - Patterns of internet access in Australia, 2006’, Canberra, ABS.
20. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2007a) ‘6227.0 - Education and work, Australia, May 2007’, Canberra, ABS.
21. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2007b) ‘8146.0.55.001 - Patterns of internet access in Australia, 2006’, Canberra, ABS.
22. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2008a) ‘3235.0 - Population by age and sex, regions of Australia, 2007’, Canberra, ABS.
23. ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] (2008b) ‘4102.0 - Australian social trends, 2008’, Canberra, ABS.
24. ACE [Administration and Costs of Elections Project] (2009) ‘Overview of media and elections’, http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/me/me10.
25. ACMA [Australian Communication and Media Authority] (2007) Digital Television in Australian Homes, 2007, report prepared by Eureka Strategic Research, Sydney, ACMA.
26. Adams, Phillip and Burton, Lee (1997) Talkback, Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
27. AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] (2007a) ‘House of Representatives - two party preferred results 1949-present’, http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_ ElectoraLHistory/House_of.Representative. 1949_Present.htm.
28. AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] (2007b) ‘House of Representatives - first preferences by party’, http://results.aec.gov.au/13745/Website/HouseResultsMenu-13745.htm.
29. AEC [Australian Electoral Commission] (2009) ‘Voterturnout 1901 - present (nationalsummary)’, http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_ElectoraLHistory/Voter_Turnout.htm.
30. AFC [Australian Film Commission] (2005) Pay TV, Canberra, AFC.
31. AFC [Australian Film Commission] (2009) ‘Trends in audience share’, Get the Picture, http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftv-ratingstrends.html.
32. AFR [Australian Financial Review] (2009) Media Kit, Fairfax Media AdCentre, http://www.adcentre.com.au/the-australian-financial-review.aspx.
33. Akerman, Piers (2006) ‘Battling ABC bias’, Daily Telegraph, 16 October.
34. Albright, Jeremy J. (2009) ‘Does political knowledge erode party attachments? a review of the cognitive mobilization thesis’, Electoral Studies 28(2): 248-60.
35. Alliance Online (2009) ‘Code of ethics’ MEAA, http://www.alliance.org.au/code-of- ethics.html.
36. ALP [Australian Labor Party] (1987) Campaign Manual, Canberra, National Library of Australia, (Manuscripts, MS4985, Box 468, folder 84/5/20).
37. Alston, Richard (2003) ‘Contradiction and exaggeration: Our ABC's spin on war in Iraq’, Age, 29 May: 17.
38. Ang, Ien (1995) ‘The nature of the audience’ in John Downing, Ali Mohammadi and Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds), Questioning the Media (2nd edn), London, Sage, pp. 207-20.
39. APC [Australian Press Council] (1977) ‘Reporting guidelines: accusations ofbias’, http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/activities/guides/gpr15.html.
40. APC [Australian Press Council] (1999) ‘Reporting national politics’, Press Council News, 11(1), http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/apcnews/feb99/canberra.html.
41. APC [Australian Press Council] (2001) ‘Reporting guidelines: general press release no.246 (iv): opinion polls’, http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/activities/guides/gpr246_4.html.
42. APC [Australian Press Council] (2005) ‘Adjudication No. 1270’, http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/adj/1270.html.
43. APC [Australian Press Council] (2006), State of the News Print Media in Australia 2006, Sydney, APC.
44. APC [Australian Press Council] (2008), State of the News Print Media in Australia 2007, Sydney, APC.
45. APC [Australian Press Council] (2009a) ‘Reporting elections’, http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/activities/guides/elections.html.
46. APC [Australian Press Council] (2009b) ‘Complaints Statistics 2008-2009’, http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/complaints/statistics/stats09.html.
47. ARTKC [Australia's Right to Know Coalition] (2007) ‘Background: the state of free speech in Australia’, 10 May 2007.
48. ASPG [Australasian Study of Parliament Group] (2003) ‘On being a political reporter’, transcript of meeting 17 March, Parliament House, Brisbane http://www. parliament.qld.gov.au/aspg/papers/030317.pdf.
49. ASTRA [Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association] (2008) ‘Subscription TV’, http://www.astra.org.au/article.asp?section=2&option= 1&content= 1.
50. ASTRA [Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association] Australasian Study of Parliament Group see ASPG.
51. ASTRA [Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association] Australian Associated Press see AAP.
52. ASTRA [Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association] Australian Broadcasting Authority see ABA.
53. ASTRA [Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association] Australian Bureau of Statistics see ABS.
54. ASTRA [Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association] Australian Communication and Media Authority see ACMA.
55. Australian Conservative (2008) ‘Tide of opinion turning at the Australian’, http://australianconservative.com/2008/06/tide-of-opinion-turning-at-the-australian-2/
56. Australian Conservative, Australian Conservative Australian Electoral Commission see AEC.
57. Australian Conservative, Australian Conservative Australian Film Commission see AFC.
58. Australian Conservative, Australian Conservative Australian Financial Review see AFR.
59. Australian Conservative, Australian Conservative Australian Press Council see APC.
60. Australian Conservative, Australian Conservative Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association see ASTRA.
61. Australian Conservative, Australian Conservative Australia's Right to Know Coalition see ARTKC.
62. Bahnisch, Mark (2007) ‘The state of political blogging’, Larvatus Prodeo, 30 September http://larvatusprodeo.net/2007/09/30/the-state-of-political-blogging/
63. Baird, Julia (2004) Media Tarts, North Carlton, Scribe Publications.
64. Banducci, Susan A. and Karp, Jeffrey A. (2003) ‘How elections change the way citizens view the political system’, British Journal of Political Science, 33: 443-67.
65. BARB [Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board [UK] (2009) ‘Weekly top 30 programs, week ending 12 April 2009’, http://www.barb.co.uk/report/weeklyTopProgrammes 0verview/?report=weeklyterrestrial&requesttimeout=500&flag=viewing summary.
66. Barnes, Allan (1972) ‘“Image” that's the thing now’, Age, 10 November: 9.
67. Barnhurst, Kevin (1998) ‘Politics in the fine mesh’, Media, Culture & Society, 20(2): 201-18.
68. Barry, Paul (2007) The Rise and Rise of Kerry Packer Uncut, Sydney, Bantam.
69. Bartle, John (2005) ‘The press, television and the internet’, Parliamentary Affairs, 58(1): 43-55.
70. Baum, Matthew A. (2003) ‘Soft news and political knowledge: evidence of absence or absence of evidence?’ Political Communication, 20: 173-90.
71. BCS [British Crime Survey] (2003) Home Office, UK.
72. Bean, Clive (2005) ‘How the political audiences of Australian public and commercial television channels differ’, Australian Journal of Communication, 32(2): 41-55.
73. Bean, Clive, Gow, David and McAllister, Ian (1998) Australian Election Study 1998 [computer file], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
74. Bean, Clive, Gow, David and McAllister, Ian (2002) Australian Election Study, 2001: User's Guide for the Machine-readable Data File, SSDA Study No. 1048, Canberra, Australian National University.
75. Bean, Clive, McAllister, Ian, Gibson, Rachel and Gow, David (2005) Australian Election Study 2004 [computer file], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
76. Bean, Clive, McAllister, Ian and Gow, David (2008) Australian Election Study 2007 [computer file], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
77. Beecher, Eric (2005) ‘The decline of the quality press?’ in Robert Manne (ed), Do Not Disturb, Melbourne, Black Inc, pp. 7-27.
78. Bennett, Scott (1996) Winning and Losing: Australian National Elections, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.
79. Bennett, W. Lance (2005) ‘Beyond pseudoevents: election news and reality TV’, American Behavioral Scientist 49(3): 364-78.
80. Blair, Tony (2007) ‘Speech to the Reuter's Institute’, 12 June, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6744581.stm.
81. Blumler, Jay G. (1987) ‘Election communication and the democratic political system’ in David L. Paletz (ed), Political Communication Research, New York, Ablex Publishing, pp. 167-75.
82. Blumler, Jay G. and Coleman, Stephen (2010) ‘Political communication in freefall: the British case and others?’, The International Journal of Press/Politics 15: 139-54.
83. Blumler, Jay G. and Gurevitch, Michael (1981) ‘Politicians and the press: an essay on role relationships’, in D.D. Nimmo and K.R. Saunders (eds), Handbook of Political Communication, London, Sage, pp. 468-96.
84. Boey, K.C. (2004) ‘Australian media under scrutiny amid political rumour mill’, New Sunday Times (Malaysia), 11 July: 5.
85. Bolt, Andrew (2008) ‘A million blogging warnings to a lazy media’, http://blogs. news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/column_a_ million_blogging_warnings_to_aJazy_media/.
86. Bolt, Andrew (2010) ‘Profile’, Andrew Bolt blog, Herald Sun online http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/.
87. Bolton, Geoffrey (2001) ‘Sir Edmund Barton’ in Michelle Grattan (ed), Australian Prime Ministers, Sydney, New Holland, pp. 22-35.
88. Braithwaite, Alyssa (2007) ‘Seven wins television ratings year’, Australian, 2 December.
89. Brent, Peter (2004) ‘Howard's battlers: the electoral evidence?’, paper presented to the Australasian Political Studies Association Conference, University of Adelaide, 29 September-1 October 2004.
90. Brent, Peter (2007) ‘Poll position: making sense of opinion polls’ in Kerr, Christian (ed), The Crikey Guide to the 2007 Federal Election, Camberwell, Vic., Penguin, pp. 131-47.
91. Brent, Peter, Peter British Crime Survey see BCS.
92. Brent, Peter, Peter Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board see BARB.
93. Bruns, Axel (2008) ‘Citizen journalism in the 2007 Australian federal election’, eJournalist, 8(1), pp. 75-89.
94. Bucy, Erik P. and Grabe, Maria Elizabeth (2007) ‘Taking television seriously: a sound and image bite analysis of presidential campaign coverage’, 1992-2004, Journal of Communication 57:652-75.
95. Burton, Lee (2000) ‘The options generation: a discussion of young Australians’ media use’, Australian Screen Education 22, Autumn: 54-63.
96. Butler, Barbara Ann (1998) ‘Information subsidies, journalism routines and the Australian Media’, Prometheus, 16(1): 27-46.
97. Butler, Barbara Ann (1999) ‘Source strategies, subsidies and subterfuge: building the prime-time campaign news agenda during the 1998 federal election’, Australian Journal of Communication 26(3): 111-26.
98. Cappella, Joseph and Hall Jamieson, Katherine (1996) ‘News frames, political cynicism and media cynicism’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546: 71-85.
99. Carbonne, Suzanne (2001) ‘And now voters, it's time to take your seats’, Age, 9 October.
100. Carey, Adam (2007) ‘The click of the crop’, Age, 20 December, http://www.theage.com. au/articles/2007/12/20/1198175314652.html.
101. Carney, Shaun (2005) ‘The last bully baron’, Age, 31 December.
102. Carroll, John S. (2006) ‘What will become of newspapers?’ http://www.mediadb.eu/fileadmin/bilder/reports/john_s._carrolL-_what_will_become_of_newspapers.pdf.
103. Casimir, Jon (1998) ‘The big turn-off’, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 June, The Guide: 4.
104. Chadwick, Paul (1989) Media Mates, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Vic.
105. Chadwick, Paul (2008) ‘Report of the chairman ECRC’, ABC Online, http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/ABC_Coverage_of _the_2007_Federal_Election.pdf.
106. Chaffee, Steven and Frank, Stacey (1996) ‘How Americans get political information: print versus broadcast news’, The Annals of the American Academy 546, July: 48-58.
107. Chalmers, Rob (2009) ‘Rudd versus News Ltd’, Inside Story, 9 July.
108. Channel Nine (2010) ‘Seapatrol Website’, Ninemsn Online, http://channelnine.ninemsn.com.au/seapatrol/.
109. Charlton, Peter (2002a) ‘Tampa: the triumph of politics’ in Solomon, David (ed), Howard's Race, Sydney, HarperCollins, pp. 79-107.
110. Charlton, Peter (2002b) ‘The terror campaign’ in Solomon, David (ed), Howard's Race, Sydney, HarperCollins, pp. 108-30.
111. Cincotta, Katie (2007) ‘Talkback radio enjoys its 40th birthday’, B&T Weekly, 13 April, p. 16.
112. CMH [Consolidated Media Holdings] (2004) ‘Television ratings’, http://www.pbl.com. au/australian_television_ratings_week_36.htm.
113. Cohen, Barry (1980) ‘A winning campaign’, Canberra, Australian Labor Party, National Library manuscripts (MS 4985, Box 468, folder 84/5/20).
114. Colebatch, Tim (2000) ‘And in news just to hand, Australians back the media’, Age,20 March:1.
115. Coleman, Stephen and Banning, Renita (2006) ‘Network TV news’ affective framing of the presidential candidates’, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 83(2): 313-28.
116. Coleman, Stephen and Banning, Renita Commercial Radio Australia see CRA.
117. Coleman, Stephen and Banning, Renita, Consolidated Media Holdings see CMH.
118. Converse, Philip (1966) ‘Information flow and the stability of partisan attitudes’ in Angus Campbell et al., Elections and the Political Order, Wiley, New York.
119. Coorey, Phillip (2001) ‘Jockeys who give PM easy ride’, Advertiser, 3 December: 19.
120. Costello, Peter (2009) ‘Opinions count for much more in modern politics’, Age,15 April.
121. CRA [Commercial Radio Australia] (2007) ‘Commercial radio: a snapshot’, CRA Online, December, http://www.commercialradio.com.au/files/uploaded/file/Advertising% 20on%20Radio/Snapshots%202007_forweb _amended.pdf.
122. CRA [Commercial Radio Australia] (2008) ‘Radio facts’, CRA Online, http://www.commercialradio.com.au/index.cfm?page_id=1007.
123. CRA [Commercial Radio Australia] (2009) ‘Why advertise on radio?’, CRA Online, http://www.commercialradio.com. au/index.cfm?page_id= 1023.
124. Craig, Geoffrey (2004) The Media, Politics and Public Life, Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
125. Craig, John (1993) Australian Politics, Sydney, Harcourt Brace.
126. Crikey (undated) ‘About Crikey’, Crikey Online, http://www.crikey.com.au/About.html.
127. Crisp, L.F. (1965) Australian National Government, Croydon, Vic., Longman.
128. Crouch, Brad (1993) ‘Wild scenes as protesters pelt Hewson with fruit’, Herald Sun,21 February: 4.
129. Crouch, Brad (1996) ‘On the campaign trail’, Sunday Telegraph, 18 February.
130. Crouse, Timothy (1973) The Boys on the Bus, New York, Random House.
131. Crouse, Timothy (1998) ‘Newspaper and the press’ in Adam Briggs and Paul Cobley (eds), The Media: An Introduction Essex, UK: Longman, pp. 81-96.
132. Crouse, Timothy Iyengar, Shanto, Lund, Anker Brink and Salovaara-Moring, Inka (2009) ‘Media system, public knowledge and democracy’, European Journal of Communication 24(1): 5-26.
133. Dahlgren, Peter (2009) Media and Political Engagement, London, Cambridge University Press.
134. Dale, David (2008) ‘Kids muck up ABC ratings as SBS soars’, Sydney Morning Herald, 1 December.
135. Dalton, Russell J. (1996) Citizen Politics (2nd edn), Chatham NJ, Chatham House.
136. Davis, Aeron (2007) The Mediation of Power, London, Routledge.
137. Deacon, David, Wring, Dominic, Billig, Michael, Downey, John, Golding, Peter and Davidson, Scott (2005) Reporting the 2005 UK General Election, Communication Research Centre, Loughborough University.
138. Delli Carpini, Michael and Keeter, Scott (1996) What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters, New Haven, Yale University Press.
139. Denemark, David (2005) ‘Mass media and media power in Australia’ in Shaun Wilson, Gabrielle Meagher, Rachel Gibson, David Denemark and Mark Western (eds), Australian Social Attitudes, Sydney, UNSW Press, pp. 220-49.
140. Denemark, David, Ward, Ian and Bean, Clive (2007) ‘Election campaigns and television news coverage’, Australian Journal of Political Science 42(1): 89-109.
141. Druckman, James N. (2005) ‘Media matter: how newspapers and television news cover campaigns and influence voters’, Political Communication 22 (October-December): 463-81.
142. Dudley-Nicholson, Jennifer (2009) ‘Australians spend much more time online’, Australian, 5 March.
143. Duffy, Michael (1998) ‘Only one deserves to lose, honest’, Daily Telegraph, 3 October.
144. Dyer, Glenn (2008) ‘Alan Jones-yesterday'sparrot?’, Crikey, 18 June, http://www.crikey. com.au/2008/06/18/alan-jones-yesterdays-parrot/.
145. Dyer, Glenn (2008b) interview with the author, 3 November.
146. Economist, The (2008) ‘On the brink’, 3 May.
147. Economou, Nick (2008) ‘Leading or following? editorials, alignments, elections and the 2007 federal election’, Communication, Politics & Culture 41(2): 30-46.
148. Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew (2007) ‘News channel set to be chief loser in clash over access’, Financial Times, 14 March: 3.
149. Elections Canada (2000) ‘Rules for the Publication of Opinion Polls’, 23 October http://www.elections.ca/content.asp?section=med&document=oct2300a&dir= pre&lang=e&textonly=false.
150. Elliott, Geoff (2010) ‘TV networks slam Tony Abbott over licence fee bribe claim’, Australian, 17 February.
151. Ellis, Bob (2002) ‘What dark secrets motivate our political reporters?’, Canberra Times, 10 July: 13.
152. EMC [Electoral Matters Committee] (2009) ‘Inquiry into Voter Participation and Informal Voting, Melbourne, Parliament of Victoria.
153. Entman, Robert M. (2002) ‘Framing: towards clarification of a fractured paradigm’, in Dennis McQuail (ed), McQuail's Reader in Mass Communication Theory, London, Sage, pp. 391-7.
154. Esser, Frank and d’Angelo, Paul (2003) ‘Framing the press and the publicity process: a content analysis of meta-coverage in campaign 2000 network news’, American Behavioural Scientist46(5): 617-41.
155. Esser, Frank and d’Angelo, Paul (2006) ‘Framing the press and publicity process in US, British, and German general election campaigns: A comparative study of metacoverage’, Press/Politics 11(3): 44-66.
156. Esser, Frank and d’Angelo, Paul, Reinemann, Carsten and Fan, David (2001) ‘Spin doctors in the United States, Great Britain and Germany: metacommunication about media manipulation’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6: 16-45.
157. Evans, Gareth (1998) ‘Politics and the media circus: sideshow alley’, Australian Quarterly, March-April, pp. 16-18.
158. Eveland, William P., Marton, Krisztina and Seo, Mihye (2004) ‘Moving beyond “just the facts”: the influence of online news on the content and structure of public affairs knowledge’, Communication Research 31(1): 82-108.
159. Faine, Jon (2005) ‘Talk radio and democracy’ in Robert Manne (ed), Do Not Disturb, Melbourne, Black Inc, pp. 169-88.
160. Fairfax (2003) ‘Only the taxman… advertisement’, AdNews, 24 October: 39.
161. Fairfax Media (2008a) ‘Fairfax Publications: Fairfax Digital Network’, Fairfax Media, http://www.adcentre.com.au/fairfax-digital- network.aspx?s_rid=www:footer.
162. Fairfax Media (2008b) Annual Report, http://www.fxj.com.au/announcements/sep08/FXJ_Fairfax Media AnnuaLReport _FINAL_v3.pdf.
163. Fairfax Media (2009) ‘Advertise with 3AW’, http://www.3aw.com.au/advertise-with-3aw/20081119-6b83.html.
164. Farhi, Paul (2008a) ‘Off the bus’, American Journalism Review 30(6): 28-33.
165. Farhi, Paul (2008b) ‘Cable's clout’, American Journalism Review 30(4), pp. 18-24.
166. Farhi, Paul (2009) ‘Build that paywall high’, American Journalism Review, June-July http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4800.
167. Farr, Malcolm (2002) ‘Howard's Campaign’ in Solomon, David (ed), (2002) Howard's Race, Sydney, HarperCollins, pp. 131-43.
168. Farrell, David and Schmitt-Beck, Rudiger (eds) (2002) Do Political Campaigns Matter? London, Routledge.
169. Fiske, John (1992) ‘Popularity and the politics of information’ in Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks (eds), Journalism and Popular Culture, London, Sage, pp. 45-63.
170. Fitzgerald, Julian (2008) Inside the Parliamentary Press Gallery, Mawson, ACT, Clareville Press.
171. Flew, Terry and Wilson, Jason (2008) ‘Journalism as social networking: the Australian youdecide project and the 2007 federal election’, Journalism 11(2): 131-47.
172. Flint, David (2005) ‘The left-wing bias of Australia's media’, Online Opinion, http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=3274.
173. Franklin, Bob (2004) Packaging Politics, New York, Arnold.
174. Fraser, Nancy (1992) ‘Rethinking the public sphere: a contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy’ in Craig Calhoun (ed), Habermas and the Public Sphere, MA, MIT Press, pp. 109-42.
175. Fraser, Nancy. Free TV Australia see FTA.
176. Freudenberg, Graham (2000) Recorded interview with Graham Freudenberg AM, interviewer: John Farquharson, Oral History Section, Canberra, National Library of Australia (CTRC 3994).
177. FTA [Free TV Australia] (2007) ‘Free TV ratings’ http://www.thinktv.com.au/Content_ Common/pg-2007-Ratings.seo.
178. FTA [Free TV Australia] (2008) ‘2008 Ratings Review’, http://www.freetv.com.au/media/News-Media_ReleaseZ2008_Summer_Release.pdf.
179. Gaber, Ivor (2000) ‘Government by spin: An analysis of the process’, Media, Culture and Society, 22: 507-518.
180. Gans, Joshua S. and Leigh, Andrew (2009) ‘How partisan is the press?’, http://people. anu.edu.au/andrew.leigh/pdf/MediaSlant.pdf.
181. Gardiner-Garden, John and Chowns, Jonathan (2006) E-Brief -Media Ownership Regulation in Australia, Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, Canberra.
182. Gawenda, Michael (2008) ‘Do newspapers have a future? And how long is that future?’, AN Smith Lecture in Journalism, University of Melbourne, 7 October, http://www.unimelb.edu.au/speeches/Docs/AN%20Smith%20Lecture%20by%20 Michael%20Gawenda.pdf.
183. Gilbert, Sheldon, Eyal, Chaim, McCombs, Maxwell E. and Nicholas, David (1980) ‘The State of the Union Address and press agendas’, Journalism Quarterly 57(4): 584-8.
184. Gitlin, Todd (1983) Inside Primetime, New York, Pantheon.
185. Gitlin, Todd Glasgow University Media Group see GUMG.
186. Glover, Dennis (2005) ‘Is the media pro-Labor?’ in Robert Manne (ed), Do Not Disturb, Melbourne, Black Inc, pp. 191-215.
187. Golan, G. (2006) ‘Inter-media agenda setting and global news coverage’, Journalism Studies 7(2): 323-34.
188. Goot, Murray (1977) ‘Radio Lang’ in Heather Radi and Peter Spearritt (eds), Jack Lang, Sydney, Hale and Ironmonger, pp. 121-3.
189. Goot, Murray (1983) ‘The media and the campaign’, in Howard R. Penniman (ed), Australia at the Polls: The National Elections of1980 and 1983, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, pp. 140-215.
190. Goot, Murray (2000) ‘More “relaxed and comfortable”: public opinion on immigration under Howard’, People and Place 8(3): 46-60.
191. Goot, Murray (2002) ‘Distrustful, disenchanted and disengaged?’ in David Burchell and Andrew Leigh (eds), The Prince's News Clothes, Sydney, UNSW Press, pp. 9-46.
192. Goot, Murray (2008) ‘Is the news on the internet different? Leaders, frontbenchers and other candidates in the 2007 Australian election’, Australian Journal of Political Science 43(1): 99-110.
193. Goot, Murray (2009) ‘Getting it wrong while getting it right: the polls, the press and the 2007 Australian election’, Australian Cultural History 27(2): 115-33.
194. Goot, Murray (in press) ‘The commodification of public opinion’ in Robert Crawford, Kim Humphrey and Judith Smart (eds), Consumer Australia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Newcastle UK, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
195. Goot, Murray and Watson, Ian (2007) ‘Explaining Howard's success: social structure, issue agendas and party support, 1993-2004’, Australian Journal of Political Science 42(2): 253-76.
196. Gordon, Michael (2004) ‘Threatening? Me? Fair shake, protests Latham’, Age, 30 October.
197. Grabe, Maria Elizabeth and Bucy, Erik Page (2009) Image Bite Politics, NewYork, Oxford.
198. Graber, Doris A. (2006) Mass Media and American Politics (7th edn), Washington DC, Congressional Quarterly Press.
199. Graf, Joseph (2006) The Audience for Political Blogs, Institute for Politics, Democracy and the Internet, George Washington University, www.ipdi.org.
200. Grattan, Michelle (1993) ‘The rocky road of election reporting’, The Sydney Papers, 5(4): 29-33.
201. Grattan, Michelle (1998) ‘The politics of spin’, Australian Studies in Journalism 7: 32-45.
202. Grattan, Michelle (2005) ‘Watching the watchdogs’, Deakin Lecture, University of Melbourne, 2 May.
203. Green, Joshua (2001) ‘More than TV: Channel Ten and diversity in free-to-air broadcasting’, Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy 100: 49-63.
204. Green, Murray (2004) ‘ABC coverage of the 2004 federal election’, ABC Online, 1 December, http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/documents/ABC_coverage_of_the_ 2004_FederaLElection.pdf.
205. Greenslade, Roy (2003) ‘Their master's voice’, the Guardian, 17 February.
206. Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2003) Party Games, Melbourne, Text Publishing.
207. Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2004) ‘From tit-bits to Big Brother: a century of audience participation in the media’, Media, Culture & Society 26(4): 533-48.
208. Grubel, James and Cole, Malcolm (2002) ‘Lib chief in attack on media’, Courier-Mail, April: 6.
209. GUMG [Glasgow University Media Group] (1976) Bad News, London, Routledge.
210. Habermas, Jurgen (1974) ‘The public sphere: an encyclopaedia article (1964)’, New German Critique 3: 49-55.
211. Habermas, Jurgen (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (trans. Burger, T. with the assistance of Lawrence, F.), Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
212. Hall, Stuart, Critcher, Charles, Jefferson, Tony, Clarke John and Roberts, Brian (1978) Policing the Crisis, London, Macmillan.
213. Hallin, Daniel C. (1992) ‘Soundbite news: television coverage of elections, 1968-1988’, Journal of Communication 42(2): 5-24.
214. Hamilton, Clive (2006a) ‘Who listens to Alan Jones? Webpaper June 2006’, Manuka, ACT, Australia Institute.
215. Hamilton, Clive (2006b) ‘The Australian, 18 February, Crikey http://www.crikey.com.au/2008/02/18/the- australian-we- didnt- mean- it- really/.
216. Hamilton, John (2001a) ‘Out of touch with people’, Herald Sun: Election Guide 2.
217. Hamilton, John (2001b) ‘I’ll see us through, says resolute PM’, Herald Sun, 8 October 2001: 7.
218. Harley, Judith (1990) ‘Campaigning in the old-fashioned way’, Age, 21 March: Tempo 3.
219. Hartigan, John (2009) Speech to the National Press Club, 1 July, Canberra, http://www. news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25718006-661,00.html.
220. Hartley, John (1999) Uses of Television, London, Routledge.
221. Haswell, Sandra (2001) ‘Attention please! This political campaign is for you’, Australian Journalism Review23(2): 129-47.
222. Haupt, Robert and Grattan, Michelle (1983) 31 Days to Power: Hawke's Victory, Sydney, Allen and Unwin.
223. Hay, Colin (2007) Why We Hate Politics, Cambridge, Polity.
224. Henderson, Anne (2001) ‘Joseph Aloysius Lyons’ in Michelle Grattan (ed), Australian Prime Ministers, Sydney: New Holland, pp. 152-67.
225. Henderson, Gerard (2002) ‘The Gallery gurus don’t know best’, Age, 9 July.
226. Henningham, John (1988) Looking at Television News, Melbourne, Longman Cheshire.
227. Henningham, John (1995) ‘Political journalists’ political and professional values’, Australian Journal of Political Science 30: 321-34.
228. Henningham, John (1996) ‘The shape of daily news’, Media International Australia 79: 22-34.
229. Henningham, John (1998a) ‘The Australian journalist’ in Myles Breen (ed), Journalism: Theory and Practice, Sydney, Macleay Press, pp. 333-42.
230. Henningham, John (1998b) ‘Ideological differences between Australian journalists and their public’, Press/Politics 3(1): 92-101.
231. Herman, Edward and Chomsky, Noam (1988) Manufacturing Consent, New York, Pantheon.
232. Hewson, John (2006) ‘Tame media is bad news’, Australian Financial Review, 31 March: 94.
233. Hilmer, Fred (2002) ‘Why the cross-media laws should go - for all our sakes’, Age, 5 June: 15.
234. Hindman, Matthew (2008) The Myth of Digital Democracy, Princeton University Press.
235. Hitwise (2010) ‘Top Websites and Search Engine Analysis, for the week ending 24/04/2010’, http://www.hitwise.com/au/datacentre/main/dashboard- 1706.html.
236. Holbrook, R. Andrew (2003) ‘Agenda-setting and priming in the prime-time hour’, paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Conference, April 36, Chicago, Illinois (later version at http://www.infoamerica.org/documentos_pdf/setting01.pdf).
237. Holbrook, Thomas M. (2002) ‘Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap’, Political Communication 19: 437-54.
238. Holtz-Bacha, Christina and Norris, Pippa (2001) ‘To entertain, inform and educate: still the role of public television in the 1990s?’, Political Communication 18(2): 123-40.
239. Howard, John (2002) Keynote speech to the International Democratic Union luncheon, Ronald Reagan Building, Washington DC.
240. Howard, John (2008) ‘John Howard's Irving Kristol lecture’, delivered to the American Enterprise Institute, Washington DC, 5 March, printed in the Australian, 6 March, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23328945-5014047,00.html.
241. Hudson, Phillip (2009) ‘Internet will lure missing voters, says election chief’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 April.
242. Hudson, Repps (2008) ‘The future of newspapers’, St Louis Journalism Review 38, May: 17-19.
243. Hutcheon, Simon (2007) ‘Kevin in’07 became a real click magnet’, Sydney Morning Herald, 21 December.
244. Hyland, Tom (2009a) ‘Fairfax, NEWS to charge for online’, Age, 9 August.
245. Hyland, Tom (2009b) ‘Calling the tune’, Age, 13 December.
246. Iyengar, Shanto and Kinder, Donald R. (1987) The News that Matters, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
247. Iyengar, Shanto and Kinder, Donald R. and Simon, Adam F. (2000) ‘New perspectives and evidence on political communication and campaign effects’, Annual Review of Psychology 5: 149-69.
248. Iyengar, Shanto and Kinder, Donald R, Norpoth, Helmut and Hahn, Kyu S. (2004) ‘Consumer demand for election news:the horserace sells’, The Journal of Politics 66(1): 157-75.
249. Iyengar, Shanto and Kinder, Donald R, Peters, Mark D. and Kinder, Donald R (1982) ‘Experimental demonstration of the not-so-minimal consequences of television news programs’, American Political Science Review 76 (December): 848-58.
250. Jackson, Sally and Doman, Matthew (2003) ‘Point scoring: pushing their opinions’, Australian, 27 February: B01.
251. Jaensch, Dean (1995) Election! How and Why Australia Votes, St Leonards, NSW, Allen & Unwin.
252. Jaensch, Dean (2001) ‘100 years later, our campaigns are driven by the jet set’, Advertiser, 4 January:18.
253. Jarvis, Jeff (2006) interview on Frontline, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/interviews/jarvis.html.
254. Javes, Sue (2007) ‘Voters tune out election and Jones’, Sydney Morning Herald, October 31: 5.
255. Jeffries, Stuart (2010) ‘A rare interview with Jurgen Habermas’, Financial Times, 30 April.
256. Jerit, Jennifer (2009) ‘Understanding the knowledge gap: the role of experts and journalists’, The Journal of Politics 71(2), April: 442-56.
257. Jerit, Jennifer Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters see JSCEM.
258. Jones, Paul and Pusey, Michael (2008) ‘Mediated political communication in Australia: Leading issues, new evidence’, Australian Journal of Social Issues 43(4), 583-600.
259. Jones, Roger, McAllister, Ian, Denemark, David and Gow, David (1993) Australian Election Study 1993 [computer file], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, The Australian National University.
260. Jones, Roger, McAllister, Ian and Gow, David (1996) Australian Election Study 1996 [computerfile], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
261. JSCEM [Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters] (2007) Inquiry into Civics and Electoral Education, Canberra, Parliament of Australia.
262. JSCEM [Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters] (2009) Report on the Conduct of the 2007 Federal Election and Matters Related Thereto, Canberra, Parliament of Australia.
263. Katz, Ian (2000) ‘All aboard the sinking(?) ship’, British Journalism Review 11(5): 5-11.
264. Katz, Richard, S. (2008) ‘Political parties’ in Daniele Caramani (ed), Comparative Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 293-315.
265. Keane, John (1999) ‘Some reflections on The Good Citizen, http://www.johnkeane.net/essaysZessay_onthegoodcitizen.htm.
266. Keane, John (2009) The Life and Death of Democracy, Simon & Schuster, London.
267. Keating, Paul (2000) ‘Paul Keating on the Australian media’, 14 June, http://www. australianpolitics.com/media/00-06-14keating.shtml.
268. Kellner, Douglas (1990) Television and the Crisis of Democracy, Boulder, Westview Press.
269. Kelly, Paul (2001) ‘Keynote address to the ejournalism conference 2001’, ejournalism 1(2), http://www.ejournalism.eu.com/ejournalist/kelly.pdf.
270. Kerbel, Matthew R. (1999) Remote and Controlled (2nd edn) Boulder CO, Westview.
271. Kermond, Clare (2004) ‘Bagging the grab’, Age, Green Guide, 9 September: 8.
272. Kerr, Christian (2007a) ‘Bias-o-meter III: the federal Press Gallery’, Crikey, 27 June.
273. Kerr, Christian (2007b) ‘1.368 million reasons Rudd chose Rove’, Crikey, 19 November.
274. Kingdon, John W. (1970) ‘Opinion leaders in the electorate’, The Public Opinion Quarterly 34(2): 256-61.
275. Kingston, Margo (2001) Off the Rails, Crows Nest, NSW, Allen & Unwin.
276. Klapper, Joseph (1960) The Effects of Mass Communication, Gencoe, Illinois, Free Press.
277. Kohler, Alan (2009) ‘Quality journalism will bloom online’, Crikey, 9 April.
278. Kuttner, Robert (2007) ‘The race’, Columbia Journalism Review 45(6): 24-35.
279. Latham, Mark (2005) The Latham Diaries, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.
280. Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Berelson, Bernard and Gaudet, Hazel (1944) The People's Choice, New York, Columbia University Press.
281. Leonard, Andrew (2008) ‘Tribune bankruptcy’, salon, com, 8 December, http://www. salon.com/tech/htww/2008/12/08/tribune_bankruptcy/.
282. Lewis, Justin, Cushion, Stephen and Thomas, James (2005) ‘Immediacy, convenience or engagement? an analysis of 24-hour news channels in the UK’, Journalism Studies 6(4): 461-77.
283. Lichter, S. Robert (2001) ‘A plague on both parties: Substance and fairness in TV election news’, Press/Politics 6(3): 8-30.
284. Lichter, S. Robert and Smith, Ted (1996) ‘Why elections are bad news: media and candidate discourse in the 1996 presidential primaries’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 1(4): 15-35.
285. Lijphardt, Arend (1997) ‘Unequal participation: democracy's unresolved dilemma’, American Political Science Review 91: 1-14.
286. Lloyd, Clem J. (1988) Parliament and the Press, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.
287. Lowrey, Wilson (2006) ‘Mapping the journalism-blogging relationship’, Journalism 7(4): 477-500.
288. Lucy, Niall and Mickler, Steve (2006) The War on Democracy, Crawley, WA, University of Western Australia Press.
289. Lumby, Catharine (1999) Gotcha, Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
290. McAllister, Ian (1992) Political Behaviour, Melbourne, Longman Cheshire.
291. Lumby, Catharine (1998) ‘Civic education and political knowledge in Australia’, Australian Journal ofPolitical Science 33(1): 7-23.
292. Lumby, Catharine (2002) ‘Calculating or capricious? The new politics of late deciding voters’, in David Farrell and Rudiger Schmitt-Beck (eds), Do Political Campaigns Matter?, London, Routledge, pp. 22-40.
293. Lumby, Catharine and Clark, Juliet (2007) Trends in Australian Political Opinion, Canberra, Australiann Social Science Data Archive, http://assda.anu.edu.au/aestrends.pdf.
294. Lumby, Catharine and Clark, Juliet and Mughan, Anthony (1987) Australian Election Survey 1987 [computer file], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
295. Jones, Roger, Papadakis, Elim and Gow, David (1990) Australian Election Survey
296. Jones, Roger, Papadakis, Elim and Gow, David 1990 [computer file], Canberra, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
297. McCabe, Helen and Farr, Malcolm (2001) ‘Round one leaves Beazley bruised’, Daily Telegraph, 13 October: 33.
298. McCarthy, Patsy (1993) ‘The men and their messages: Election 93’, Australian Journal of Communication 20: 14-27.
299. McChesney, Robert W. (2003 [1999]) ‘The new global media’, pp. 260-96 in David Held and Anthony McGrew (eds), The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalisation Debate, Cambridge, Polity Press.
300. McCombs, Maxwell E. (2005) ‘The agenda-setting function of the press’ in Geneva Overholser and Kathleen Hall Jamieson (eds), The Press, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 156-68.
301. McCombs, Maxwell E. and Shaw, Donald L. (1972) ‘The agenda-setting function of mass media’, PublicOpinion Quarterly 36: 176-87.
302. MacCormack, David (2007) ‘Turnbull should do whatever it takes’, Crikey, 9 September: 8.
303. MacCormack, David (2008) ‘Private equity worse than the moguls? You’re kidding’, Crikey, 25 January.
304. McGuinness, Padraic P. (2002) ‘Soiled ethics can no longer hide dirty secrets of the Canberra club’, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 July.
305. Mackerras, Malcolm (2009) ‘Describing the results’, Australian Cultural History 27(2): 219-42.
306. McKnight, David (2005) ‘Murdoch and the culture war’ in Robert Manne (ed), Do Not Disturb, Melbourne, Black Inc, pp. 53-72.
307. McManus, Gerard (2004a) ‘Greens back illegal drugs’, Herald Sun, 31 August: 3.
308. McManus, Gerard (2004b) ‘Polls show Greens are sprouting’, Herald Sun, 30 August: 8.
309. McNair, Brian (2000) Journalism and Democracy, London, Routledge.
310. McNair, Brian (2006) Cultural Chaos, London, Routledge.
311. Maddison, Sarah (2007) ‘Lobbying government’ in Sally Young (ed), Government Communication in Australia, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, pp. 255-69.
312. Maddison, Sarah Magazine Publishers of Australia see MPA.
313. Maiden, Malcolm (2007) ‘Sir Rod gets Rudd and Labor off to a flying start’, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Feb 2007.
314. Maiden, Malcolm (2008) ‘Crunch time for Fairfax as it faces its debt, cutting dividends’, Age, 6 December.
315. Mair, Peter (2008) ‘Democracies’ in Daniele Caramani (ed), ComparativePolitics, Oxford University Press, pp. 108-32.
316. Manin, Bernard (1997) The Principles of Representative Government, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
317. Manne, Robert (2007) ‘The new bland and dull ABC’, Age, 4 April.
318. Manning, Paul (2001) News and News Sources: a Critical Introduction, London, Sage.
319. Manning, Paul (2007) ‘The race to the bottom’, Age, 26 April.
320. Marr, David and Wilkinson, Marian (2003) Dark Victory, Crows Nest, NSW, Allen & Unwin.
321. Marriner, Cosima (2004) ‘Contender denies Murdoch and Packer are out to get him’, SMH, 7 July: 8.
322. Marsh, David (ed) (2006) Political Parties in Transition? Sydney, Federation Press.
323. Masters, Chris (2006) Jonestown, Crows Nest, NSW, Allen & Unwin.
324. Mayer, Henry (1964) The Press in Australia, Melbourne, Lansdowne.
325. Mayne, Stephen (2008) ‘Can the Murdoch and Fairfax families support their debt laden public empires?’, Crikey, 16 October.
326. MEAA [Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance] (1996) Women in the Media Survey, Redfern, NSW, MEAA.
327. MEAA [Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance] (2008) Life in the Clickstream, Redfern, NSW, MEAA.
328. Media Rules (1996) [videorecording], Sydney, Special Broadcasting Service.
329. Media Watch (2004) ‘The ABC of elusive bias’, ABC Television, 17 May, http://www.abc. net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s1110154.htm.
330. Media Watch (2007) ‘How to vote’, ABC Television, 12 November, http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/byyear/2007.htm#20071112.
331. Meyer, Phillip (1995) ‘Learning to love lower profits’, American Journalism Review, December http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id= 1461.
332. Meyer, Phillip (2004) The Vanishing Newspaper, University of Missouri Press.
333. Miller, Joanne and Krosnick, Jon (1997) ‘Anatomy of news media priming’ in S. Iyengar and R. Reeves (eds), Do the Media Govern?, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
334. Miller, Toby (2009) ‘Approach with caution and proceed with care: campaigning for the US presidency “after” TV’ in Graeme Turner and Jinna Tay (eds), Television Studies After TV, London, Routledge, pp. 75-82.
335. Miller, Toby and Turner, Graeme (2002) ‘Radio’ in Stuart Cunningham and Graham Turner (eds) The Media and Communications in Australia, Crows Nest NSW, Allen & Unwin, pp. 133-151.
336. Mills, Stephen (1986) The New Machine Men: Polls and Persuasion in Australian politics, Ringwood, Vic., Penguin.
337. Mills, Stephen (1993) The Hawke Years: The Story from the Inside, Ringwood, Vic., Viking.
338. Morris, Grahame (2004) ‘Dodgy journalists to blame for all the secrecy’, Australian, September: 18.
339. Moss, Stephen (2010) ‘John Simpson’, the Guardian, 15 March.
340. MPA [Magazine Publishers of Australia] (2008), ‘Top 100 national magazine circulation (Australia only)’, MPA, www.magazines.org.au.
341. Murphy, Damien and Debelle, Penelope (2007) ‘Wentworth emails reveal two sides of reporter’, Age, 14 November: 12.
342. Murray, Paul (2007) ‘Follow the leader’, West Australian, 22 December: 10.
343. NAA [National Archives of Australia] (2009) ‘Robert Menzies - in office’, Australia's Prime Ministers, Canberra, NAA: http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/prime- ministers/menzies/in- office.aspx.
344. New Matilda (2010) ‘Advertise with us’, http://newmatilda.com/advertise/.
345. Newsspace (2009a) ‘The Australian, Newsspace Online, http://www.newsspace.com.au/theaustralian.com.au.
346. Newsspace (2009b) ‘The Daily Telegraph’, Newsspace Online, http://www.newsspace.com.au/Daily.Telegraph.
347. Newsspace (2009c) ‘mX’, Newsspace Online, http://www.newsspace.com.au/mx_melbourne.
348. Newton, Kenneth (1999) ‘Mass media effects: mobilization or media malaise?’, British Journal of Political Science 29(4): 593-4.
349. Newton, Kenneth (2007) ‘The fourth estate: a weak force’, WZB-Mitteilungen, http://www.wzb.eu/publikation/pdf/wm115/14-17.pdf.
350. NMRA [Nielsen Media Research Australia] (2007a) ‘Population potentials by demographic’, 2007 Radio Ratings Survival Kit, www.nielsenmedia.com.au.
351. NMRA [Nielsen Media Research Australia] (2007b) ‘Radio ratings survey no.8 2007’ http://www.nielsenmedia.com.au/en/pdf/mri/13/TotalMetropolitanMarketsSurvey8-2007.pdf.
352. NMRA [Nielsen Media Research Australia] (2008) ‘Survey No. 1 2008’, www.nielsenmedia.com.au.
353. Norris, Pippa (1996) ‘Does television erode social capital? a reply to Putnam’, PS: Political Science & Politics, September: 474-80.
354. Norris, Pippa (1997a) Electoral Change in Britain Since 1945, Oxford, Blackwell.
355. Norris, Pippa (1997b) Women, Media, and Politics, Oxford University Press.
356. Norris, Pippa (1999) Critical Citizens, Oxford University Press.
357. Norris, Pippa (2000) A Virtuous Circle, Cambridge University Press.
358. Norris, Pippa (2001a) Digital Divide, Cambridge University Press.
359. Norris, Pippa (2001b) ‘All spin and no substance: the 2001 British general election’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6(4): 3-10.
360. Norris, Pippa Curtice, John, Sanders, David, Semetko, Holli and Scammell, Margaret (1999) On Message, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
361. Oakes, Laurie (1972) ‘An image-making, soft-sell campaign’, the Advertiser, 5.
362. Oakes, Laurie (2006) ‘Centre of attention’, the Bulletin, 4 January.
363. Oakes, Laurie (2008) Power Plays, Sydney, Hachette Australia.
364. Oakes, Laurie and Solomon, David (1973) The Making of an Australian Prime Minister, Melbourne, Cheshire.
365. Ofcom (2005) ‘Viewers and voters: attitudes to television coverage of the 2005 general election’, London, Ofcom.
366. OFW [Office for Women] (2007) Women in Australia 07, Canberra, Office for Women, Australian Government.
367. OzTAM (2007a) ‘Universe Estimates Year 2007 - Individuals’, Sydney, OzTAM.
368. OzTAM (2007b) ‘National subscription TV report: week 29, July 22’, OzTAM Online, http://www.oztam.com.au/documents%5C2007%5CB1_20070715.pdf.
369. OzTAM (2007c) ‘National subscription TV report: week 47, 18 November-24 November 2007’, OzTAM Online, http://www.oztam.com.au/documents/2007/B1_ 20071118.pdf.
370. OzTAM (2008a) ‘Metropolitan total TV share of all viewing -all homes: 5 City share report, week 30 2008 (20/07/08-26/07/08): Sun-Sat 06:00-23:59’, Sydney, OzTAM.
371. OzTAM (2008b) ‘Metropolitan total TV share of all viewing-all homes: 5 City share report, Week 30 2008 (20/07/08-26/07/08): Sun-Sat 18:00-23:59’, Sydney, OzTAM.
372. OzTAM (2009) ‘Top 20 Programs - 12-18 April’, OzTAM Online, http://www.oztam.com.au/documents/2009/E_20090412.pdf.
373. Parker, Derek (1990) The Courtesans, North Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
374. Passey, Andrew and Lyons, Mark (2005) ‘Voluntary associations and political participation’ in Shaun Wilson, Gabrielle Meagher, Rachel Gibson, David Denemark, David and Mark Western (eds), Australian Social Attitudes, Sydney, UNSW Press, pp. 62-81.
375. Patterson, Thomas (1980) The Mass Media Election, New York, Praeger.
376. PEJ [Project for Excellence in Journalism] (2007) The State of the News Media 2007, http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2007/narrative_newspapers_publicattitudes. asp?cat=7&media=3.
377. PEJ [Project for Excellence in Journalism] (2008) The State of the News Media 2008, www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2008.
378. Penniman, Howard (ed) (1977) Australia at the Polls, ANU Press, Canberra.
379. Penniman, Howard Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism see PPEJ.
380. Penniman, Howard Pew Research Center for the People and the Press see PRC.
381. Phillips, Timothy, Tranter, Bruce, Mitchell, Deborah, Clark, Juliet and Reed, Ken (2008) The Australian Survey of Social Attitudes, 2007 [computer file], Canberra: Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University.
382. ‘Pieman’ (2010) comments on Andrew Bolt blog, ‘Media Watch impugns Oakes’, 23 February http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/media_watch_impugns_oakes/.
383. Posner, Richard A. (2005) ‘Bad news’, the New York Times, 31 July.
384. Post Click (2010) Report on Onlineopinion.com.au, provided 3 May 2010 by Graham Young, Online Opinion.
385. Postman, Neil (1985) Amusing Ourselves to Death, New York, Viking.
386. PPEJ [Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism] (2009) ‘Daily Newspaper Readership by Race/Ethnicity’, The State of the News Media, Pew Research Centre, http://www. stateofthenewsmedia.com/2009/index.htm.
387. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2004) ‘News audiences increasingly politicized’, PRC Online, 8 June, http://people-press.org/report/215/news-audiences-increasingly-politicized.
388. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2005) ‘Data memo: The state of blogging’, January 2005.
389. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2006), ‘Online papers modestly boost newspaper readership: Biennial News Consumption Survey’, PRC Online, July 30, http://people-press.org/report/282/online-papers-modestly-boost- newspaper readership.
390. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2007) ‘Public knowledge of current affairs little changed by news and information revolutions’, PRC Online, 15 April, http://people-press.org/report/319/public-knowledge- of- current- affairs-little-changed-by- news- and- information- revolutions.
391. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2008a), Audience Segments in a Changing News Environment, PRC, Washington DC.
392. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2008b) The Web, PRC, 17 March, http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/403.pdf.
393. PRC [Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press] (2008c), New numbers for blogging and blog readership’, 22 July, http://www.pewinternet.org/Commentary/2008/July/New-numbers-for-blogging-and-blog-readership.aspx.
394. Price, Matt (1999) ‘Solid as an Oakes’, Australian, 13 May: M01.
395. Price, Matt (2004) ‘Real tears in a political soap opera’, Australian, 6 July: 4.
396. Prior, Markus (2003) ‘Any good news in soft news?’, Political Communication 20(2): 149-71.
397. Prior, Markus (2007) Post-Broadcast Democracy, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
398. Prior, Markus Project for Excellence in Journalism see PEJ.
399. Purcell, Charles (2010) ‘Latham's passion is missing from the press corps’, the Age, National Times, 9 August, http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/politics/lathams-passion-is-missing- from-the-press-corps-20100809- 11tmc.html.
400. Putnam, Robert D. (1995) ‘Tuning in, tuning out: the strange disappearance of social capital in America’, PS: Political Science and Politics, December: 664-83.
401. Putnam, Robert D. (2000) Bowling Alone, New York, Touchstone.
402. Rawson, D. W. (1961) Australia Votes: The 1958 Federal Election, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.
403. Richardson, Graham (1994) Whatever it Takes, Sydney, Bantam Books.
404. Richardson, Nick (2002) ‘Playing political games: ministers, minders and information’ in Stephen Tanner (ed), Journalism: Investigation and Research, Pearson, Frenchs Forest NSW, pp. 170-83.
405. Ricketson, Matthew (2007) ‘Big jump in online readership’, Age, 16 February.
406. Riffe, Daniel, Aust, Charles F. and Lacy, Stephen R. (1993) ‘The effectiveness of random, consecutive day and constructed week sampling in newspaper content analysis’, Journalism Quarterly 70(1): 133-39.
407. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2004) ‘Why Australians don’t respect the media’, March, Roy Morgan Online, http://www.roymorgan.com/resources/pdf/papers/20040903. pdf.
408. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2005) ‘Labor supporters watch ABC, soap, Coalition supporters switch on to Nine, gardening, travel’, 30 November, http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2005/428/.
409. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2006) ‘Journalists strongly oppose Government's media laws’ http://www.roy-morgan.com/news/press-releases/2006/541/.
410. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2007) ‘Large majority of Australians think the media is “often biased”: Finding no. 4195’, August 2007.
411. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2007-08) Data supplied to the author from Single Source Australia, July 2007-June 2008.
412. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2008) ‘Image of professions survey’, Roy Morgan Online, http://www.roymorgan.com/news/polls/2008/4283/.
413. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2009a) ‘Press release: Australians still spend more time with TV than the internet’, Roy Morgan Online, www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2009/853/.
414. RMR [Roy Morgan Research] (2009b) ‘Kid's: Less TV, more internet and more sport’, July 2009, http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2009/907/.
415. Robinson, John P. and Levy, Mark R. (1986) The Main Source, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
416. Rosen, Jay (2006) ‘The people formerly known as the audience’, Press Think, 27 June http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/2006/06/27/ppLfrmr. html.
417. Saad, Lydia (2005) ‘The group better known as “news junkies”’, Gallup Online,4October, http://www.gallup.com/poll/18967/Group-Better-Known-News-Junkies.aspx.
418. Savva, Niki (2010) So Greek: Confessions of a Conservative Leftie, Melbourne, Scribe.
419. SBS (2007) Codes of Practice, http://www20.sbs.com.au/sbscorporate/
420. Scalmer, Sean and Goot, Murray (2004) ‘Elites constructing elites: News Limited's newspapers, 1996-2002’ in Marian Sawer and Barry Hindess (eds), Us and Them: Anti Elitism in Australia, Perth, API Network, pp. 137-59.
421. Schudson, Michael (1994) ‘Question authority: a history of the news interview in American journalism, 1860s-1930s’, Media, Culture & Society 16(4): 565-87.
422. Schudson, Michael (1998) The Good Citizen, New York, Martin Kessler Books.
423. Schudson, Michael (2009) ‘Ten years backwards and forwards’, Journalism 10(3): 368-70.
424. Schultz, Julianne (1998) Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
425. Schulze, Jane (2009) ‘Nine signs $500m Warner deal to launch youth digital channel’, Australian, 22 June.
426. Schumpeter, Joseph (1943) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London, Allen & Unwin.
427. SCIICMI [Senate Select Committee for an inquiry into a certain maritime incident] (2002) A Certain Maritime Incident, Parliament of Australia, Canberra.
428. Scott, Mark (2009) speech to Australia's Right to Know Conference, 24 March.
429. Scott, Mark (2009b) Annual Media Studies Lecture, La Trobe University, 8 April.
430. Screen Australia (2008) ‘Free-to-air TV viewing patterns’, Australian Film Commission, http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftvviewage.html.
431. Screen Australia (2009) ‘Free-to-air TV viewing patterns’, Australian Film Commission, http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftvviewage.html.
432. SCRGSP [Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision] 2007, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2007, Productivity Commission, Canberra.
433. Seccombe, Mike (2001) ‘The wages of spin’, the Sydney Morning Herald, 5 November: 6.
434. Semetko, Holli A. (1996) ‘Political balance on television: campaigns in the United States, Britain and Germany’, Press/Politics 1(1): 51-71.
435. Semetko, Holli A.and Valkenburg, Peter M. (2000) ‘Framing European politics: a content analysis of press and television news’, Journal of Communication 50: 93-109.
436. Blumler, Jay G., Gurevitch, Michael, and Weaver, David H. (1991) The Formation of Campaign Agendas, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum Associates.
437. Blumler, Jay G., Gurevitch, Michael, and Weaver, David H. Senate Select Committee for an inquiry into a certain maritime incident see SCIICMI.
438. Senior, Philip (2007) ‘Reportingthe Great Debate: press coverage of Australian televised leaders’ debates’, paper presented to the Australasian Political Studies Association Conference, Monash University, 24-26 September.
439. Shanahan, Dennis (2007a) ‘Rudd faces late Howard surge’, Weekend Australian, 24-25 November: 1.
440. Shanahan, Dennis (2007b) ‘Kevin's sizzle not snag free’, Dennis Shanahan Blog, the Australian online, 10 July, accessed 11 July 2007 and 10 May 2010 http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/dennisshanahan/index.php/theaustralian/comments/kevins_sizzle_not_snag_free/.
441. Simons, Margaret (1999) Fit to Print: Inside the Canberra Press Gallery, Sydney, UNSW Press.
442. Simons, Margaret (2008a) ‘Readership v circulation: curious newspaper mathematics’, Crikey, 14 March.
443. Simons, Margaret (2008b) ‘Catching up’, Australian Policy Online, 12 March, http://www.apo.org.au/commentary/catching-0.
444. Simons, Margaret (2008c) ‘The bad news about news - and why I disagree’, The Content Makers, 22 December, http://blogs.crikey.com.au/contentmakers/2008/12/22/the-bad- news-about- news- and-why- i- disagree/.
445. Simons, Margaret (2009) ‘A bumper boost: crunching the Fairfax circulation figures’, Crikey, 16 February.
446. Simper, Errol (1998) ‘Media spin a recognisable art form between the sheets’, Australian, 21 October: 8.
447. Sky News (2007) ‘About’, Sky News Online, http://www.skynews.com.au/corporate/anc. aspx.
448. Smith, Aaron and Rainie, Lee (2009) ‘The internet's role in campaign 2008’, Washington DC, Pew Internet and American Life Project, Pew Research Center http://www. pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/6-The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008.aspx.
449. Smith, Bridie (2004) ‘Buzz wins election night tussle’, Age, 12 October.
450. Solomon, David (ed). (2002) Howard's Race, Sydney, HarperCollins.
451. Sparks, Colin (2000) ‘Introduction: The panic over tabloid news’ in Colin Sparks and John Tulloch (eds), Tabloid Tales, Oxford, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 1-40.
452. Speers, David (2008) Interview with the author, conducted 31 January.
453. Staff Writers (2007) ‘News.com.au most clicked stories for 2007’, 11 December, http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22905421-2,00.html.
454. Starick, Paul (2007) ‘Political staff bullying doomed to fail’, Advertiser, 18 April: 20.
455. Steketee, Mike (2007) ‘A candid candidate is a worry’, Australian, 10 November: 22.
456. Sternberg, Jason (1998) ‘Rating youth: A statistical review of young Australians’ news media use’, Australian Studies in Journalism 7: 84-135.
457. Stillwell, Frank and Jordan, Kirrily (2007) Who Gets What? Port Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
458. Stoney, Tim (2001) ‘Commuter papers suggest we’re amusing ourselves to death’, Australian Journalism Review 3 (1): 239-43.
459. Street, John (2001) Mass Media, Politics and Democracy, New York, Palgrave.
460. Stromback, Jesper and Kaid, Lynda Lee (eds) (2008) The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World, New York, Routledge.
461. Suich, Max (1988) ‘Press Gallery in the dock’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 December: 17.
462. Suich, Max (2004a) ‘The decline ofthe gallery’, Age, 3 September: 13.
463. Suich, Max (2004b) ‘Politics creates radio stars’, Age, 1 October: 15.
464. Suich, Max (2004c) ‘Media bias: read all about it’, Age, 10 September.
465. Sussman, Gerald (2005) Global Electioneering, Lanham MD, Rowman & Littlefield.
466. Switzer, Tom (2007) ‘Instinctive bias of its staff is not among ABC's virtues’, Australian, 22 January.
467. Tabakoff, Nick (2009a) ‘Fairfax dive undermines raising chances’, Australian, 21 February.
468. Tabakoff, Nick (2009b) ‘Readers not averse to paying for online content’, Australian, 11 May.
469. Tadros, Edmund (2007) ‘2.4m viewers tuned in’, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October.
470. Tebbutt, John (2006) ‘Imaginative demographics: the emergence of a radio talkback audience in Australia’, Media, Culture & Society 28(6): 857-82.
471. Thompson, John B. (1993) ‘The theory of the public sphere’, Theory, Culture and Society 10: 173-89.
472. Thussu, Daya Kishan (2007) News as Entertainment [electronic source], London, Sage.
473. Tiffen, Rodney (1989) News and Power, St Leonards, NSW, Allen & Unwin.
474. Tiffen, Rodney (1999) Scandals, Sydney, UNSW Press.
475. Tiffen, Rodney (2007) ‘Polls and elections: a primer for the perplexed’, Australian Policy Online, available at http://www.sisr.net/apo/electionpolls.pdf.
476. Tiffen, Rodney (2008) ‘Campaign tactics, media bias and the politics of explanations’, Communication, Politics & Culture 41(2): 8-25.
477. Tiffen, Rodney (2009) ‘The Australian at forty-five’, Inside Story, 14 July, http://inside.org.au/the- australian-at-forty-five/.
478. Tiffen, Rodney and Gittins, Ross (2004) How Australia Compares, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
479. Tiffen, Rodney and Gittins, Ross (2009) How Australia Compares (2nd edn), Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.
480. Tranter, Bruce (2007) ‘Political knowledge and its partisan consequences’, Australian Journal of Political Science 42(1): 73-88.
481. Turner, Graeme (2005) Ending the Affair, Sydney, UNSW Press.
482. Turner, Graeme (2010) Ordinary People and the Media, London, Sage.
483. Varian, Hal (2010) ‘Newspaper economics: online and offline’, 9 March, http://googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2010/03/newspaper-economics-online-and- offline.html.
484. Vromen, Ariadne (2008) ‘Building virtual spaces: young people, participation and the internet’, Australian Journal of Political Science 43(1): 79-97.
485. Walsh, Geoff (1982) ‘NSW ALP branch candidates seminar’, Canberra, Australian Labor Party. National Library of Australia, Manuscripts (MS4985, Box 523, folder ‘Media courses 1984 election’).
486. Walsh, Geoff (2002) ‘The Australian Labor Party’, in John Warhurst and Marian Simms (eds), 2001: The Centenary Election, St Lucia, Qld, University of Queensland Press, pp. 125-35.
487. Ward, Ian (1992) ‘Rich, wrinkly, rowdy politicians: is this how teenagers “read” television news?’, Australian Journal of Political Science 27: 213-29.
488. Ward, Ian (1995) Politics of the Media, South Melbourne, Macmillan.
489. Ward, Ian (2002a) ‘Talkback radio, political communication, and Australian politics’, Australian Journal of Communication 29(1): 21-38.
490. Ward, Ian (2002b), ‘The Tampa, wedge politics, and a lesson for political journalism’, Australian Journalism Review 24(1): 21-39.
491. Ward, Ian (2006) ‘The media, power and politics’ in Andrew Parkin, John Summers and Dennis Woodward (eds), Government, Politics, Power and Policy (8th edn), Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest NSW, pp. 363-79.
492. Ward, Stephen and Thierry Vedel (2006) ‘Introduction: the potential of the internet revisited’, Parliamentary Affairs 59(2): 210-25.
493. Warhurst, John (2002) ‘International versus domestic issues’ in John Warhurst and Marian Simms (eds), 2001: The Centenary Election, St Lucia, Qld, University of Queensland Press, pp. 9-17.
494. Warhurst, John (2007) ‘Business can live with Rudd’, Canberra Times, 10 May.
495. Watson, Don (2002) Recollections of a Bleeding Heart, Sydney, Random House.
496. Weaver, David H., and Drew, Dan (2006) ‘Voter learning in the 2004 presidential election: did the media matter?’ Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 83(1): 25-42.
497. Weller, Patrick (1983) ‘Labor in 1980’ in Howard R. Penniman (ed), Australia at the Polls: The National Elections of 1980 and 1983, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, pp. 55-78.
498. Western, John and Hughes, Colin (1983) The Mass Media in Australia (2nd edn), St Lucia, Qld, University of Queensland Press.
499. Williams, Pamela (1997) The Victory, St Leonards, NSW, Allen & Unwin.
500. Wilson, Rebecca (2000) ‘Political interviewers - what makes them tick’, Australian, 13 July.
501. Windschuttle, Keith (1988) The Media, Ringwood, Vic., Penguin Books.
502. Young, Graham (2010) personal correspondence with author, 7 May.
503. Young, Sally (2003) ‘Selling Australian politicians’, unpublished PhD, Political Science Department, University of Melbourne.
504. Young, Sally (2004) The Persuaders, North Melbourne, Vic., Pluto Press.
505. Young, Sally (2006) ‘Biting the hand that feeds? Media reporting of government advertising in Australia’, Journalism Studies 7(4): 554-74.
506. Young, Sally (2007) ‘A history of government advertising in Australia’ in Sally Young (ed), Government Communication in Australia, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press: 181-203.
507. Young, Sally (2008) ‘The broadcast political interview and strategies used by politicians: how the Australian Prime Minister promoted the Iraq War’, Media, Culture & Society 30(5): 623-40.
508. Young, Sally (2009a) ‘Sky News Australia: the impact oflocal 24-hour news on political reporting in Australia’, Journalism Studies 10(3): 401-16.
509. Young, Sally (2009b) ‘The decline of traditional news and current affairs in Australia’, Media International Australia 131: 147-59.
510. Young, Sally (2010) ‘The journalism crisis: Is Australia immune or just ahead of its time?’ Journalism Studies 11(4): 610-24.
511. Young, Sally and Hill, Lisa (2009) ‘Uncounted votes: informal voting and political exclusion in Australia’, Australian Journal of Politics and History 55(1): 64-79.
512. Zaller, John (1989) ‘Bringing Converse back in: modelling information flow in political campaigns’, Political Analysis 1: 181-234.
513. Zaller, John (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, New York, Cambridge University Press.
514. Zaller, John (2003) ‘A new standard of news quality: burglar alarms for the monitorial citizen’, Political Communication 20: 109-30.
515. Zapit.com (2009) ‘Nielsen Television (TV) Ratings for Network Primetime Series Top 20 Network Primetime Series 04/13/09 - 04/19/09’, http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/ratings/weekly.html.
516. Zappone, Chris (2009) ‘Fairfax Media ready to discuss charging for online news: CEO McCarthy’, Business Day (Fairfax Digital), 24 August, http://www.businessday.com. au/business/fairfax-ready-to- discuss-charging- for- online- news- ceo- mccarthy- 20090824-evh4.html.