The hanged man: A story of miracle, memory, and colonialism in the middle ages

The Hanged Man: A Story of Miracle, Memory, and Colonialism in the Middle Ages

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-168

  Bartlett, Robert ^a  

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References (212)

1. Michael Richter of Constance in "Waliser und Wundermänner um 1300," in Spannungen undWidersprü che: Gedenkschrift fü r Frantisek Graus, ed. S. Burghartz et al. (Sigmaringen, 1992), pp. 23-36
2. Richter in "William ap Rhys, William de Braose, and the Lordship of Gower, 1289 and 1307," Studia Celtica 32 (1998), 189-209
3. Jussi Hanska, "The Hanging ofWilliam Cragh: Anatomy of a Miracle," Journal of Medieval History 27 (2001): 121-38.
4. Ronald C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England (London and Totowa, 1977), pp. 173-88;
5. Michael Richter, Sprache und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1979), pp. 171-217;
6. St.Thomas Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford: Essays in His Honour, ed. Meryl Jancey (Hereford, 1982).
7. R. N. Swanson, "Devotional Offerings at Hereford Cathedral in the Later Middle Ages," Analecta Bollandiana 111 (1993): 93-102.
8. Dossier on Gilbert of Sempringham: Book of St Gilbert, ed. Raymonde Foreville and Gillian Keir, Oxford Medieval Texts (1987).
9. "you may not revere anyone as a saint": Decretales 3. 45. 1, ed. E. Friedberg, Corpus iuris canonici 2 (Leipzig, 1881), col. 650.
10. The standard account of medieval canonization processes is André Vauchez, Sainthood in the Late Middle Ages (Eng. trans., Cambridge, 1997).
11. The Register of William de Geynesburgh, Bishop of Worcester, 1302-1307, ed. J.W.W. Bund, Worcestershire Historical Society 19 (1907-29);
12. P. Viollet, "Guillaume Durant le Jeune, évêque de Mende," Histoire littéraire de la France 35 (1921): 1-139;
13. Constantine Fasolt, Council and Hierarchy: The Political Thought of William Durant the Younger (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 73-100.
14. Camerino: Vatikanische Aktenstü cke zur italienischen Legation des Duranti und Pilifort d. J. 1305-1306, ed. Ludwig Schnitte (Leobschütz, 1909), p. 30.
15. John Le Neve, Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 1300-1541, vol. 5, St. Paul's, London, compiled by Joyce M. Horn (London, 1963), p. 1;
16. Richard W. Pfaff, "Bishop Baldock's Book, St Paul's Cathedral, and the Use of Sarum," in Liturgical Calendars, Saints, and Services in Medieval England (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 1-20 (no. 9).
17. Ashingdon: Registrum Radulphi Baldock, Gilberti Segrave, Ricardi Newport et Stephani Gravesend, episcoporum Londoniensium, 1304-1338, ed. R. C. Fowler, Canterbury and York Soc. 7 (1911), pp. 25-26.
18. Baldock sworn onto king's council: Rot. Parl. 1: 219.
19. Baldock sealing writs as chancellor: Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1301-1307, pp. 518-19.
20. Adrien Clergeac, "Un cardinal condomois: Guillaume de Teste," Revue de Gascogne (1930): 145-58, 203-10;
21. England,W. E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1939-62)
22. William de Testa's mission of 1305: Original Papal Letters in England, 1305-1415, ed. P.N.R. Zutschi (Vatican City, 1990), no. 13.
23. William Stubbs, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols., RS (1882-83) 1:1-251, at p. 150.
24. William de Testa at the Carlisle Parliament: Rot. Parl. 1:220.
25. "to fleece the English churches": Flores historiarum, ed. H. R. Luard, 3 vols., RS (1890), 3:136.
26. City of Hereford Archaeology Unit, Hereford Cathedral: The Bishop's Cloister, Hereford Archaeology Series 283 ( June 1996).
27. Michael Richter, Sprache und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1979), pp. 171-217.
28. William de Briouze senior and his son Giles: Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 4:214 (1305).
29. Compensation payments in Welsh law: Welsh Medieval Law, ed. A. W. Wade-Evans (Oxford, 1909), p. 192.
30. "a man may live many hours": Thómas saga erkibyskups, ed. Eirikr Magnússon, 2 vols., RS (1875-83), 2:115.
31. A. S. Taylor, The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, 4th ed. (London, 1894), pp. 34-36, 40, 44
32. V.A.C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770-1868 (Oxford, 1994), p. 46.
33. Henry Summerson, "Attitudes to Capital Punishment in England, 1200-1350," Thirteenth Century England 8 (2001), 123-33.
34. "one English writer of the thirteenth century": Thomas of Chobham, Summa confessorum, ed. F. Broomfield, Analecta mediaevalia Namurcensia 25 (Louvain, 1968), pp. 432-33.
35. Esther Cohen, Peaceable Domain, Certain Justice (Hilversum, 1996), p. 91 n.8
36. The Crossroads of Justice (Leiden, 1993), p. 165.
37. Rodrigue Lavoie, "Justice, criminalité et peine de mort en France au Moyen Age," in Le sentiment de la mort au Moyen Age, ed. Claude Sutto (Quebec, 1979), pp. 31-55, at p. 39.
38. Esther Cohen, "Symbols of Culpability and the Universal Language of Justice: The Ritual of Public Executions in Late Medieval Europe," History of European Ideas 11 (1989): 407-16, at p. 410.
39. Richard Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 77-78.
40. G. Melville Richards, "The Sites of Some Medieval Gallows," Archaeologia Cambrensis 113 (1964): 159-65.
41. "someone who is met on the way": Thomas of Chobham, Summa confessorum, ed. F. Broomfield, Analecta mediaevalia Namurcensia 25 (Louvain, 1968), pp. 432-33.
42. Henry Summerson, "Attitudes to Capital Punishment in England, 1200-1350," Thirteenth Century England 8 (2001): 127, citing BL Arundel 17, fol. 36v.
43. BL Cotton Claudius B. iv, fol. 59, reproduced in Medieval Panorama, ed. Robert Bartlett (London, 2001), p. 106.
44. Barbara Abou-El-Haj, The Medieval Cult of Saints: Formations and Transformations, (Cambridge, 1994), p.400, fig. 157;
45. Medieval Panorama, ed. Robert Bartlett, p. 252.
46. Worcester 1184: Gesta regis Henrici secundi Benedicti abbatis, ed.William Stubbs, 2 vols., RS (1867), 1:315.
47. James Tait, Chronica Johannis de Reading et Anonymi Cantuariensis (Manchester, 1914), pp. 175-76.
48. Bernard of Angers, Liber miraculorum sancte Fidis 1. 30, ed. Luca Robertini (Spoleto, 1994), p. 135.
49. John Laurence, A History of Capital Punishment (London, 1932), pp. 56-57.
50. Dieter Marschall, De laqueo rupto: Die mißlungene Hinrichtung durch den Strang, Bonner Rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 79 (1968), pp. 37-41.
51. Henry Knighton, Chronicon, ed. J. R. Lumby, 2 vols., RS (1889-95), 2: 119.
52. Rodrigue Lavoie, "Justice, criminalite et peine de mort en France au moyen âge," in Le sentiment de la mort au moyen â ge, ed. Claude Sutto (Quebec, 1979), pp. 31-55, at pp. 38-39.
53. Matthew Paris, Chronica majora, ed. Henry R. Luard, 7 vols., RS (1872-84), 4:196 (1242); cf. 3:498 (1238);
54. Suzanne Lewis, The Art of Matthew Paris in the "Chronica Majora" (Berkeley, 1987), p. 235, fig. 151.
55. "not one but many deaths": Paris, Chronica majora 4, p. 197.
56. Execution of Dafydd ap Gruffudd: Annals of Dunstable, ed. H. R. Luard, Annales monastici, 3, RS (1866), p. 294.
57. William Wallace: Annales Londonienses, ed. William Stubbs, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols., RS (1882-83) 1:141-42.
58. Cecco, Acta sanctorum, Aprilis 3, pp. 509-10.
59. Friedrich Lotter, "Heiliger und Gehenkter: Zur Todesstrafe in hagiographischen Episodenerzählungen des Mittelalters," in Ecclesia et Regnum: Beiträge zur Geschichte von Kirche, Recht und Staat im Mittelalter. Festschrift fü r Franz-Josef Schmale, ed. Dieter Berg and Hans-Werner Goetz (Bochum, 1989), pp. 1-19.
60. Baudouin De Gaiffier, "Un thème hagiographique: le pendu miraculeusement sauvé," in Etudes critiques d'hagiographie et d'iconologie (Brussels, 1967), pp. 194-226, at pp. 218-20 and fig. 32.
61. Miracle of Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia: Quellenstudien zur Geschichte der heiligen Elisabeth, ed. Albert Huyskens (Marburg, 1908), pp. 255-57.
62. Resurrection in eleventh- and twelfth-century France: Pierre-André Sigal, L'homme et le miracle dans la France médiévale: XIe.-XIIe. siècles (Paris, 1985), pp. 253, 289.
63. André Vauchez, Sainthood in the Late Middle Ages (Eng. trans., Cambridge, 1997), p. 468, table 31.
64. Jacques Paul, "Expression et perception du temps d'après l'enquête sur les miracles de Louis d'Anjou," in Temps, mémoire, tradition au Moyen Age (Aix-en-Provence, 1983), pp. 19-41, at p. 23.
65. "be informed by another and follow him": Henricus de Segusio Cardinalis Hostiensis in Secundum Decretalium librum commentaria (Venice, 1581), fol. 105
66. Christian Krötzl, "Kanonisationsprozess, Sozialgeschichte und Kanonisches Recht im Spätmittelalter," in Nordic Perspectives on Medieval Canon Law, ed. Mia Korpiola, Publications of Matthias Calonius Society 2 (Saarijärvi, 1999), pp. 19-39, at p. 22 n. 16.
67. Adam de Bavent, is in Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 4: 35-37.
68. Both Adam and Roger occur as witnesses to de Briouze charters: Oxford, Magdalene College, Sele Charters 53, 80;
69. Sir Christopher Hatton's Book of Seals, ed. Lewis Loyd and Doris Stenton (Oxford, 1950), no. 315, pp. 217-18.
70. William the Conqueror (Regesta regum anglo-normannorum: The acta of William I (1066-1087), ed. David Bates [Oxford, 1998], no. 59, p. 281)
71. John Bedell, "Memory and Proof of Age in England 1272-1327," Past and Present 162 (1999): 3-27.
72. Jean-Marc Roger, "L'enquête sur l'âge de Jean II d'Estouteville (21-22 août 1397)," Bulletin philologique et historique (1975): 103-28
73. William Stubbs, The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, 2 vols., RS (1879-80) 2:297.
74. On the transmission of the de Briouze estates in 1291: Calendar of the Close Rolls 1288-1296, pp. 157, 163, 196.
75. Pierre Desportes, "La population de Reims au XVe. siècle d'après un dénombrement de 1422," Le Moyen Age 72 (1966): 463-509.
76. "One German mile" in the miracles of Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia: Quellenstudien zur Geschichte der heiligen Elisabeth, ed. Albert Huyskens (Marburg, 1908), p. 255;
77. Legenda Aurea of Jacobus de Voragine: c. 164 (aliter 158 and 168), ed. G. P. Maggioni, 2nd ed. (Florence, 1998), p. 1175.
78. Glamorgan County History 3: The Middle Ages, ed. T. B. Pugh (Cardiff, 1971), pp. 205-65.
79. Swansea and its Region, ed. W.G.V. Balchin (Swansea, 1971), p. 152, fig. 25;
80. B. G. Charles, Non-Celtic Place-Names in Wales (London, 1938), pp. 114-31.
81. William de Turberville is mentioned in a confirmation charter by bishop Peter of Saint Davids (1176-98): St. Davids Episcopal Acta 1085-1280, ed. Julia Barrow (Cardiff, 1998), no. 46, p. 71.
82. Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. Hubert Hall, 3 vols., RS (1896) 1:326
83. Attack by Gruffudd ap Rhys in 1116: Brut, p. 87.
84. Gesta Stephani, ed. K. R. Potter and R.H.C. Davis (Oxford, 1976), pp. 14-16.
85. Rhys Ieuanc's attack of 1215: Brut, pp. 203-5.
86. Rhys Gryg's expulsion of the English: Brut, pp. 217-19.
87. John de Briouze's death: Brut, p. 231.
88. Llywelyn's attack on Gower of 1257 is described in Annales Cambriae, ed. J. W. ap Ithel, RS (1860), pp. 92-93.
89. Annales Cambriae, p. 95, for two hundred settlers killed.
90. J. Beverley Smith, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales (Cardiff, 1998).
91. Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1272-1281, p. 190, forWilliam de Briouze on campaign in Wales in 1277.
92. Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1281-1292, p. 13, for William de Briouze's pilgrimage to Santiage; PROC 47/2/4 , mm. 3-5, for troops from Gower in 1282.
93. "Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century," Archaeologia Cambrensis 3rd ser. 8 (1862), pp. 272-83, at p. 281;
94. John E. Morris, "The Peace Settlement and Rhys's Rising," in The Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901), pp. 198-219;
95. J. Beverley Smith, "The Origins of the Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd," Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 21 (1964-66): 151-63;
96. Ralph A. Griffiths, "The Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd, 1287-1288," Welsh History Review 3/ii (1966): 121-43
97. "helm of Dinefwr": Penguin Book ofWelsh Verse, trans. Anthony Conran (1967) p. 126 (Y Prydydd Bychan, Elegy for Rhys Gryg).
98. Littere Wallie, ed. John Goronwy Edwards (Cardiff, 1940), no. 54, pp. 36-37.
99. Annales Cambriae, p. 107, on Rhys and war of 1282-83.
100. Rhys's renunciation of Dinefwr is in Littere Wallie, ed. John Goronwy Edwards (Cardiff, 1940), no. 212, p. 122.
101. J. Beverley Smith, "The Origins of the Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd," Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 21 (1964-66): 151-63, at pp. 162-63.
102. The phrase "a manifest rebel and enemy of the king": Calendar of Various Chancery Rolls: Supplementary Close Rolls,Welsh Rolls, Scutage Rolls 1277-1326 (London, 1912), p. 307.
103. The price of £100 that Edward I placed on Rhys's head: Calendar of Various Chancery Rolls: Supplementary Close Rolls, Welsh Rolls, Scutage Rolls 1277-1326 (London, 1912), p. 307.
104. The details of Rhys's trial in Calendar of the Close Rolls 1288-96, p. 267;
105. Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1307-13, p. 224;
106. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 2: 21.
107. Brut y Tywysogyon or The Chronicle of the Princes: Peniarth MS 20 Version, ed. Thomas Jones (Cardiff, 1952), p. 121
108. Wroxham Continuator: Le livere des Reis de Brittanie, ed. J. Glover (1865), p. 311.
109. Chronicon de Lanercost, 1201-1346, ed. J. Stevenson (Bannatyne Club and Maitland Club, 1839), p. 145, for the statement that Rhys was left hanging for three days.
110. Elizabeth Hallam, Domesday Book through Nine Centuries (London, 1986), photograph opposite p. 47
111. Domesday Book: Sussex, ed. and trans. John Morris (Chichester, 1976), nos. 13. 9, 11 (fol. 28).
112. William de Briouze senior can be found in Parliamentary Writs, ed. Francis Palgrave, 2 vols. in 4, Record Commission (1827-34), 1:495;
113. Knights of Edward I, ed. C. Moor, 5 vols., Harleian Society 80-84 (1929-32), 1:144-45.
114. William Stubbs, The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, 2 vols., RS (1879-80), 2:222, 235;
115. Annales Londonienses, ed.William Stubbs, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols., RS (1882-83), 1:62
116. Charles Bémont, Simon de Montfort (Paris, 1884), pp. 353-55;
117. Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. T. H. Turner, Roxburghe Club (1841), pp. 9, 10, 65, 66.
118. Parliamentary Writs, ed. Francis Palgrave, 2 vols. in 4, Record Commission (1827-34), 1:495-96;2:589-91;
119. Knights of Edward I, ed. C. Moor, 5 vols., Harleian Society 80-84 (1929-32), 1:145.
120. Marriage of Alina de Briouze and John de Mowbray: "Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century," Archaeologia Cambrensis 3rd ser. 8 (1862), pp. 272-83, at p. 283;
121. Cartae 3, no. 758, p. 861.
122. Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench 3, ed. G. O. Sayles, Selden Society 58 (1939), no. 81, pp. 152-54;
123. Annales Londonienses, ed.William Stubbs, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols., RS (1882-83) 1:1-251, at p. 143.
124. A. J. Otway-Ruthven, "The Constitutional Position of the Great Lordships in South Wales," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th ser., 8 (1958), pp. 1-20;
125. Rees Davies, Lordship and Society in the March of Wales 1282-1400 (Oxford, 1978);
126. Matthew Paris, Chronica majora, ed. Henry R. Luard, 7 vols., RS (1872-84), 5:95.
127. Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench 2, ed. G. O. Sayles, Selden Society 57 (1938), pp. lvii-lviii;
128. Cartae 3, no. 741, pp. 810-11;
129. Michael Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217-1314 (Baltimore, 1965), p. 270.
130. Donald W. Sutherland, Quo Warranto Proceedings in the Reign of Edward I, 1278-1294 (Oxford, 1963).
131. Rotuli Hundredorum, 2 vols., Record Commission (London, 1812-18), 2:201-3
132. L. F. Salzmann, "The Hundred Roll for Sussex, Part 1," Sussex Archaeological Collections 82 (1942 for 1941): 20-34;
133. Placita de Quo Warranto, Record Commission (London, 1818), p. 760.
134. William Rees, "Gower and the March of Wales," Archaeologia Cambrensis 110 (1961): 1-29;
135. Glamorgan County History 3: The Middle Ages, ed. T. B. Pugh (Cardiff, 1971), pp. 231-43.
136. Bishop of Llandaff 's status: Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1292-1301, p. 464;
137. Rot. Parl. 1:42-43.
138. "primary jurisdiction": Rot. Parl. 1:143.
139. Maurice Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, rev. ed. (Oxford, 1962), p. 645.
140. Parliamentary proceedings in 1300-1302 about Gower: Rot. Parl. 1: 143, 148-50.
141. Calendar of Charter Rolls 1300-1326, pp. 46-47.
142. Charters Granted to Swansea, ed. George Grant Francis (London, 1867), pp. 5-19
143. Weaverthorpe ("Werthorp"): Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 6: p. 459.
144. Ivor J. Sanders, English Baronies (Oxford, 1961), p. 53.
145. The Chartulary of the Priory of St. Peter at Sele, ed. L. F. Salzman (Cambridge, 1923), no. 6, pp. 5-6.
146. Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous 1, no. 1244, p. 366.
147. Nicholas's position: Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1232-1247, p. 459.
148. Nicholas de Moeles: Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 6:168-69.
149. Richard, son of William and Mary de Briouze: Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench 4, ed. G. O. Sayles, Selden Society 74 (1955), no. 3, pp. 7-15.
150. Calendar of the Close Rolls 1288-1296, p. 196, for Lady Mary's dower of 1291.
151. Edward I at Findon in 1305: Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1301-1307, p. 367;
152. Calendar of Inquistions Miscellaneous 1:534, for the writ issued there.
153. Valuation of Findon in 1291: Taxatio ecclesiastica, Record Commission (London, 1802), p. 134.
154. Litigation between Lady Mary and William de Briouze in 1292: Rot. Parl. 1:87-89.
155. Fine of 800 marks and dispute regarding Exchequer writs, 1293: List of Welsh Entries in the Memoranda Rolls 1282-1343, ed. Natalie Fryde (Cardiff, 1974), p. 8.
156. Richard and Peter de Briouze in 1295: Book of Prests of the King's Wardrobe for 1294-1295: presented to John Goronwy Edwards, ed. E. B. Fryde (Oxford, 1962), pp. 31, 165, 169-70, 172, 175, 202.
157. Lady Mary, and Ralph de Camoys and his wife Margaret, in 1307: BL Add. Ch. 20036.
158. John Pecham, Registrum epistolarum, ed. C. T. Martin, 3 vols., RS (1882-86) 2:555, no. 429;
159. Eleanor "widely notorious for her land hunger":
160. John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (Basingstoke, 1994), p. 61.
161. C. R. Cheney, Notaries Public in England in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1972).
162. Cheney, Notaries Public, p. 33.
163. Cheney, Notaries Public, p. 84.
164. Earl of Warwick's claim to Gower in 1278: Cartae 3, no. 740, pp. 805-8.
165. "when God first showed to the world": Annales Prioratus de Wigornia, ed. H. R. Luard, Annales Monastici 4, RS (1869), p. 493.
166. "inquiries should be made by the dean": Registrum Ricardi de Swinfield 1283-1317, ed. W. W. Capes, Cantilupe Society and Canterbury and York Soc. 6 (1909), p. 68.
167. Charters and Records of Hereford Cathedral, ed.W. W. Capes (Hereford, 1908), p. 167.
168. Hugh de Briouze's illegitimacy is mentioned in Calendar of Entries in the Papal Register relating to Great Britain and Ireland 2, p. 27.
169. Letter of Bishop Swinfield of 19 April 1290: Registrum Ricardi de Swinfield, pp. 234-35, here misdated.
170. Letter of Bishop Sutton, 1294: The Rolls and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton 5, ed. R.M.T. Hill, Lincoln Record Society 60 (1965), p. 32.
171. Charters and Records of Hereford Cathedral, ed.W. W. Capes (Hereford, 1908), pp. 162-63.
172. Edward I's letter: Foedera, conventiones, litterae et . . . acta publica . . ., ed. Thomas Rymer, new ed., 4 vols. in 7 parts, Record Commission (1816-69), 1/ii:985;
173. Calendar of the Close Rolls 1302-1307, p. 436.
174. André Vauchez, Sainthood in the Late Middle Ages, Eng. trans. (Cambridge, 1997), p. 547.
175. Berhard Schimmelpfennig, Die Zeremonienbü cher der römischen Kurie im Mittelalter (Tübingen, 1973), pp. 164-66;
176. Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge, 1978);
177. William Durand participated are printed in Procès des Templiers, ed. J. Michelet, 2 vols., Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France (1841-51), 1.
178. Ronald C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England (London, 1977), pp. 176-77
179. Michael Richter, Sprache und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1979), pp. 205-17.
180. Patrick Daly in Meryl Jancey (ed.), Saint Thomas Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford: Essays in His Honour (Hereford, 1982), p. 131, who gives 181.
181. K. Schottmüller, Der Untergang des Templer-Orden 2 (Berlin, 1887), pp. 420-22.
182. William Durand, Tractatus de modo generalis concilii celebrandi (Lyons, 1531), fol. 4;
183. Lettres secrètes, ed. A. Coulon and S. Clemencet (Paris, 1906), nos. 849-50 (1319).
184. Tractatus de modo generalis concilii celebrandi (Lyons, 1531) 2. 15
185. Constantine Fasolt, Council and Hierarchy: The Political Thought of William Durant the Younger (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 98-99 n. 83.
186. Foedera, conventiones, litterae et . . . acta publica . . ., ed. Thomas Rymer, new ed., 4 vols. in 7 parts, Record Commission (1816-69), 2/i:431;
187. Annales Paulini, ed. William Stubbs, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols., RS (1882-83) 1:255-370, at p. 291.
188. GottfriedDürrholder, Die Kreuzzugspolitik unter Papst Johann XXII (1316-1334) (Strassburg, 1913), pp. 103-10;
189. Barber, Trial, pp. 193-204.
190. Calendar of the Close Rolls 1307-1313, pp. 14, 48-49.
191. Concilia Magnae Britanniae, ed. David Wilkins, 4 vols. (London, 1737) 2:329-64, 383-88
192. Appointment of the Ordainers: Vita Edwardi Secundi, ed. N. Denholm-Young (London, 1957), p. 9.
193. Bishop Baldock's letter to Saint Osyth's: Registrum Radulphi Baldock, Gilberti Segrave, Ricardi Newport et Stephani Gravesend, episcoporum Londoniensium, 1304-1338, ed. R. C. Fowler, Canterbury and York Soc. 7 (1911), p. 148.
194. Registrum Radulphi Baldock, p. 73
195. Calendar of the Close Rolls 1307-1313, pp. 116-17
196. A. B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1957-59) 3:2147-49;
197. Ninth Report and appendix, pt. 1, Dean and Chapter of Saint Pauls (London), p. 46.
198. The Riccardi case: Regestum Clementis Papae V (Rome, 1885-92), nos. 2294-96.
199. William de Testa's involvement in the canonization of Thomas Aquinas: Fontes vitae sancti Thomae Aquinatis 4, ed. M. H. Laurent, Revue thomiste (1934), p. 270.
200. William de Testa's will is printed in Fraņois Duchesne, Histoire de tous les cardinaux fraņois: Preuves (Paris, 1660), pp. 279-83.
201. The litigation involving Thomas de Briouze in the 1330s: Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench 4, ed. G. O. Sayles, Selden Society 74 (1955), p. xliv.
202. For the chapel block atOystermouth see An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan 3: Medieval Secular Monuments: Part 1b, the Later Castles (Aberystwyth, 2000), pp. 266-71.
203. Cartae 3, nos. 865-66, 869-70, pp. 1021-23, 1026-28.
204. J. Conway Davies, "The Despenser War in Glamorgan," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 3rd ser., 9 (1915): 21-64.
205. William de Briouze junior "very rich by descent":
206. Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, 2 vols., RS (1863-64) 1:158.
207. William's debts in the 1280s: Calendar of the Close Rolls 1279-1288, pp. 237, 356, 357;
208. Wickhambreux: Literae Cantuarienses. ed. J. B. Sheppard, 3 vols., RS (1887-89) 1:104-7.
209. "offering it for sale to many lords": John of Trokelowe, Annales, ed. H. T. Riley, 2 vols., RS (1866), p. 107.
210. William Stubbs, in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols., RS (1882-83), 2:23-151, at p. 78;
211. "A Chronicle of the Civil Wars of Edward II," ed. George L. Haskins, Speculum 14 (1939): 73-81, at p. 79.
212. Surveys of the estates of William and Mary de Briouze at their deaths: Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 6:435-36, 458-59.