Aerodynamics and pollen ultrastructure in Ephedra

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 457-470

  Bolinder, Kristina ^a   Niklas, Karl J ^b   Rydin, Catarina ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b Section of Plant Biology School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Anemophily; Entomophily; Gnetales; Granular infratectum; Pollen morphology; Pollination; Scanning electron microscopy; Scanning transmission electron microscopy; Welwitschia

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; DISPERSAL; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; NUMERICAL MODEL; PALYNOMORPH; POLLEN; POLLINATION; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

EPHEDRA; EPHEDRA FOEMINEA; GNETALES; HEXAPODA; WELWITSCHIA;

CELL WALL; EPHEDRA; PHYSIOLOGY; POLLEN; POLLINATION; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULTRASTRUCTURE; WIND;

CELL WALL; EPHEDRA; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING TRANSMISSION; POLLEN; POLLINATION; WIND;

EID: 84924939726     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400517     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. ACKERMAN, J. 2000. Abiotic pollen and pollination: Ecological, functional, and evolutionary perspectives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 222: 167–185.
2. AKAIKE, H. 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19: 716–723.
3. BAINES, T. 1864. Explorations in South-West Africa: Being an account of a journey in the years 1861 and 1862 from Walvisch Bay, on the western coast, to Lake Ngami and the Victoria Falls. Longman Green Longman Roberts & Green, London, UK.
4. BHARADWAJ, D. 1963. Pollen grains of Ephedra and Welwitschia and their probable fossil relatives. Memoirs of the Indian Botanical Society 4: 125–135.
5. BINO, R. J., A. DAFNI, and A. D. J. MEEUSE. 1984. Entomophily in the dioecious gymnosperm Ephedra aphylla Forsk. (= E. alte C.A. Mey.), with some notes on E. campylopoda C.A. Mey. I. Aspects of the entomophilous syndrome. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, C, Biological and Medical Sciences 87: 1–13.
6. BOLICK, M. R. 1990. The pollen surface in wind-pollination with emphasis on the Compositae. In M. Hesse and F. Ehrendorfer [eds.], Morphology, development, and systematic relevance of pollen and spores, 39–51. Springer-Verlag, Vienna, Austria.
7. BOLINDER, K., A. M. HUMPHREYS, J. EHRLÉN, R. ALEXANDERSSON, S. M. Ickert-Bond, and C. RYDIN. 2014. Pollination mechanisms in the ancient gymnosperm clade Ephedra (Gnetales). In K. Bolinder [ed.], Pollination in Ephedra (Gnetales), 29–45. Licentiate thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
8. BUCHMANN, S. L., M. K. O'ROURKE, and K. J. NIKLAS. 1989. Aerodynamics of Ephedra trifurca. III. Selective pollen capture by pollination droplets. Botanical Gazette 150: 122–131.
9. CARAFA, A. M., R. PONZI, and F. PIZZOLONGO. 1996. Some aspects of microsporogenesis of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. Plant Biosystems 130: 557–565.
10. CHAMBERLAIN, C. J. 1935. Gymnosperms: Structure and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
11. CRANE, P. R. 1986. Form and function in wind dispersed pollen. In S. Blackmore and I. K. Ferguson [eds.], Pollen and spores: Form and function, 179–202. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
12. CRANE, P. R., and S. LIDGARD. 1989. Angiosperm diversification and palaeolatitudinal gradients in Cretaceous floristic diversity. Science 246: 675–678.
13. CRESSWELL, J. E., J. KRICK, M. PATRICK, A., and M. LAHOUBI. 2010. The aerodynamics and efficiency of wind pollination in grasses. Functional Ecology 24: 706–713.
14. CULLEY, T. M., S. G. WELLER, and A. K. SAKAI. 2002. The evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17: 361–369.
15. DI-GIOVANNI, F., P. KEVAN, and M. NASR. 1995. The variability in settling velocities of some pollen and spores. Grana 34: 39–44.
16. EL-GHAZALY, G., and J. R. ROWLEY. 1997. Pollen wall of Ephedra foliata. Palynology 21: 7–18.
17. EL-GHAZALY, G., J. R. ROWLEY, and M. HESSE. 1998. Polarity, aperture condition and germination in pollen grains of Ephedra (Gnetales). Plant Systematics and Evolution 213: 217–231.
18. ERDTMAN, G. 1952. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy: An introduction to palynology. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden.
19. FAEGRI, K., and L. VAN DER PIJL. 1979. The principles of pollination ecology. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
20. FERGUSON, I. K., and J. J. SKVARLA. 1982. Pollen morphology in relation to pollinators in Papilionoideae (Leguminosae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84: 183–193.
21. FRECKLETON, R. P., P. H. HARVEY, and M. PAGEL. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: A test and review of evidence. American Naturalist 160: 712–726.
22. FRIEDMAN, J., and S. C. H. BARRETT. 2008. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of wind pollination in the angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169: 49–58.
23. FRIIS, E. M., P. R. CRANE, and K. R. PEDERSEN. 2011. Early flowers and angiosperm evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
24. GRAYUM, M. H. 1986. Correlations between pollination biology and pollen morphology in the Araceae, with some implications for angiosperm evolution. In S. Blackmore and I. K. Ferguson [eds.], Pollen and spores: Form and function, 313–327. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
25. GULLVÅG, B. M. 1966. The fine structure of some gymnosperm pollen walls. Grana 6: 435–475.
26. HALL, J. A., and G. H. WALTER. 2011. Does pollen aerodynamics correlate with pollination vector? Pollen settling velocity as a test for wind versus insect pollination among cycads (Gymnospermae: Cycadaceae: Zamiaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 75–92.
27. HESSE, M. 1981. The fine structure of the exine in relation to the stickiness of angiosperm pollen. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 35: 81–92.
28. HESSE, M. 1984. Pollenkitt is lacking in Gnetatae: Ephedra and Welwitschia; further proof for its restriction to the angiosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution 144: 9–16.
29. HOOKER, J. D. 1863. On Welwitschia, a new genus of Gnetaceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 24: 1–48.
30. HUYNH, K.-L. 1975. Le probléme de la polarité du pollen d' Ephedra. Pollen et Spores 16: 469–474.
31. ICKERT-BOND, S. M., J. J. SKVARLA, and W. F. CHISSOE. 2003. Pollen dimorphism in Ephedra L. (Ephedraceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 124: 325–334.
32. ICKERT-BOND, S. M., and M. F. WOJCIECHOWSKI. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in Ephedra (Gnetales): Evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Systematic Botany 29: 834–849.
33. KATO, M., T. INOUE, and T. NAGAMITSU. 1995. Pollination biology of Gnetum (Gnetaceae) in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. American Journal of Botany 82: 862–868.
34. KEDVES, M. 1987. LM and EM studies on pollen grains of recent Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. and Ephedra species. Acta Botanica Hungarica 33: 81–103.
35. KUBITZKI, K. 1990. Ephedraceae. In K. Kubitzki [ed.], The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms, 379–382. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
36. KURMANN, M. H. 1992. Exine stratification in extant gymnosperms: A review of published transmission electron micrographs. Kew Bulletin 47: 25–39.
37. KURMANN, M. H., and M. S. ZAVADA. 1994. Pollen morphological diversity in extant and fossil gymnosperms. In M. H. Kurmann and J. A. Doyle [eds.], Ultrastructure of fossil spores and pollen, 123–137. Royal Botanic Gradens, Kew, London, UK.
38. Land, W. 1907. Fertilization and embryogeny in Ephedra trifurca. Botanical Gazette 44: 273–292.
39. LAVIN, S. R., W. H. KARASOV, A. R. IVES, K. M. MIDDLETON, and T. GARLand JR. 2008. Morphometrics of the avian small intestine compared with that of nonflying mammals: A phylogenetic approach. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81: 526–550.
40. MEEUSE, A. D. J., A. H. DE MEIJER, O. W. P. MOHR, and S. M. WELLINGA. 1990. Entomophily in the dioecious gymnosperm Ephedra aphylla Forsk. (= E. alte C.A. Mey.), with some notes on Ephedra campylopoda C.A. Mey. III. Further anthecological studies and relative importance of entomophily. Israel Journal of Botany 39: 113–123.
41. NIKLAS, K. J. 1982. Simulated and empiric wind pollination patterns of conifer ovulate cones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79: 510–514.
42. NIKLAS, K. J. 1985. The aerodynamics of wind pollination. Botanical Review 51: 328–386.
43. NIKLAS, K. J., and S. L. BUCHMANN. 1987. Aerodynamics of pollen capture in two sympatric Ephedra species. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 41: 104–123.
44. NIKLAS, K. J., S. L. BUCHMANN, and V. KERCHNER. 1986. Aerodynamics of Ephedra trifurca. I. Pollen grain velocity fields around stems bearing ovules. American Journal of Botany 73: 966–999.
45. NIKLAS, K. J., and V. KERCHNER. 1986. Aerodynamics of Ephedra trifurc a II. Computer modelling of pollination efficiencies. Journal of Mathematical Biology 73: 966–979.
46. NIKLAS, K. J., and H.-C. SPATZ. 2012. Plant physics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
47. NORBÄCK-IVARSSON, L. 2014. Pollen morphology in Ephedra (Gnetales) and implications for understanding fossil ephedroid pollen from the Tibetan Plateau, using a phylogenetic approach. Master thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
48. OSBORN, J. M., T. N. TAYLOR, and M. R. DE LIMA. 1993. The ultrastructure of fossil ephedroid pollen with gnetalean affinities from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 77: 171–184.
49. OSBORN, J. M., T. N. TAYLOR, and E. L. SCHNEIDER. 1991. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the Cabombaceae: Correlations with pollination biology. American Journal of Botany 78: 1367–1378.
50. PAGEL, M. 1999. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401: 877–884.
51. PORSCH, O. 1910. Ephedra campylopoda C.A. Mey., eine entomophile Gymnosperme. B erichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 28: 404–412.
52. PUNT, W., P. HOEN, S. BLACKMORE, and A. LE THOMAS. 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 143: 1–81.
53. R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. 2014. R- A language and environment for statistical computing, version 3.1.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Website http://www.r-project.org/.
54. ROWLEY, J. R. 1995. Are the endexines of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms structurally equivalent? Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 85: 13–34.
55. RYDIN, C., A. KHODABANDEH, and P. K. ENDRESS. 2010. The female reproductive unit of Ephedra (Gnetales): Comparative morphology and evolutionary perspectives. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 387–430.
56. RYDIN, C., and P. KORALL. 2009. Evolutionary relationships in Ephedra (Gnetales), with implications for seed plant phylogeny. International Journal of Plant Sciences 170: 1031–1043.
57. RYDIN, C., K. R. PEDERSEN, and E. M. FRIIS. 2004. On the evolutionary history of Ephedra: Cretaceous fossils and extant molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 16571–16576.
58. SCHWENDEMANN, A. B., G. WANG, M. L. MERTZ, R. T. MCWILLIAMS, S. L. THATCHER, and J. M. OSBORN. 2007. Aerodynamics of saccate pollen and its implications for wind pollination. American Journal of Botany 94: 1371–1381.
59. SCHLUTER, D., T. PRICE, A. Ø. MOOERS, and D. LUDWIG. 1997. Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 51: 1699–1711.
60. STEEVES, M. W., and E. S. BARGHOORN. 1959. The pollen of Ephedra. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 40: 221–255.
61. TAKASO, T. 1990. “Pollination drop” time at the Arnold Arboretum. Arnoldia 50: 2–7.
62. TEKLEVA, M. V., and V. A. KRASSILOV. 2009. Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of modern and fossil gnetophytes. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 156: 130–138.
63. TREVISAN, L. 1980. Ultrastructural notes and considerations on Ephedrites, Eucommiidites and Monosulcites pollen grains from Lower Cretaceous sediments of southern Tuscany (Italy). Pollen et Spores 22: 85–132.
64. VAN CAMPO, M., and B. LUGARDON. 1973. Structure grenue infratectale de l'ectexine des pollen quelques Gymnospermes et Angiospermes. Pollen et Spores 15: 171–187.
65. WETSCHNIG, W., and B. DEPISH. 1999. Pollination biology of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f. (Welwitschiaceae, Gnetopsida). Phyton 39: 167–183.
66. WHITEHEAD, D. R. 1983. Wind pollination: Some ecological and evolutionary perpespectives. In L. Real [ed.], Pollination biology, 97–108. Academic Press, London, UK.
67. WODEHOUSE, R. P. 1935. Pollen grains; their structure, identification and significance in science and medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
68. VOGEL, S. 1981. Life in moving fluids: The physical biology of flow. Willard Grant Press, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
69. ZAVADA, M. S. 1984. Angiosperm origins and evolution based on dispersed fossil pollen ultrastructure. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 444–463.
70. ZAVADA, M. S., and N. GABARAYEVA. 1991. Comparative pollen wall development of Welwitschia mirabilis and selected primitive angiosperms. B ulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 118: 292–302.